arash ziapour

COVID-19 has been troublesome for families due to its socio-economic changes worldwide. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the socio-economic burden of COVID-19 on children’s health in Iran. In the present cross-sectional study, the target population was 500 parents of children aged 5 to 18 years from 5 provinces of Iran in 2021. The samples were randomly selected from different geographical regions of Iran. The questionnaires on the socioeconomic burden of COVID-19, general health, child health, and place of residence landscape were employed to collect the data. For data analysis, t-test, structural equation modeling (SEM) were used in SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 26, respectively. The results indicated that based on determination coefficients of socio-economic burden of COVID-19, the socioeconomic status of the parents and the settlement external perspective variable account for nearly 25% of the mental changes in parents. Furthermore, the combined effects of COVID-19’s socioeconomic burden and parents’ mental health accounted for 26% of the health changes observed in children. The socio-economic burden had a negative correlation with parents’ mental health (β=-0.383, P<0.001) and children’s health (β=-0.202, P=0.003). Nevertheless, a positive association was found between socioeconomic status and parents’ mental health (β=0.138, P=0.014) on the one hand and the external settlement perspective with parents’ mental health (β=0.243, P<0.001), on the other hand. Also, the parents’ mental health showed a positive correlation with children’s health (β=0.398, P<0.001). The present findings revealed that the socio-economic status and mental health of parents are important determinants of children’s health; thus, health policymakers should prevent social economic inequalities during epidemics. Also, they should provide optimal support to vulnerable families to avoid negative effects on children’s health.

One of the most common complaints of women is premenstrual syndrome (PMS). This study aimed to determine the effect of text messages online Education on PMS using Mediabased Support.

The present research was an interventional quasi-experimental study from May 2021 to August 2021 in all female students in Ramsar city, Iran. Sixty-eight cases were selected and divided into two groups (the intervention and control groups). Demographic characteristics questionnaire and Premenstrual Symptoms Questionnaire (PSQ) were used. Each case in the experimental group received text messages for three menstrual cycles. PMS symptoms were compared before and after the intervention in two groups. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16), independent t-test, paired t-test, and covariance analysis (P = 0.005).

The participants were 18-25 years old and were studying for a bachelor’s degree. Before the intervention, the mean of the PMS score was (11.25 ± 10.05) in the Intervention group and (31.38 ± 14.31) in the Control group (P = 0.041). After the intervention, the mean PMS scores in the Intervention and Control groups were (21.85 ± 8.25) and (33.26 ± 14.45) (P = 0.001). In the intervention group, psychological and physical symptoms were statistically significant before (25.11 ± 10.05) and after the intervention (21.85 ± 8.25) (P = 0.007).

The study results showed that media-based support is an efficient and effective method in reducing premenstrual symptoms, which can be used in related interventions as an effective, easy, and low-cost method.

Health literacy (HL) is the ability of a person to acquire the process, understand the necessary health information, and make the health services needed for conscious health decisions. Besides, diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder that affects patients’ quantity and quality of life. This study focused on determining the factors that affect the HL status of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) through the role of the demographic variables.

This descriptive‑analytical research survey recruited a sample based on 280 patients with T2D at the Diabetes Research Center of Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital in Kermanshah in 2020. This study selected patients with T2D using a simple random sampling technique. The study applied the demographic information questionnaire and the Functional, Communicative, and Critical HL Scale to collect data from patients with T2D. This study used the SPSS version 23 on the received data sets to perform statistical analysis, including t‑test, analysis of the variance, and multiple regression, to predict the factors affecting HL among diabetes patients.

The study results showed that the mean age of the participating patients with T2D was 55.80 ± 13.04. The results indicated the mean score and standard deviation of total HL score in patients with T2D 2.70 ± 0.44. The findings specified a statistically significant relationship between HL, gender, education, occupation, income, and place of residence. Results indicated that β‑coefficients of the multiple regression analysis and the income variable (β = 0.170), age (β = 0.176), and employment variable (β = 0.157). These are the most predictive of the HL of patients with T2D.

The results of this study specified that the HL rate of individuals with diabetes type 2 is average. The potential communicative and critical HL influence is essential for communication and education for diabetes patients in the primary health‑care system settings. The findings indicate that communicative and critical HL related to patients’ management and functional HL looks passable in this study.

Happiness is one of the main components of mental health that plays an important role in promoting people’s health. This study aimed to investigate the status of happiness in students of Iran University of Medical Sciences and its relationship with students’ attitudes toward the field of education and the future of career in 2017.

This cross‑sectional study was performed on 500 students of Iran University of Medical Sciences The data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of three parts: demographic information, Oxford Happiness Inventory; A questionnaire was used to measure students’ attitudes about their career future, which was completed by students of Iran University of Medical Sciences. In order to analyze the data, SPSS software version 24 and descriptive and analytical statistics were used.

Findings showed that 72% of students had a good level of happiness. There is also a significant relationship between happiness and attitude toward the field of study. According to the results, there is a significant relationship between the career future and the amount of happiness. There was a significant relationship between gender and happiness

The study findings show that, by planning correctly in determining the fields of education and ensuring the future of the job, happiness can be improved among students. Therefore, it is recommended that the authorities take the students with the correct needs assessment in the field of business education in the field of study.

Social resources help to adapt to stress and might positively affect the well‑being of individuals with severe conditions like human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). The present study investigates the effect of social support, social capital, and coping in a positive state of mind of Iranian older people with HIV/AIDS.

This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 160 older people with HIV referred to AIDS clinics in Tehran in 2019. Samples were randomly selected from patients aged 50 years and older. Data were collected using a questionnaire, a positive state of mind, social capital, coping, social support, and a checklist of demographical variables. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 21.

A significant positive correlation was found between social support, social capital, coping, education, and a positive state of mind. A significant negative correlation was also found between age, several chronic diseases of the patient, and a positive state of mind. The linear regression results showed that social support, social capital, coping, and education improved the positive state of mind.

Based on our findings, we believe that social and psychological interventions effectively enhance patients’ positive state of mind with HIV and ultimately, improve their quality of life.

This research is one of the very few studies, which seeks a focalized examination to observe the effects of the backpack on the teenager students. Adolescents prefer rucksacks as one of their favorite school bags during their school studies. This study inspects how knapsacks gradually bring changes as injuries in the bodies of school‑going adolescents. There are ample studies in the past literature, which evidence the injuries of backpack among adolescents, such as backache, neck pain, and shoulder pain. The principal objective of this study is to determine the effects of backpacks on musculoskeletal injuries among school‑going adolescents based on previous studies support in this research field.

This review study selected observational studies from the past literature indexed in the databases of Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and CINAHL during 1999– 2020. This review focused on the keywords of “Backpack,” “Musculoskeletal Injuries,” and “Adolescent” from MESH and selected 14 out of 210 articles based on the research objective. According to the Crombie Checklist, inclusion and exclusion criteria, and investigating the quality of the report, this review focused on literature evidence to the field under investigation.

Based on the chosen 14 articles, the findings of the present review indicated two outcomes by considering the impact of the backpack on musculoskeletal injuries and pains among adolescents. The results of the review studies specified that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries and pain using a backpack among most of the male and female adolescents. The findings also stipulate that injuries and pain intensity among female adolescents were higher than the male students.

The results of this review study specified that improper use of the backpack, which exceeded the standard weight, caused chorionic pain and injuries between both genders of adolescents. The generalizability of the results is suitable for this review study.

Diabetes is one of the most expensive and chronic diseases of elderly age. Knowledge and self‑care behaviors play an important role in treating diabetes and preventing its side effects. This study aimed to investigate the effect of peer group on self‑care behaviors and glycemic index in the elderly with type II diabetes mellitus in Fasa city, Fars province.

This quasi‑experimental study was conducted on 100 elderly patients with type II diabetes (50 patients in the intervention group and 50 in control group) referred to the diabetes center. Among the elderly, the intervention group was selected as a trainer based on the checklist of the peer group and was trained by the researcher. In addition to the usual care of the diabetes clinic, the patients in the intervention group received training from their peers for 8 weeks during 8–45 min of training sessions. Data were collected using a valid self‑reported questionnaire including demographic variables, awareness, and diabetes self‑care behaviors (Summary of Diabetes Self‑care Activities), as well as free practice (fasting blood sugar [FBS] and hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c]), which was completed by both groups before and 2 months after the intervention. Then, the data were entered into the SPSS statistical software, version 22 and were analyzed using Chi‑square test, independent t‑test, and descriptive statistical methods. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The results showed that the two groups of intervention and test were identical in terms of demographic information. In the intervention group, before and after 2 months of educational intervention, there was a significant difference in increasing awareness and self‑care behavior in diet, physical activity, blood sugar testing, foot care, and medication (P < 0.001). However, this difference was not significant in the control group (P < 0.05). In the intervention group, the mean FBS and quarterly (HbA1c) index decreased significantly (P < 0.05).

This study showed that teaching self‑care program, in the same way, has been effective in improving self‑care behavior and blood sugar index in the elderly with diabetes and suggested that this educational method be used in other chronic diseases.

Over the past decades, the pattern of diseases in human societies had changed from infectious diseases to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), and according to the report by the World Health Organization, the highest burden of disease is attributed to NCDs. The study was conducted to determine the status of hypertension, type-2 diabetes, lipid disorders, and body mass index (BMI) among the patients aged over 30 years admitted to health centers of Karaj, Iran.

In this cross-sectional study, the population included 2947 men and women aged 30 years and above admitted to six health-care centers in Karaj. The questionnaire includes demographic characteristics and had the questions on hypertension, diabetes and their risk factors, like lipid disorders and BMI was administered. The data were analyzed in SPSS, version 23, software using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and analytical (Chi-square and analysis of variance) tests (P < 0.01).

About 10% of the participants had diabetes and 15% of the participants had hypertension. About 32% of the participants had dyslipidemia and 87% of the participants were overweight or obese and over 35% were obese. Furthermore, with the increase in BMI, the prevalence of lipid disorder, hypertension, and type-2 diabetes increased in the studied population (P < 0.01).

According to the results, a high percentage of people had hypertension, type-2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and BMI in the population. Gender segregation showed that lipid disorders, overweight, and obesity in women were more than in men and percentage of people with hypertension among male were significantly higher than in females. In the case of type-2 diabetes, the results showed no statistically significant differences between men and women. The results may be helpful in developing educational strategies and prevention and control of these diseases.

The world's population is aging and this trend continues. Older adults are living healthier and longer than in the last decades and their sexual function should also be considered along with their general health. This study aimed to examine the correlation between general health and sexual function in elderly women.

In this cross-sectional correlation study, 1245 women over 60 years old were selected in Ardabil health-care centers by a convenient sampling method. Demographic data of all participants were noted and general health and sexual function were evaluated by the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) Questionnaire.

The participants' mean ± standard deviation age was 75.1 ± 7.2 years, most of the women (40.08%) were illiterate, and the majority of them were living with their married (44.81%) or single children (27.14%). The general health score for 380 older women (30.52%) was under 22 (healthy). About 60% of the women had engaged in sexual activity during the past 4 weeks, and the total mean score of FSFI was 17.36 ± 1.44. In addition, 84.33% of the women had sexual dysfunction (FSFI < 26.55). The age (P < 0.05), educational level (P < 0.001), living with children (P < 0.01), and general health status (P < 0.01) were found to be significantly related to sexual function. The total scores for FSFI and the scores for all domains except for satisfaction were in positive correlation with the score for the total and all domains of general health (P < 0.001).

Sexual function in elderly women is affected by several factors, such as general health. Therefore, to promote successful aging in women, sexual function and general health require more attention when implementing women's health initiatives.

The qualification of managers in terms of management skills is one of the most important factors in the continuous success of each organization, and utilizing such skills can have a positive contribution in the effectiveness of the organization while improving the performance of the employees in line with the objectives and goals of the organization. The study's primary objective was to examine the necessary skills of the hospital managers and their capabilities to manage the challenges in providing health care facilities to their patients and employees.

This study is a qualitative that deep interviews were performed with 22 managers (senior and middle managers) of educational hospitals of Kermanshah city, and the sample size was 22 individuals. The interviews were analyzed by a MAXQDA software application after transcription.

This study includes 8 themes and 23 subthemes. The strategic skill, the perceptive skill, the human relations skill, work experience, and personal characteristics were among the skills necessary for hospital managers. Some of the challenges facing the hospital managers included rapid changes in the policies, the limitations of financial resources, and lack of proportion between the educational and occupational spheres.

Because of their existential philosophy and differences with other service sectors, managing hospitals poses a particular sensitivity. In this regard, the role of the hospital manager is very important. Therefore, in order to meet the satisfaction of those receiving services, decision‑makers and policy‑makers must think twice when selecting and appointing hospital managers and evaluate and appraise this group in terms of abilities and skills necessary for managing such an important service section.

The Internet has drastically affected human behavior, and it has positive and negative effects; however, its excessive usage exposes users to internet addiction. The diagnosis of students’ mental dysfunction is vital to monitor their academic progress and success by preventing this technology through proper handling of the usage addiction.

This descriptive‑analytical study selected 447 students (232 females and 215 males) of the first and second semesters enrolled at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2018 by using Cochrane’s sample size formula and stratified random sampling. The study applied Young’s Internet Addiction Test and Goldberg General Health Questionnaire 28 for data collection. The study screened the data received and analyzed valid data set through the t‑test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient by incorporating SPSS Statistics software version 23.0.

The results of the current study specified that the total mean score of the students for internet addiction and mental health was 3.81 ± 0.88 and 2.56 ± 0.33, correspondingly. The results revealed that internet addiction positively correlated with depression and mental health, which indicated a negative relationship (P > 0.001). The multiple regression analysis results showed students’ five significant vulnerability predictors toward internet addiction, such as the critical reason for using the Internet, faculty, depression, the central place for using the Internet, and somatic symptoms.

The study findings specified that students’ excessive internet usage leads to anxiety, depression, and adverse mental health, which affect their academic performance. Monitoring and controlling students’ internet addiction through informative sessions on how to use the Internet adequately is useful.

The need assessment is a fundamental part of any planning, and almost by neglecting it, the effectiveness of the programs is impossible. The purpose of this study was the prioritization of needs among students of the Iran University of Medical Sciences.

The design study was conducted in two parts; in the first part, the design of the questionnaire was done by qualitative methods. The questionnaires were extracted by interviewing and obtained acceptable validity and reliability. Moreover, the second part created a questionnaire consisting of four categories: education, welfare, economic, and psychological and social. A simple random sampling method was used to select 363 people using the Cochran formula. Finally, 336 people (including 28 people excluded) completed the questionnaire. A questionnaire designed to collect sample data was used and analyzed using version 23 of SPSS.

A total of 336 students (26.77 ± 5.45 years) participated in the study. 123 (36.6%) were male and 213 (63.4%) were female. Psychological and social needs of students were prioritized, and educational priorities were ranked second. The findings showed that there was no significant statistical difference between the scores of welfares and psychosocial and educational needs and the gender of the research units (P > 0.05). However, in the mean of economic needs scores, there is a significant statistical difference between the marital status of the research units (P < 0.05).

The results of our study in the research units showed that the priority of psychosocial needs was more than other needs and the educational priority was the next. According to the results of this study, we suggest that, in future educational and educational planning, policymakers and planners should pay attention to psychological and social issues.

One of the key elements in family‑centered care is educating parents with hospitalized infant at intensive care unit. Education is a fundamental role of nursing at intensive care units to satisfy parents and accelerate disease progression that eventually reduces hospital re‑admission.

This was a cross‑sectional study conducted in 2018, and the study population was admitted infants (n = 90) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences hospitals. We used a questionnaire including sociodemographic characteristics and performance of nurses in educating parents. Nurses’ performance was assessed in five major areas composed of family‑centered care, delivering cares according to individualized needs, education on equipment, basic needs of infants, and finally, nutritional education. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 22. The data were analyzed using t‑test, ANOVA, and nonparametric tests.

Findings from the current study indicated that nurses performed their educational role weakly (37% of standard level). We also found that nurses who participated in neonatal educational courses had better performance compared to their counterparts. The results showed that year of experiences working as a clinical nurse was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with performing standard education.

Our findings indicated that nurses performed their educational role weakly which might be due to staff shortage, heavy workload, and lack of time for educating parents. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the quality of education among nurses working at the NICUs and provide the necessary standards and indicators to evaluate this important task.

An individual’s lifestyle is closely related to the health so that a healthy lifestyle improves the purpose of this study was prioritizing health promotion lifestyle domains in students of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences from the students and professors’ perspective.

This study was done in cross‑sectional method. The statistical population of this study consisted of students in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2018. In addition, 10 faculty members in this university and five students were questioned in Delphi method from different educational groups. The questionnaire was used consisted of two parts. The first part included demographic characteristics, and the second part included the standard questions for Pender’s health promotion model. The Delphi needs assessment method was also used to collect the information.

The mean score of students’ health‑promoting behaviors was average (135.22 ± 19.35). The greatest score of health promotion behaviors was related to the spiritual growth scale (25.3 ± 5.4), and the lowest score was for physical activity (19.7 ± 05.1). The results of the Delphi method also suggested that both groups of faculty members and students believe that the dimensions of health accountability, physical activity, and prevention of high‑risk behaviors in the students’ lifestyle, need to be intervened.

The results of the present study indicated that the students’ lifestyle at Qazvin University of Medical Sciences was in average condition and low scores in the dimension of physical activity. Planned interventions should be made to promote health‑promoting lifestyle among these students.

The provision, maintenance and promotion of the health of infants as a vulnerable group in health care services are a high priority, and the first step in reducing infant mortality and improving their health is undoubtedly the identification of their mortality status. We aimed to study the spatial distribution of premature infant mortality in 194 countries in 2000-2017.

In this descriptive study using reanalysis data, the data were re-analyzed. First, the infant mortality data were collected from the official website of the World Health Organization. Then, a database was created in ArcGIS 10.6 software, and the statistical tests and related maps were extracted. To this end, the Global Moran’s I and Gtis-Ord-Gi spatial correlation analyses were utilized. Data was analyzed down year by year and the charts were extracted by GIS software during a period of 18 years (2000 to 2017).

The results of this study demonstrated that infant mortality (0-27 days-old) followed a downward trend, but its spatial pattern was clustered (Moran’s I>0, Z-score> 2.58). We analyzed 19,041,539 data about infant mortality in 2000 to 2017. This situation was concentrated as Hot Spots in the West Pacific region and part of Asia (Central, South and Southeast Asia) from 2000 to 2017 (with 90%, 95% and 99% confidence intervals). In addition, it was revealed that there were no Cold Spots between countries.

The results of the present study demonstrated that the total infant mortality followed a downward trend, while the Hot Spots of infant mortality were in the West Pacific region and part of Asia by 2000 and remained as Hot Spots until 2017.

Preterm birth and subsequent admission of the infant to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) can be distressing for parents and lead to their anxiety. The aim of this study was to evaluate maternal anxiety in mothers of infants admitted to the NICU and determine the characteristics associated with maternal anxiety. This study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with participation of 100 mothers with infant that was born premature and hospitalized in NICU (mothers were selected through convenient sampling method) of Al-Zahra hospital, affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Data collection tools included baseline characteristics (21 items), and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 23.0). The results of study showed that 62% (n=100) of mothers had moderate level of state anxiety and (54% (n=100) had moderate level of trait anxiety, mean (SD) state anxiety score was 48.62(6.00) and mean (SD) trait anxiety was 32.45(3.63. There was statistically significant difference regarding state anxiety mean scores and number of delivery, education level, gestational age at birth weeks  and child order (P<0.05). Based on the results, mother of premature infants had moderate level of state anxiety. Having university degree, the mothers whose premature infants were at 33 weeks gestational age and mothers who had third or more delivery number and their child order was third and over had experienced state anxiety.

Malnutrition is a great challenge for the public health system. Therefore, this study aimed to study the spatial pattern malnutrition using GIS in the world's countries. In this cross-sectional study, secondary child malnutrition data analysis was conducted using World Health Organization data from 2005 to 2016. The data were analyzed by Arc/GIS 10.6 software. The prevalence rates of malnutrition were exported into Arc/GIS10.6 to visualize key estimations, and the excess risk of malnutrition of each country was calculated. In this regard, the spatial patterns of variables of the prevalence of stunting in children under 5 (%), prevalence of wasting in children under 5 (%), and prevalence of overweight in children under 5 (%) were evaluated by GIS. Our findings showed that the prevalence of stunting, wasting and overweight in children under 5 was not accidental and has emerged in the cluster form based on a regular occurrence in countries around the world. Furthermore, the results of our research indicated that the mean center and standard deviation of stunting and wasting included most of the African and Asian countries especially in the Middle East, but the mean center and standard deviation of overweight included more areas of the world. Overweight has included many parts of the world and its spatial distribution is more than stunting and wasting. Overweight was observed the African, Asian and European countries. The spatial pattern of malnutrition was clustered in the world. The results of this study could be the starting point for the development of appropriate malnutrition interventions and policies globally.

In addition to their widespread applications in various fields, cellular phones have some inappropriate social consequences, including psychosocial addiction, degradation of values, reduced social interactions, early maturity and endangering the psychological well-being of users. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate detrimental effects of Mobile phones on the psychological well-being of second grade students. In this cross-sectional study, the sample population included 269 second grade students (107 boys and 162 girls) in Kermanshah, Iran in 2018 and being in the 10-18 age-range who were selected using cluster sampling. As for data collection, the Jenaro’s Cell-Phone Over-Use scale and Ryff’s psychological well-being scale were utilized, which were filled out by the students themselves.   The results of the present study demonstrated that the means of the deleterious use of mobile phones and psychological well-being measured 44.71±16.45 (total score=126), and 63.86±14.43 (total score=84), respectively. The results also indicated that the observed F (F=10.12) was significant at p<0.005, and the predictor variables together explained 0.33 of the variance of psychological well-being. Moreover, it was shown that the deleterious use of mobile phones and psychological well-being significantly and negatively correlated at p<0.005, r=0.49. According to this study, it was revealed that the deleterious overuse of mobile phones and psychological well-being were significantly and negatively correlated; which means that the higher the use of mobile phones, the more vulnerable the psychological well-being becomes.

Background Mortality is one of the indicators of community health and reflects the social, economic and environmental status of the residence of people. In this regard, countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) have many problems. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting on mortality in the region. Materials and Methods This study was conducted in the 22 EMR countries. Required data on mortality were collected from WHO online database and Weather, Geneva, Switzerland. The data were analyzed by ArcGIS 10.6.1 software, graphic statistical methods, SPSS software version 23.0, descriptive statistical tests, ANOVA, and regression correlation coefficient. Results The results showed that in the 22 EMR countries, mortality in children under five, neonatal mortality rate, mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution, mortality rate attributed to exposure to unsafe WASH services and mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning were 52 per 1000 live births, 26.6 per 1000 live births, 58.8 per 100,000 population, 13.1 per 100,000 population and 1.4 per 100,000 population, respectively. The results showed that the countries of Somalia, Yemen, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sudan, and Djibouti were in a very poor situation and there was an inequality in health in the countries of the region. Conclusion Based on the results, the main factors affecting mortality rate included: 1) Average precipitation, 2) Latitude, 3) Above sea level, 4) Food safety, and 5) Births attended by skilled health personnel.

  According to the results of epidemiological studies, human beings from various races, colors, cultural, educational and economic backgrounds are affected by cancer worldwide, thereby encouraging researchers to conduct extensive studies in this regard. We aimed to compare the components of quality of life and adjustment in both cancer-stricken and healthy children. In this descriptive-comparative study, the statistical population consisted of two groups: 10-19-year-old children, diagnosed with leukemia, who were referred to Kermanshahi Children’s Hospital based in Kermanshah, Iran, and healthy students in elementary, secondary and high schools in Kermanshah. As for the sample population, 80 subjects were selected from each group through convenience sampling. As for data collection, the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) scale, and the Adjustment Inventory for School Students (AISS) scale were employed. Mean of quality of life in healthy female subjects measured 105.93±10.70, which exceeded that of subjects with cancer. In contrast, the mean of adjustment of girls in the normal group was 19±5.12, which was better than that of subjects with cancer. Furthermore, in terms of the components of adjustment, the male subjects in the cancer group had the highest mean and standard deviation (12.20±1.37), which was an indication of their lack of compatibility. Besides, the results of MANOV revealed that there were significant differences between the two groups in terms of the components of quality of life and adjustment at the significance level of P<0.001. According to the findings, children with cancer had significantly lower levels of quality of life and adjustment in comparison with healthy children.

Dyslexia refers to children's disorder in reading. The most psychologists consider dyslexia merely as a sign of a special disorder in the process of reading instruction which is an important factor to lower the confidence of these children. We aimed to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and parenting styles with self-esteem in elementary dyslexic girl students.
At a cross-sectional study, the study samples included elementary dyslexic girl students in Kermanshah Center of Learning Disorders No.2, Kermanshah city (Iran); and 116 elementary dyslexic girl students selected by available sampling method. The tools used in this study included Cooper's Self-esteem questionnaire, Attachment Scale (RASS), and Parenting Styles Questionnaire. Children completed the self-esteem and attachment scale questionnaires and parents answered the parenting styles scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22.0
The mean of self-esteem in elementary dyslexic girl students was 28.84±13.06 (ranged 0-50), attachment styles were 27.87 ± 6.41(ranged 0-90), and parenting styles were 29.12 ± 8.67 (ranged 0-150). There was a significant positive correlation between self-esteem with ambivalent attachment style (r=0.28), and easy-going parenting styles (r=0.27), and rational authority parenting styles (r=0.21) at level p According to the results, there was a positive correlation between ambivalent attachment style, easy-going parenting styles and rational authority with self-esteem, and these variables have the ability to predict self-esteem in elementary dyslexic girl students.

The prevalence of high-risk behaviors in adolescents is one of the most important concerns of the community; this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of life skills training on decreasing high risk behaviors among high school boy students.
In a quasi-experimental study, the statistical population included Mullah Sadra boy high school students in the academic year of 2017-2018. In this research, the sampling was done in two stages; first, to identify the individuals with high-risk behavior questionnaire, was used and 30 students who have high-risk behavior and willing to participate were selected and randomly assigned to intervention group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The educational intervention consisted of 12 sessions (each session was 60-120 minutes). The Life Skillsquestionnaire was completed by two groups before, after and one month after intervention; and data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23.0.
The mean of pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores in the intervention group for variances of substance abuse, violence, insecure sexual behavior and high-risk behaviors were lower than the control group. But the mean score of life skills in the intervention group was higher than the control group. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the post-test difference of the studied groups (intervention and control) in the components of high risk behaviors in the health area, substance abuse and violence was significant (P According the results, Educational intervention had a positive impact on reducing of high-risk behaviors in boy high school students.

Spiritual health is a valuable asset that affects humans’ mental health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the mental health and spiritual health among the staff of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences in 2016.
In this cross-sectional study, 267 employees of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences were surveyed by simple random sampling. The data collection tools included Goldenberg’s General Health Questionnaire and Paloutzian and Ellison’s Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson product moment correlation. In this research, all ethical issues were observed. In addition, the authors did not report any conflict of interests.
According to the results of the study, the mean mental health score was 2.98, while the mean score of spiritual health was 3.62. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the mental and spiritual health (r=0.324). Considering the subscales of mental health, spiritual health registered the highest and lowest correlations with depression and physical symptoms respectively.
Improving the mental health of the effective and constructive population of the society is necessary for the dynamism, prosperity and promotion of the society. Spiritual health affects the university staff's mental health. Therefore, planning to promote it is an important issue that should be considered by the relevant authorities and policy makers.

BackgroundAdequate access to health services has tremendous effects on the usefulness and efficiency of health care. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the access of girls under the age of 14 years old to pharmacies in Kermanshah, Iran.
Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, the access of
ResultsIn terms of access to 25 pharmacies through walking, the findings revealed that lacked access as much as 48.83%. In terms of access to daytime pharmacies through walking, 88.05% had improper access. Furthermore, in terms of access to 25 pharmacies through driving, the results were as follows: with five minutes of driving (24.75% no access), with 10 minutes of driving (9.07% no access), and with 15 minutes of driving (1.97% no access). As for access to daytime pharmacies through driving, the results were as follows: with five minutes of driving (5.42% no access), with 10 minutes of driving (2.15% no access).
ConclusionThe results of the present study demonstrated that the access for girls under the age of 14 years to pharmacies through walking was in poor condition. However, it was found out that access through driving was much better than access through walking.