فهرست مطالب arash

Undoubtedly, the Arab unrest in 2010, which started in Tunisia and spread to other Arab states in a short time, is considered a turning point in the political history of Arab countries in the Middle East and North Africa. These measures, which started with the overthrow of some Arab countries such as Tunisia and Egypt, gradually led to civil wars, proxy battles of powerful countries, and even the withdrawal of troops from neighboring countries by some governments, with the extensive and diverse interference of other regional and extra-regional countries. The process of these changes and the resulting results have always been more important for the countries of the southern border of the Persian Gulf, or in more appropriate terms, the governments of the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council, which include Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman. Because the commonalities and similarities in various political, economic, and cultural fields among the member states of the Council and the fear of unrest spreading within their political borders have caused the above countries to take measures to prevent such a thing. In the meantime, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, due to various reasons such as size, population, foreign exchange earnings, inherent characteristics of leaders, and regional competition, seek their desired changes in the context of regional trends more than others. These two countries, in addition to the deep commonalities and sense of brotherhood they have among themselves, are always involved in competition with each other for various reasons, such as maintaining the balance of power, especially on the part of the UAE, the authoritarian leadership of both countries, and territorial disputes left over from the colonial era. includes It is from this point of view that the convergence and divergence between these two countries is important in the shadow of the new developments in the Middle East region.Methodology is always considered a function of the theory used in scientific and research works, on this basis and with the theory used in this work, an attempt will be made to explain the methodology of the present writing to the reader. The category of security is one of the fields of study that, despite a long history for mankind, a significant period has not passed since its systematization as an academic discipline. In this work, according to the use of Stephen Walt's threat balance theory and the need-to-know concepts such as power, size, population, economic capabilities, as well as geography, offensive capabilities and hostile intentions, the methodology of this article is a combination of methods Quantitative and qualitative crosswise. In other words, some areas such as the economy area can be analyzed through quantitative methods of contract analysis and based on this, the security and competitive status of actors can be analyzed. While in some other areas such as social security, and freedom of expression, intentions and behavioral characteristics of leaders cannot be investigated simply and based on quantitative methods; In this case, using the qualitative method and paying attention to the intentions of the actors is more prominent. Considering the political characteristics of the governments of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, the simultaneous use of quantitative and qualitative methods leads the readers of the present work to a correct understanding of the relations between these two actors.According to the studies conducted on the intergovernmental relations between Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, the existence of internal differences between the above countries regarding various regional issues clearly shows that these governments, despite all the political, economic, and cultural commonalities, at the same time in dealing with the issues and The problems that arise in the field of foreign policy have national and sometimes personal implications, which is why they sometimes try to take parallel and even opposing actions. It is worth noting that these measures appear and appear more from the side of the smaller country, the United Arab Emirates, in front of the Saudi government, because Saudi Arabia always considers itself the leader of the Arab countries and expects support from other members of the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council. ; It was for this reason that he reacted militarily to the changes in Bahrain and economically to Qatar to prove to everyone that he is not indifferent to the developments in the Arab countries around him, especially the governments of the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council, and that his interference in He considers their affairs as a natural matter and a reserved right for himself. In the meantime, according to the approach they have drawn for themselves in the field of foreign politics, the Emirati rulers are always trying to maintain their independence and balance of power against this larger government while accompanying the Saudi government in various regional issues, in addition to protecting themselves from The flames of anger of the Al Saud rulers also promote their national and family interests, which is evident in the UAE's behavior in Yemen and diplomatic relations with Iran and Syria.The new order of West Asia, which is the result of the great changes caused by the Arab events of 2010, showed more than ever the continuity and intertwining of the Arab states of the region, especially the states of the Persian Gulf. These governments, which have come together in the framework of a regional organization such as the Persian Gulf Cooperation Council, led by Saudi Arabia and with the support of the other pillar of the council, the United Arab Emirates, are sensitive to the spread of waves of Arab unrest to the territories under their rule and any movement in this direction They have suffocated sperm. This cooperation, which has been established over the years and especially between Saudi Arabia and the UAE, is more than anything due to the sharing of their broad interests in regional dimensions. Regardless of the inherent characteristics of their ambitious leaders, both the Saudi and UAE governments have converged on various issues such as the unrest in Bahrain, the war in Syria, and the battle in Yemen due to the sense of competitiveness with each other and the need to balance power against Iran. However, during this period, they have diverged and split, especially concerning the manner of diplomatic relations with Iran and Bashar Assad's government in Syria, as well as how to manage the war in Yemen. Of course, it should be noted that the role of the United Arab Emirates in the emergence of divergence with the Saudi government is more colorful because maintaining the balance between the two powerful countries of Iran and Arabia on both sides of the Persian Gulf, as well as maintaining independence and achieving special political-economic interests in the pursuit of regional issues It is of special importance for the Bin Zaid family in the UAE.

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral disease that is transmitted to humans through the tick bite, contact with blood and tissues of infected animals in slaughterhouses as well as infected patients in hospital. The mortality rate of CCHF is 20 - 50%.

The patient was a 20-year-old man, an Iranian farmer, who lived in Ardabil County.
The epidemiologic survey showed that his right leg has been bitten by a tick in the past week. The onset of the disease was a sudden high fever, chills and muscle pain. Molecular analysis of blood by RT-PCR showed that it was positive for CCHF disease.

Clinical and epidemiological findings are the most important strategies for diagnosis of CCHF disease.

Bismuth composites are new and non-lead shields that are capable of breast dose reduction while preserving image quality. In this study, different percentages of Bismuth were used in designing and constructing polymer composites as breast shields in chest CT.  Micro particles of Bismuth with a ratio of 1% to 15% in Silicone matrix with two thicknesses were used as Bismuth Silicone composite (BSC) shield. The female chest phantom and standard chest CT exposure factors were used. Dosimetry was performed by thermo luminescent dosimeters. The image quality was evaluated with two methods. Statistical analyses were performed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests using SPSS 16. The application of 1% and 15% BSC shields reduced the breast dose to 14.9% and 62.2%, respectively. Increases in image noise in BSC was observed 2.33% (P=0.439) for breast and from 7.13% (p=0.513) for mediastinum areas, depending on the type of shields. The Application of Bismuth shields with Silicone composite and changing of the Bismuth percentages in composite and thickness are effective factors on the breast dose reduction significantly that can reduce the risk of breast cancer when engaged in Chest CT.

Considering the importance of continuing education programs for physician, so the most important duty of planners and office managers is holding and updating medical information, in this regards, this study aimed to assess continuing education programs from view points of general practitioners to modify the weaknesses and enhance the strengths of these programs in Golestan university of medical sciences.
This cross-sectional study has been done on general practitioners participating in the 5 Continuing medical education programs holding in second half of 2012 in Golestan university of medical scienses. sampling method was census and Instruments for doing this research was a questionnaire used by the office of continuing medical education in university. The questionnaire was composed of two parts: The first section consists of 10 questions on demographic characteristics, underlying the second part of the program implemented based on the Likert scale. questionnaires were distributed among all physicians participating in these programs and 333 questionnaires (an average of 60 questions per program) were completed. The results using of SPSS software based on descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were analyzed.
The average age of participants in this study was 40 ± 6.2 years, and their history of medical practices were 13±5.9.the rate of responding to the questionnaire was 83%. In this study, 62.7 % of the participants believed that corresponding of the content of programs to their business needs was high and very high . 91.3% of physicians declare the rate of success of programs in presenting new scientific material were moderate and more, while 62.3 consider active participation in discussion (questions and answering,discussion and implementation panel) was moderate to low.
More participants in CME programs declare their satisfaction of the contents of the programs regarding new scientific materials and corresponding with their job needs , it is suggested adult learning methods must be considered so that CME programs become more effective.

Pistachio (Pistaciavera L.) is a tasty nuts and a good source of nutrients. During the last decade, the worldwide trades of pistachio have increasing trend, likely reflecting on the increase in consumers demand for this nuts. The high oil and essential fatty acid contents of the pistachio kernel is important from a nutritional point of view. However, high unsaturated fatty acids content makes pistachio nuts susceptible to oxidation and consequently off-flavors and off-aromas during storage.Mold growth and the production of aflatoxins is another food-safety concern about pistachio nuts. Lipid oxidation and fungal growth can be controlledby using an appropriateatmosphere in packaging.Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to determine the effect of Modified Atmosphere(MA) compared with Vacuum and Air condition packaging on physicochemical, microbialandsensory properties of raw dried Pistachio nuts (ohadi variety) in an accelerated storage conditions at 30±2°C and 50°C for 12 weeks.
Material and The pistachio nuts were treated with 3 different system packaging, these treatment includes modified atmosphere packaging (MAP at 88% N2; 10% CO2 and 2% O2), vacuum packaging and air condition packaging. The pistachio nuts were packed in five-layerpouches (2 PE 2 PA glue :80 microns)and stored in triplicate at 30°C and 50°C for12 weeksand they were sampled every four weeks. Oil from pistachio kernels for peroxide, and fatty acid assay were extracted by cold extraction and n-hexane was used as extraction solvent. Peroxide value (Meq.kg-1) of the extracted oil was determined by spectroscopic absorbance reading at 500 nm. Free fatty acids (%), as oleic acid percentages in oil samples, were determined using the titration method. Moisture content (%) was determined by drying 5 g of ground kernels at 103±2 °C until constant weight. The mouldcontent (log CFU/g) of pistachios were performed according to the Iran standard method. The textural analysis of the pistachio nuts were performed using cylinderprobe (diameter: 20 mm) at test speed 50 mm/min and deformation of 4 mm for samples. Fracture force (N) and hardness (N) parameters were measured to evaluate textural properties ofpistachio nuts samples.Sensory evaluation was carried out by a 20 member trained panel (10 females and 10 males). Sensory attributes evaluated included color, firmness, rancidity and overall acceptability on 5 point hedonic scale, whit 5 for excellent and 1 for very dislike. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out using the least significance difference(LSD) test (p

This article describes an investigation into the free vibration of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) using a nonlocal elastic shell model. Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity is implemented to incorporate the scale effect into the Donnell shell model. Also, the van der Waals interaction between the inner and outer nanotubes is taken into account. A new numerical solution method from incorporating the radial point interpolation approximation within the framework of the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) method is developed to solve the problem. DWCNTs with arbitrary layerwise boundary conditions are considered in this paper. It is shown that applying the local Donnell shell model leads to overestimated results and one must recourse to the nonlocal version to reduce the relative error. Also, this work reveals that in contrast to the beam model, the present nonlocal elastic shell model is capable of predicting some new noncoaxial inter-tube resonances in studying the vibrational response of DWCNTs.

This research accomplished for studying the effects of East Azerbaijan province of Iran bakery factory wastes (biscuit) in rations of broiler chickens on performance، carcass characteristics and bloody parameters (LDL، HDL، Triglyceride and Cholesterol). This bioassay was evaluated by using 600 Ross 308 broiler chicks and completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 5 replicate were used in this experiment in 15 to 49 d of age. Five diets were formulated to contain biscuit waste to 0% control، 10، 15، 20 and 25 percent as replacement for corn fraction in broiler diets. The result of bakery waste replacing for corn had significantly effects on broiler performance (P<0. 01). The highest feed intake and weight gain was related to broiler chicks fed with 25 % of biscuit waste diets. Biscuit waste replacing in all level to corn portion، improved the feed conversion ratio since of 4th week to end of experimental period and the best feed conversion ratio was relative to level 25% of biscuit waste than control group (1. 85 vs. 1. 91) (P<0. 01). The broiler chicks fed with biscuit waste had a lowest abdominal fat and highest breast weight and empty body weight (P<0. 01). Blood parameter analyzed result showed that hadn’t significantly difference between with control group and all blood parameter were in normal range.

According to the current protocols made by international organizations, the duration of iron supplementation depends on the severity of iron deficiency, ranging from 3 to 6 months in individuals with iron depletion and iron deficiency anemia, respectively. This study was performed to compare 6 and 12 weeks iron supplementations on iron status among a group of non-anemic iron deficient female students. In this quasi-experimental study 53 female students were selected. Students were divided into two groups. Control group were consisted of 30 students who had Hemoglobin level more than 12 ml/dl and serum ferritin level more than 23 ng/dl. Experimental group were 23 non-anemic iron deficient female students with ferritin level less than 23 ng/dl. Experimental group were orally given ferrous fumarate (containing 50 mg iron elemental) daily for three months. Blood samples were collected from experimental group in the beginning, 6 and 12 weeks after the study and for the case group samples were collected in the beginning and at the end of the study and the number of blood cells (CBC), ferritin level and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were measured. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance and Paired-t tests. Blood hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations increased after 6 weeks of supplementation among supplemented group, and were remained almost constant until the 12th week (P>0.001). Changes in serum iron concentrations at the end of study were not statistically different between two groups. Similar trend was observed for TIBC. This study showed that 3-month iron supplementation among iron deficient subjects, as advised by WHO, did not further improve iron status in non anemic iron deficient females compared to 6-weeks daily supplementation of 50 mg elemental Iron. It is obvious that these results cannot be considered to anemic subjects.

The purpose of this study was to find important criteria and sub-criteria for artificial reefs site selection for conservation of coral reefs in the Kish Island coastal areas (the Persian Gulf). This study was carried out using Delphi questionnaire and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology. We reviewed papers, which were related to the aim of the study. Four main criteria (physical environment, biological environment, managerial and socio-economical factors) and 32 sub-criteria were found to be important in stability of the coral reef ecosystems. The selected criteria and sub-criteria were re-assessed by 9 experts using a Delphi questionnaire. Subsequently, 13 sub-criteria (water depth, distance from natural reefs, water temperature, bottom slope, distance from polluted areas, competitive species, turbidity, natural larval supply, salinity, bottom type, currents, distance to ship waterways and economical advantage of reefs establishment) out of four main criteria were selected as the final subcriteria for artificial reef site selection in coastal areas of the Kish Island. In order to obtain relative weights and prioritization of the final criteria and sub-criteria, pair-wise comparisons were used (by Expert Choice 11). According to AHP, the weights of main criteria (physical, biological, managerial and socio-economical factors) were 0.553, 0.287, 0.122 and 0.038, respectively. Also, the weights of final 13 sub criteria were 0.153, 0.151, 0.091, 0.083, 0.081, 0.077, 0.073, 0.058, 0.056, 0.051, 0.046, 0.042 and 0.038, respectively. The results of the present study showed that physical environment and water depth were the most important criteria and sub–criteria, respectively, for selecting a site to construct artificial reefs in the Kish island coastal areas.

The Gorgan Bay is an elongated bay in the southeastern flank of the Caspian Sea in the Iranian territory which is separated from the Caspian Sea by Miankaleh spit. Sedimentological studies on 35 collected sediment samples from the Gorgan Bay and adjacent areas of the Caspian Sea reveals that the grain size of the bottom sediments are mostly in the range of mud to sand where the sand content increases eastward especially in the vicinity of the waterway between the bay and the sea. Mean content of carbonate and organic matter in the sediments are %35 and %30 respectively which the carbonate content increases towards the bay’s inlet and the organic matter shows a decreasing trend. Mineralogically the Gorgan Bay sediments are mainly consists of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary lithic fragments and some authogenic sediments that accompanied with some clay minerals mainly chlorite. The XRF results showthat the observed differences in concentration of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, V, Ba, Zr) largly depends on the sediment type. Comparing the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) of the surficial samples with the one from the depth of 25 cm below the bottom reveals that the Gorgan Bay sediments are not polluted in respect to the heavy metals. In comparison with adjacent areas, Gorgan Bay sediments show a transition between evaporate carbonate dominated sediments of Turkmenistan coast in north and other terrigenous sediments of the Iranian coast in west.

Asthma is an inflammatory disease in respiratory system with ill effects on psychological, social and economic status. This study was conducted to assess of effects of asthma disease on the performance of patients. This descriptive study included 400 asthma patients in educational hospitals of Karaj using simple random sampling method during 2008-2009. Data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of two sections that assessed demographic characteristics and functional status (social, economic and psychological status). The data were analysed by SPSS statistical software. The findings showed that the majority of samples were women, married and non smokers. There was a significant relationship between: age (p=0.00), marital status (p=0.001) psychological status, educational level and social status (p=0.00), economic status (p= 0.0026) and psychological status (p=0.00), duration of disease and social status (p=0.049), history of addiction and psychological status (p=0.049), asthma severity and social function (p=0.049). But there was no significant correlation between asthma severity and economic, emotional status, sex and hospitalization. It is recommended to evaluate asthma patients function periodically as part of the care.

Introduction & Chronic diseases with its prolonged period and disabilities have significant effect on the patients’ quality of life at all ages. Asthma is one of these chronic diseases, With an inflammatory respiratory system accompanied with significant morbidity and, an important personal, social and economic impacts. This study aimed on assessment of quality of life in asthmatic patients of hospitalized at the educational hospitals of Karaj in Iran. A cross – sectional study was conducted with 400 Asthmatic patients which were clients of the educational Karaj`s hospitals during 2008-2009. Samples were randomly selected and a questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire consisted of two section; demographic characteristics, and six aspects of quality of life in asthmatic patients (physical health, symptoms, daily activities, social, economic and emotional status). The results showed that the major of patients(58.3%) stated a desirable quality of life. The assessment of relationship between quality of life and variables such as age (p=0.00), gender from aspect of daily activities (p=0.019), married status (p=0.00), number of child (p = 0.00), educational level (p= 0.00), employed (p=0.008), duration of disease (p=0.033), hospitals admission (p=0.003), severity of symptoms (p=0.00), previous Addiction from aspect of emotional status(p=0.004).. The goal of treatment for chronic diseases are to diminish the burden on the patient and to prevent or slow down disease progression. It has been recommended to evaluate the treatment programs by periodically quality of life assessment in Asthmatic patients as a part of comprehensive care.

Garshasp is a hero whose soul has been cast away from Ahura’s court and also himself from the national epic- Shahnameh. His soul is driven from heaven for he has hurt “Fire”- the son of Ahuramazda and Amshaspand Ordibehesht; for he is a servant of Aniranian Zahak, he is not well-known in Shahnameh. Whenever the help of Ahuramazda andIranian’s love is not with a hero, he is not in the subconscious of this land’s people.He is shot in a battle and devilish-dreams-Div, haunts him and he falls into the unconscious sleep for thousands years, till he is awakened by Ahura’s light; in order to win back Iranian’s love and moving back to Ahura, he kills Zahak and by means of Zoroaster’smediation his Fire-hurting sin is forgiven-due to his good deeds and at last his soul is allowed to enter into the magnificent Paradise

Background and Pain control during orthodontic treatments is important for patients and dentists. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of acetaminophen codeine and acetaminophen codeine plus caffeine in orthodontic pain and tooth movement. This clinical trial was performed on 18 orthodontic patients who voluntarily participated in the study of pain and tooth movement. Patients were divided into two groups: acetaminophen codeine (300mg +20mg) and acetaminophen codeine + caffeine (40mg). Patients received two doses of drug, the first dose was administered 30 min before and another dose 8 hours after chain placement. The horizontal Visual Ânalogue Scale (VÂS) was recruited to evaluate the degree of pain after placement of the chain. The space of the teeth was measured to evaluate the rate of tooth movement before chain placement and also on the days 7 and 14. There was a significant difference between the two groups in pain scores (p=0.048) and acetaminophen codeine plus caffeine caused more analgesic effect than acetaminophen codeine alone. The highest difference of pain levels between the two groups was found 6 hours after chain the placement and there was a decrease of pain during the 2nd to 7th days after treatment. Maximum pain scores recorded in acetaminophen codeine and acetaminophen codeine plus caffeine groups were 4.67±0.96 and 2.44±0.67, respectively which happened in both groups at 17th hours after the treatment. There was no singificant difference between the two groups in the rate of tooth movement. Çonclusion: Âccording to the results, a combination of caffeine and acetaminophen codeine could be suggested in orthodontic pain relief. Ït is also suggested that concurrent use of caffeine can decrease the dose of analgesic drugs and their side effects.