amir-mohammad alizadeh

Creation of autotetraploid seedless grapes is one of the methods to produce new cultivars for increasing the quality and yield of grapes. With the aim of creating an autotetraploid cultivar of Qermiz bidaneh grape, an experiment was carried out for 9 years (2014-2022). Four treatments using different concentrations and times of colchicine were compared on the buds of vines with the control (untreated) in bud burst stage. The amount of autotetraploidy was measured by chromosomal counting and karyotype preparation in treated vines. Autotetraploid rooted-cuttings were grown in the vineyard in CRBD design with a distance of 2 × 3 meters and were trained in two-bilateral cordon method. In two phases of vegetative and reproductive growth, the vegetative and reproductive traits of vines, as well as the quantitative and qualitative traits, were determined for five and three years, respectively. The results showed that the colchicine treatment at concentrations of 0.9% and 1.1% for 72 and 96 hours had the greatest effect on the tetraploidization. The vines from colchicine concentration of %1.1 for 96 hours with 8.250 kg yield per vine was superior to other treatments. Also, width and weight of cluster, berry length, width and weight of this treatment was superior, but it had the lowest number of berries compared to other treatments. TSS was highest in the autotetraploid treatment 72 hours /0.9 and %1.1 (23 °B), and the lowest was related to the treatment of %1.1 for 96 hours (18 °B), while the acidity of the fruit extract was the opposite. In terms of maturity index, the genotype of colchicine 72 hours/ %0.9 was superior to others. In the cluster analysis done, two groups including the control, tetraploid genotype 1, 2 and 3 were placed in one group and tetraploid genotype 4 was placed in the second group.

Due to geographical and suitable climate, Iran is one of the most important viticulture regions in the world. Drought is one of biotic stresses limiting the growth and production of plants leading to reduced physiological and biochemical traitss such as photosynthesis and vegetative growth. Vinifera grape cultivars are more tolerant to drought stress and there is a high diversity among genotypes and species. In order to study the adaptability of some Iranian grape cultivars in dryland farming, this research was conducted as a RCBD design in west Azerbaijan provinces (Sardasht region). Cuttings of Rasha, Mambraima, Yaghoti, Askari, Khalili, Kolahdary, Kajangoor, Fakhri, Shahani, Perllete and Flame seedless cultivars was planted in field and trained as head prune training system. After three growing years, some quantitative and qualitative traits such as yield, berry and bunch weight, TSS, cold winter tolerance, viability percent in vineyard and harvest time was recorded. Results showed that Perllete and Flame seedless cultivars had the higher yield in two studied years than other cultivars. Yaghoti, Khalili, Flame seedless and Perllete were the early ripening cultivars, respectively. Based on earliness in ripening, higher yield with better fruit quality for marketing, Khalili, Yaghoti, Perllete and Flame seedless cultivars were superior and may be introduced as adapted and more suitable new cultivars for Sardasht region.

With the development of e-commerce in the recent couple of decades, one of the newly-emerged subjects in global communications and virtual space is hoarding in e-commerce. Hoarding is entailing the common essential commodities in order to expect the prices to increase; and in jurisprudence its scope is limited to the four cereals, oil, and edible oil. Entailing and storage of public essential needs, intention of increasing prices during the shortage of goods, and creating shortage of commodities are the criteria for its occurrence. Now, some relevant questions are, “Is electronic hoarding the same as the expression of hoarding common in jurisprudence?” “What will be the verdict?” “How does this kind of hoarding occur?” “Is data and information regarded as the property?” “What is the penal punishment in this kind of hoarding?” In brief, hoarding in virtual space is the same as hoarding in the material space if the condition and element of hoarding occur and the hoarders has perpetrated a forbidden and unlawful act and the court can force the violator to defilterize the sale-system, to activate the software, and to share the information. He must be accountable to the customers’ demands and decreasing the prices.

Previous studies have shown the role of opioid receptors located in the nucleus cuneiformis (CnF) in acute pain, but not in chronic pain models. In the present study, we have determined that possible effects of these receptors at the CnF on both early and late phases of formalin test following local and systemic morphine administration. Each rat was given a subcutaneous 50-μl injection of 2.5% formalin into plantar surface of hind paw. Ninety five Wistar rats bilaterally received morphine (1, 2, 4 and 8 μg/0.3 μl saline per side) into the CnF, just before the formalin test. Naloxone (1 μg/0.3 μl saline per side) was also microinjected 2 minutes before local or 28 minutes after intraperitoneal administration of morphine. The results showed that bilateral intra-CnF administration of morphine dose-dependently produced analgesia in formalin test. Naloxone administration into the CnF antagonized the analgesic response induced by morphine (4 μg/0.3 μl saline) microinjection. The results also showed that analgesic effect of systemic morphine was not significantly decreased by naloxone microinjection. We suggest that the opioid receptors located in the CnF, in part, indirectly affect the morphine-induced descending pain modulatory circuit.

The magnocellular neurons (MCNs) of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) play a crucial role in control of physiological and pathophysiologiccal condition due to two peptides that they synthesize, i.e. Oxytocin (OXT) and Vasopressin (AVP). The activity of MCNs is regulated by a variety of excitatory and inhibitory inputs. Opioid receptors are one of the important receptors in SON synapses. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of acute morphine application on SON synapses and AVP release in rats. In this study, whole cell patch clamp recording of neurons in rat (70-100 g, 3–4 weeks old) brain slice preparations consisting of SON was used to investigate the effect acute of lowest effective dose of morphine (25μM) administration on spontaneous inhibitory and excitatory post synaptic currents (sIPSCs and sEPSCs) in MCNs. Also, AVP levels were measured in blood samples of rats using ELISA technique after the Morphine injection (30 mg/kg, ip). Bath application of morphine produced an increase in sEPSCs and a decrease in sIPSCs frequencies. Measurement of plasma AVP revealed an increase in hormone levels 45 min after systemic administration of morphine. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. It is suggested that acute administration of morphine stimulates the MCNs and AVP secretion.

The similarities between periaqueductal gray matter and the nucleus cuneiformis in both ultrastructural and functional levels suggest that this nucleus may play an important role in the morphine-induced analgesia. This study was designed to determine neuronal activity and responsiveness to peripheral morphine administration in the nucleus coneiformis of rat. In this study, neural activity of cuneiform neurons in response to peripheral administration of morphine was recorded by extracellular single unit recording technique. Firing rate of neurons was recorded in four groups: intact group (n=19) to determine the spontaneous (baseline) activity, saline group (n=20), morphine group (n=39) and morphine + naloxone group (n=12), before and after drug administration. Our findings showed that the firing rate in majority of cuneiform neurons decreased after morphine (3.8 mg/kg; SC) administration. Activity of neurons (n=39) in the cuneiform neurons was reduced significantly (P<0.01) after morphine injection (6.66±0.67 spike/sec) in comparison with pre-injection time (12.47±1.84 spike/sec) and the saline group (11.6±1.58 spike/sec). The firing rate and response pattern of many of neurons in response to peripheral application of morphine were reversed after naloxone injection (2 mg/kg; SC) in this nucleus. Based on the above findings, we suggest that the changes of activity pattern in spontaneous activity of cuneiform neurons in response to peripheral administration of morphine maybe resulted from direct action of morphine on opioid receptors in the nucleus cuneiformis. Nevertheless, the role of pain transmission and modulation pathways are still important in the antinociceptive effect of morphine as well.

Although formalin-induced activity in primary afferent fibers and spinal dorsal ‎horn is well described, the midbrain neural basis underlying each phase of behavior in ‎formalin test has not been clarified. The present study was designed to investigate the nucleus ‎cuneiformis (CnF)‎‏ ‏neuronal responses during two phases after subcutaneous injection of ‎formalin into the hind paw of rat.‎ In this study, seventy six male NMRI adult rats, weighing 230-320 g ‎were used. Control group (n=24), which was tested merely for determining spontaneous firing ‎rate of CnF neurons. Saline group (n=15) which received saline (50µl; s.c.) instead of ‎formalin into the plantar surface of hind paw after 15 min baseline recording. Formalin group ‎that formalin-induced neural activity of 37 cells simultaneously recorded from the CnF during ‎first phase (0-5 min) and second phase (15-60 min) of formalin test in 5-min intervals, using ‎an extracellular single unit recording technique.‎ The‏ ‏baseline firing rate of neurons in the CnF varied between 1.2 and 39.2 spikes/sec ‎and the average frequency of spontaneous activity over 1 h was 11.8 ± 1.1 spikes/sec. There ‎were three neural clusters after formalin injection. Neurons in cluster 1 (46%) exhibited ‎severe, transient excitatory response in the first (acute) phase while neurons in cluster 2 (35%) ‎exhibited tonic but long-lasting excitatory response in the second (chronic) phase. Cluster 3, a ‎small portion of neurons (about one fifth) which failed to show any evident responses to ‎formalin test. Our findings suggest that alteration of neural activity and pattern in the ‎spontaneous background of CnF neurons can be mediated a role in the transmission of ‎nociceptive information induced by the peripheral injection of formalin and can be discussed ‎in light of the role of these neurons in nociceptive information processing following ‎peripheral stimuli.‎