فهرست مطالب ardekani

Post-treatment or diagnostic whole-body radioiodine scintigraphy is widely used to assess the residual, recurrence, or metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma because of the high sensitivity and accuracy that this assessment provides. While bearing in mind all the diagnostic potential of this test, we have to consider its’ potential pitfalls, as well. Herein, we present 4 patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma, who received 131I for ablation therapy after having undergone total thyroidectomy. On post-treatment radioiodine scintigraphy, foci of unusual 131I uptake were noted in facial, axillary, inguinal, and renal regions, which were finally either histologically or anatomically diagnosed as papillary oncocytic cystadenoma, ectopic axillary breast tissue, epidydimal cyst, and simple renal cyst, respectively. Such 131I uptake patterns underscore the value of recognizing where and why false-positive uptakes take place and should appreciate the potential causes of false-positive results in whole-body 131I scintigraphy.

Localization of 99mTc- hexakis-2-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc-MIBI) by parathyroid adenomas is well known, and this warrants MIBI scan to evaluate suspected parathyroid adenoma in primary hyperparathyroidism. Typically, the radionuclide concentrates in both the thyroid gland and parathyroid adenoma in early images, and later on delayed images washes out slowly from the parathyroid adenomas located in the neck or mediastinum, in comparison with more rapid wash out from the thyroid gland. We report a 71-year old woman with history of hypothyroidism, who has been on levothyroxine therapy for 5 years, and primary hyperparathyroidism, for which a double phase 99mTc-MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy was performed. Although the planar views demonstrated no evidence of radiotracer uptake in thyroid gland, single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT-CT) images revealed the presence of thyroid gland with a multinodular pattern on CT component of the study. Also planar images showed no focal uptake, but in SPECT-CT evaluation a MIBI-avid nodule was depicted in the posteromedial aspect of lower portion of left thyroid lobe, representing a parathyroid adenoma, later confirmed by pathology after surgical resection. The possible explanation for non-visualization of thyroid gland could be thyroid suppression with levothyroxine.

In view of somatostatin receptor (SSR) expression on cell membranes of the majority of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), functional imaging exploiting analogs of SSR alongside the anatomical imaging is the mainstay of this diagnostic modality. In this prospective study, we assessed and directly compared the diagnostic parameters of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT and 99mTc-Octreotide SPECT/CT, as well as CT/MRI. Twenty-five NET patients, either histologically proven or highly suspicious for NET, who were referred for Octreotide Scan were enrolled in this prospective study. They all underwent 99mTc-Octreotide SPECT/CT and then 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT. A blind interpretation was conducted for each imaging as well as for the previously obtained conventional imaging (CT or MRI). The patient-based and lesion-based analysis were conducted and the results of the three modalities were compared. The histopathologic confirmation or follow-up data were considered as the gold standard. Also, the impact of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT on the patient’s management was assessed. Overall, 77 lesions in 14 patients, 135 in 19 and 86 in 16 were detected on 99mTc-Octreotide SPECT/CT, 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT and CT/MRI, respectively. On patient-based analysis, the sensitivity was 65%, 90% and 71% for 99mTc-Octreotide SPECT/CT, 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT and CT/MRI, respectively. Also, the specificity was 80%, 80% and 75% for 99mTc-Octreotide SPECT/CT, 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT and CT/MRI, respectively. The correlation between 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT and 99mTc-Octreotide SPECT/CT results was significant (P=0.02; kappa value=0.57), no correlation, however, was depicted with CI (P=0.07; kappa value=0.35). On lesion-based analysis, 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT found more organs (P=0.02) and lesions (P=0.001) in comparison with 99mTc-Octreotide SPECT/CT and also more lesions in comparison with CT/MRI (P=0.003). In addition, comparing with 99mTc-Octreotide SPECT/CT and CT/MRI, 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT revealed more data in 44% and 36% of the patients, resulting in management modification in 24% and 20%, respectively. Comparing with 99mTc-Octreotide SPECT/CT and CT/MRI, 68Ga- DOTATATE PET/CT provided more sensitivity and specificity in patients with NETs showing more involved organs as well as tumoral lesions. Also, 68Ga-DOTATATE PET/ CT led to change of management in up to one-fourth of the patients, especially in a sub-group re-evaluated for recurrence.

In two-dimensional measurements using hot wire anemometer, the sensitivity of the sensor to change the flow direction of direction or of of particular importance. flow velocity vector and heat transfer from the hot wire sensor is determined, using the Yaw sensitivity function and its coefficient. In some cases, negative values of Yaw sensitivity coefficient  are encountered, for which no specific reason has been presented. In this paper, reason of negative values of  for un-plated sensors of hot wire anemometer in two-dimensional measurements have been investigated experimentally. For this purpose, flow velocity field between the prongs of a model of a normal probe (SN) at different velocities and Yaw angles have been studied. Results show that the probe’s prongs produce flow disturbances, which cause a reduction in flow velocity and the deviation (rotation) of the flow adjacent to the prongs and the sensor. At different Yaw angles, the maximum reduction in flow velocity amounts to 3% and the deviation of flow direction has a maximum of 6.3°. It is supposed that this phenomenon affects the amount of heat transfer from the sensor and the effective velocity obtained by the hot wire anemometer, which eventually produces the reported negative  values.

Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome is a rare congenital disorder of mitochondrial DNA, presenting a wide range of clinical symptoms comprising headaches, seizures, aphasia, hearing loss, visual defects, and hemiparesis. Herein we report a case of a previously asymptomatic 40-year-old male who presented with recurrent headache, seizures, Wernicke’s aphasia, and impaired visual acuity. Investigations included CT, MRI, MR venography, MR spectroscopy, and PET/CT with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG-PET) of the brain. PET imaging showed diffuse increased 18F-FDG uptake in the right hemisphere and left temporal lobe; additionally, decreased 18F-FDG uptake was observed in the left frontoparietal lobe. The patient underwent treatment by levetiracetam, co-enzyme Q10, riboflavin, L-carnitine, and lacosamide, followed by improvement of his clinical signs and symptoms indicative of partial response to the therapy.

International organizations have legal capacity as one of the subordinators of the international law and in accordance with their legal actions and authorities arising from their legal personality in the international system. The legal personality of international organizations renders them legal capacity to accomplish certain actions in the international system as well as the member states in accordance with the legal authority which is also reflected in Article 104 of the Charter of the United Nations. Therefore, all member states and the world community are obliged to comply with general and specific international organizations’ decisions. However, some countries through a unilateral legal approach based on political interests, violate the general and specific international organizations decisions, and somehow their legal rights. Respecting the legal personality of international organizations and helping them with doing their tasks and applying their authorities effectively and efficiently at the domestic and international levels are the duties of the governments. The librarian research of the documents and founding treaties, and the field study of the operational procedures of international organizations show the delimitations of their legal capacity in recruitment, duties and authorities. The impressive international and domestic causes and factors of the international organizations arising from the international law subordinators are some of the questions that need to be answered and the legal solutions to tackle them should be provided. The lack of structural and managerial independence on the one hand, and the lack of effective enforcement guarantees, on the other hand is the main cause of the delimitations of the international organizations’ legal capacity.

The quality of life in infertile couples depends on many factors, including dimensions of their sexual relationship. The present study aimed to identify and explain dimensions of sex-related high quality of life in infertile couples. In the present qualitative study, data were collected through semi-structured exploratory interviews with 15 infertile couples selected purposively from clients presenting to infertility treatment centers in Yazd. Data saturation was reached in the second interviews. Data were encoded and analyzed by thematic analysis method. Based on the answers, dimensions of sex-related quality of marital life among infertile couples were categorized in 74 initial concepts, 9 items and 3 themes of “healthy attitude toward sex”, “enriching sex”, and “Managing the effect of infertility on sexual satisfaction”. Based on the results obtained and the dimension of sexual relation in Woods’ conceptual framework, and for a satisfactory sexual life despite infertility, infertile couples should raise their knowledge and pay greater attention to enriching this dimension of their relationship to achieve sexual compatibility along with infertility.

Acquiring responsibility in international and domestic conflicts, always has encountered with obstacles. In these conflicts we face with action and non-actions that not prohibited from the perspective of international rights and do not have the nature of the offending action. But just committing them, causes imposition extensive damage to the sides of the conflict and even third parties. The question you can do here is: why not pay attention and the success of governments and international organizations that's important. International peace and security it has always been impressed internal and international conflicts. Lack of all-inclusive definition of responsibility in internal and international conflicts, faces global equations of peace with vague variables. Acquiring responsibility in international non-prohibited acts in the rights of hostilities, by defining and identifying new weapons and its degradation range in various human and environmental spheres and ultimately their application it will be possible in the form of conventions and international treaties in the conflict's rights. In this regard, revision and correction Lahe's agreement, Geneva conventions of 1949 and 1977 protocols, is necessary and essential. Sea battleship as the most comprehensive war in the past and most likely in the future, has always been accompanied by international implications and has provided incentives international responsibility of the parties to the conflict. A war with the advancement of technology and sea weapons, will have extensive human implications and environmental.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common gastrointestinal syndrome. Routine histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC) evaluations have shown an increase in the number of different inflammatory cells in the colon of IBS patients. In this study, we have compared the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), eosinophils, mast cells and CD3+ T cells, in IBS patients and normal subjects. In 2016, seventy-nine patients with IBS and seventy-nine healthy subjects who underwent colonoscopy for other non-specific causes and with no pathologic findings, were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Biopsy specimens obtained from the colon were stained, using IHC methods to determine the number of IELs, eosinophils, mast cells and CD3+ T cells. Quantitative and qualitative variables were compared between the two groups, using a Chi-square test and Student’s t-test. Seventy-nine patients with IBS, 79.7% females with a mean age of 42.5±14.6 years, were recruited, as the case group, and seventy-nine individuals, 51.9% females with a mean age of 39.7±18.9 years, were enrolled as controls. The average number of IELs per high power fields (hpf) was found to be higher in the IBS group, and this difference was statistically significant (32.8±11.8 vs. 28.6±12.9; P=0.034). Also, the mean count/hpf of CD3+ T lymphocytes (23.1±7.9 vs. 20.2±8.1; P=0.024) and mast cells (7.6±3.1 vs. 6.6±3.0; P=0.041) were significantly higher in the IBS group, compared to the control group. The number of eosinophils was higher in the IBS group, but the differences were not statistically significant (P=0.066). According to the results, we suggest that analysis of immune cells and IELs in intestinal biopsies might be an appropriate method for diagnosis of IBS.

β-thalassemia is the most common monogenic disorder in Iran, and one of the challenges in the screening of the carriers is the coinheritance of α-thalassemia mutations. In the view of high prevalence of α-thalassemia mutations in many parts of the country, the aim of this study was to determine the carrier frequency of common alpha deletions, as a secondary modifier in clinical manifestations of beta thalassemia, in known beta-thalassemia carriers and some hematology parameter changes.
The study included families referred from different primary health care centers with microcytic hypochromic anemia [MCV3.4%]. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes by salting out method. For common β-globin gene mutation analysis, amplification refractory mutation system- polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) and for rare β-thal alleles, DNA sequencing were used. Also, for investigation of common α-globin gene cluster deletions (-α3.7, -α4.2, --MED and -α20.5), multiplex Gap-PCR was performed.
Among 227 β-thalassemia minor individuals studied, α-globin gene deletions were found in 43 cases: 37 heterozygote -α3.7 (16.3%), 5 homo -α3.7 (2.2%) and 1 --MED (0.44%). Also, the co-inheritance of α-globin gene deletion and triplication was not found in the studied individuals.
Although it is highly recommended that physicians and genetic counselors involved in the screening program of beta-thal major in the country consider this phenomenon because of high prevalence of this coinheritance, hematologic indices changes are very slight.

We evaluated the performance of muscle perfusion scan (MPS) to assess muscle perfusion reserve (MPR) for prediction of incident diabetic foot ulcerations (DFU).
We recruited 41 diabetic patients without any history of DFU. Five mCi 99mTc-MIBI was injected intravenously during repetitive dorsal and plantar right foot flexions. Then posterior calves were imaged and the counts of the region of interests (ROI) over the right and left calves were collected. MPR was calculated as the percentage of counts of right calf ROI–counts of left calf ROI / counts of left calf ROI. Six patients did not complete the study, 3 of them due to technical errors. Patients were followed for possible occurrence of DFU for at least 12 months.
During the 563±84 (range: 309-633) days follow up period, 2 patients developed DFU (5.7%). MPR was insignificantly lower in patients who developed foot ulceration in comparison to those without foot ulceration (11.3±0.6 % vs. 63.4±40.8 %; p=0.08). The cutoff at first decile of MPR values (i.e. 16%) discriminated the patients with and without future DFU with accuracy of 92% (OR= 3; p-Value=0.005).
MPS is useful to detect patients with diabetes at risk for future DFU.

The external beam radiation therapy for patients with left breast cancer at the mastectomy site may cause myocardial perfusion abnormalities. We intended to study the change of these abnormalities at short and long term post radiotherapy follow up.
Twenty patients with left and 20 patients with right breast cancer comprised the exposed and control groups, respectively. The patients had low risk for coronary disease. They underwent myocardial perfusion scans (MPS) 3 years after the external beam radiation therapy at the bed of modified radical mastectomy. These subjects were recruited from two bigger cohorts with previously reported data of scans at 6 months. The scans were acquired after injections of about 20 mCi MIBI at peak pharmacologic stress and at rest. The change of the perfusion abnormalities by both visual assessment and quantifications (Autoquant) at the baseline and 3 years follow up time are compared between exposed and control patients.
The exposed patients had more visual perfusion abnormality scores compared to control subjects (1.1±1.3 vs. 0.3±1.0; p=0.03). The indices of perfusion abnormality normalized in control subjects from baseline to follow up scans (p= 0.05 for summed difference score and p=0.04 for summed stress score). The difference of the perfusion abnormalities between the exposed and unexposed subjects remained unchanged along the 3 years of follow up.
The radiation induced myocardial perfusion abnormalities in patients with left breast cancer could cause permanent coronary disease over time.

Myocardial 18F-FDG uptake is highly variable in oncologic whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT studies, ranging from quite intense to minimal distribution. Intense or heterogeneous myocardial 18F-FDG uptake is undesirable as it may interfere with the visual or quantitative evaluation of tumoral invasion and metastases in pericardium, myocardium or adjacent mediastinal structures. The diet, as well as many other factors, is assumed to influence the myocardial 18F-FDG uptake. Using a multivariate model, we tried to identify and predict the main factors influencing cardiac 18F-FDG uptake in patients referred for oncologic PET/CT evaluation.
A total of 214 patients referred for oncologic 18F-FDG PET/CT scan were enrolled in our study. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups according to the diet they were instructed to follow during 24-hour period before imaging. One hundred and seven cases with a routine diet (RD) and the same number of patients with a low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet were included. All patients were fast 6 hours before imaging. Weight, height, blood glucose, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured before radiotracer injection. Visual and quantitative analysis were done after imaging and the pattern of 18F-FDG uptake, as well as standardized quantitative value of cardiac uptake was determined for each case.
The frequency of undesirable cardiac 18F-FDG uptake in the LCHF group was significantly less than RD group (17% vs. 72%, p=30 as well as consumption of cardiotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, benzodiazepines and β blockers were significantly associated with higher intensity of myocardial 18F-FDG uptake, while this undesirable finding was less evident in cases with diabetes mellitus. A multivariate logistic regression model including all of the mentioned variables revealed the diet was the only significant independent factor that predicted undesirable myocardial 18F-FDG uptake (p LCHF diet 24 hours before PET/CT imaging is the only controllable independent factor influencing the intensity and pattern of myocardial 18F-FDG uptake and is recommended as an optimal preparation to suppress cardiac 18F-FDG uptake.

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) follow-up after thyroidectomy and radioiodine-ablation is performed mainly by thyroglobulin (Tg), diagnostic iodine-131 whole body scan (DxWBS) and sonography. Some patients with undetectable Tg have thyroid-bed uptake after ablation in whom decision making regarding the need for retreatment is still controversial.
In this study, we enrolled DTC patients with undetectable Tg but small thyroid residue in six-month-DxWBS following first radioiodine-ablation. Patients with detectable Tg, high TgAb, suspicious neck lymphadenopathy in sonography and metastasis were excluded. Ninety four patients were placed in two groups of cohort, i.e., radioiodine-retreatment group (n=36) versus observation (untreated) group (n=58). After six months, the clinical outcome was compared by evaluating DxWBS, Tg, TgAb and sonography.
DxWBS showed sustained thyroid remnant in 47.2% of retreated patients while 34.5% of untreated group revealed negative DxWBS over the next period of follow-up. Also, only 6 cases (16.7%) in retreatment group and 12 cases (20.7%) in observation group revealed an additional finding other than local faint RAI uptake, including detectable serum Tg, rising TgAb or suspicious ultrasound finding, favoring no significant difference of the outcome as well as relative risk of new finding incidence between treated and untreated patients (CI 95% for relative risk: 0.58-2.41; p=0.630).
Regarding sonologic and laboratory follow-up evidences, RAI-retreatment shows no significant advantage over observation in DTC patients with Tg negative, remnant positive DxWBS. In addition, residual thyroid tissue was completely disappeared in about one third of patients without retreatment.

The genus Ajuga is used for the treatment of joint pain, gout, jaundice, and wound healing in Iranian traditional medicine. Ajuga chamaecistus ssp. tomentella is an exclusive subspecies of Ajuga chamaecistus in the flora of Iran. Plants belong to Ajuga species are advantageous sources of phytoecdysteroids. 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) is an important phytoecdysteroid with anabolic property. This study aimed to determine and quantify 20E in methanolic extract of aerial parts of Ajuga chamaecistus ssp. tomentella. The standard reference of 20E was isolated from n-butanolic fraction of aerial parts of Ajuga chamaecistus ssp. tomentella using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis was carried out on an ODSA (C18) column with isocratic elution using water–acetonitrile (75:25). The standard calibration curve represented good linearity (r2 = 0.9997). The limit of quantification (S/N = 10) and detection (S/N = 3) were determined as 7.93 and 2.38 µg/ml, respectively. The content of 20E in methanolic extract of Ajuga chamaecistus ssp. tomentella was determined to be 2.58% (w/w) (0.46% in dry plant). The quantitative proportion of the 20E found in Ajuga chamaecistus ssp. tomentella extract proposes the possible uses of this plant in commercial formulations or as a source of 20E.

Molecular Dynamics (MD) method is a computer simulation for studying the physical movements of atoms and molecules of a N-body system by solving classical equations of motion. Here, this method is used to investigate the structural changes of a vital molecular bond in the body. This bond is created by the interaction of P-selectin, expressed on activated endothelium, and its counterpart P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) which is expressed on leukocytes. Frequent association and dissociation of these bonds allow the leukocyte to roll on the endothelium layer which is a pivotal step in inflammatory responses. Understanding the mechanism underlying the dissociation process of this bond is helpful in pathological researches. Here this process is simulated with MD method using the program NAMD and Visual Molecular Dynamics (VMD). The results indicate that the hydrogen bonds between ion Ca2 and residue fucose of glycan group of PSGL-1 and also between sulfated tyrosine residues are the most effective bonds in binding.

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) is a major cause of morbidity and is associated with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). We aimed to perform Lower Limb Perfusion Scan (LLPS) in patients referred for Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI) and estimate prevalence of PVD in subgroups with normal and abnormal MPI results. We also compared quantitative indices of LLPS in patients with and without abnormal MPI results with semi-quantitative QPS indices.
120 patients referred for MPI entered the study. Exercise or dipyridamole infusion was used as stress modality. After 99mTc-MIBI injection at peak stress, whole body posterior views and planar images from thighs and calves were obtained. Gated MPI was done subsequently. Rest phase was performed the following day. LLPS was analyzed visually and quantitatively.
In patients with abnormal and normal MPI results, LLPS revealed 22.58% and 1.92% prevalence of PVD in exercise subgroup (P-Value=0.004) and 50.00% and 10.52% in dipyridamole subgroup (P-Value= 0.013), respectively. Both of these different prevalence were statistically significant. In exercise subgroup, mean ranks of Stress Index (Is) for all lower limb regions were statistically significantly greater in patients with normal MPI result. Also, among patients who had ischemia in exercise-rest MPI, negative correlations were seen between Is and Rest Index (Ir) of all regions and QPS quantitative indices.
LLPS with 99mTc-MIBI, combined with MPI is a feasible method to detect lower limbs ischemia, especially in patients with abnormal MPI results. Correlating quantitative indices of LLPS with MPI-QPS also reflect coexistence of CAD and PVD.

A 60-year-old patient with testicular seminoma was referred for F-18 FDG PET/CT Study to evaluate recurrence. In addition to hypermetabolic cervical, mediastinal and hilar lymph node tumoral metastases, segmental intense FDG uptake along the lumbar spinal cord suggestive of tumoral metastasis was noted which quite an unusual presentation is. At the time of PET study the patient was symptomless, and neurological symptoms and signs associated with spinal cord metastasis developed only several days afterwards, emphasizing the role of FDG PET study in early detection of spinal cord metastasis. The patient underwent radiotherapy of the spinal cord with consequent clinical improvement.

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is associated with excellent prognosis and high survival rates. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of baseline and treatment-related factors on the health related quality of life (QoL) in cured DTC.
This study was an analytic cross-sectional study on radio-iodine (RAI) treated DTC patients during 2011-2012. The data on patients’ QoL were recorded using a validated EORTC QLQ-C30 version 3.0. Also a checklist was used to record demographic data as well as information about the educational, marital and economic status. Duration of follow up, frequency of RAI therapies and number of surgeries were also recorded. General linear model multivariate analysis of variances (GLM-MANOVA) was used to analyze the data.
Totally 435 DTC patients, 41.11±11.25 years, 77% female were assessed. Most of them were married (79%) and unemployed (57%). Global health and Qol as well as functional domains were better in women, single and higher educated patients. The QoL score in female cases was better in four functional subdomains, i.e physical, emotional, role and cognitive, but not for social functioning. QoL was adversely affected by increased number of radio-iodine therapies, radio-iodine cumulative doses and number of surgeries.
We found that quality-of-life scores are affected by the majority of socio-economic, treatment and follow-up variables. Attention to the quality of life and well-being of the patient as well as availability of professional support may be important aspects of the DTC patients’ treatment and follow-up.

we aimed to evaluate the effect of body weight and Body Mass Index (BMI) on Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in healthy postmenopausal Iranian women.
Material and Two hundred postm­enopausal women (age between 51 and 69 years) who had presented to the nuclear medicine center at Shariati Hospital in Tehran, Iran between April 2012 and August 2013 were included in this cross sectional study. Of these 46 healthy women who met the study criteria constituted for evaluation. After recording weight and height of individuals, Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height square (m2). Bone Mineral Density (BMD) in Femoral Neck (FN) and lumbar spine sites (L1-L4) were mea­sured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).
We observed statistically significant negative correlation between BMD measurements at femoral neck and lumbar1-4 spine with age and significant positive correlation with weight and BMI. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis showed that only weight and age, after adjustments to BMI determined lumbar1-4 spine BMD (R² =23%) and femoral neck BMD (R² =28.6%).
These results suggest that the relationship between body weights and BMD is Stronger than the between BMI and BMD. Therefore, in comparison with body mass index, body weight alone is a better predictor of bone mineral density.

Lactic acidosis (lactate accumulation and pH downfall) occurs in a number of clinical conditions and has deleterious effects on the patient’s survival. Sodium bicarbonate and tromethamine are administrated in these conditions. However, these compounds only adjust the blood pH and do not affect the lactate level. In this study, administration of polyamines was hypothesized as a novel approach for treatment of lactate accumulation. For this purpose, the impact of different polyamines on an experimental model of acidosis was evaluated.
In this study, rats were divided into different groups and type B lactic acidosis was induced in the groups. Blood lactate was measured before and after acidosis in the rats along with polyamines administration.
The obtained results indicated that polyamines of putrescine, cadaverine and spermidine had significant effects to decrease the lactate level, while, sodium bicarbonate and tromethamine did not affect its level.
The findings supported the advantageous effects of polyamines in treatment of lactate accumulation and can have implications for treatment of acidosis in human. Therefore, administration of polyamines is proposed as an effective treatment for lactic acidosis.

The breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women, on the other hand absence of myoepithelial cells play a pivotal role in pathogenesis of this cancer. Thus we aimed to investigate the possible abilities of the molecular assay technique to find a relationship between mammary serine protease inhibitor (Maspin) gene expression possibly secreted by myoepithelial cells, grade of breast cancer and other prognostics factors (ER, PR, and c-erb-B2).
Paraffin embedded blocks of 31 breast cancer patients together with two normal breast tissues were used for IHC staining and Maspin gene RNA detection uses the real-time PCR method. Applying QIAGEN kit, we were able to measure Maspin RNA and Extract the cDNA of different samples for evaluating the Maspin RNA level.
We found that the RNA level was considerably lowerin these cancer samples compared with normal samples. In addition, different grades of breast cancer in the obtained results adopt some distinguishable values. The Maspin expression in samples with grades II and III is much lower than the ones in normal group (P Maspin expression was reduced in samples with grade II& III of invasive ductal carcinoma. Based on expression of Maspin Inc-erb-B2, it seems that more expression happened in normal group comparing with different scores of it. We could suggest that there was a reverse relationship between tumor formation and Maspin gene expression. These results showed possible role of Maspin as prognostic factor.

Context: Insects can be the cause of major ecological problems; they can transmit microbes and parasites that affect humans, and damage food crops, trees, and homes. The total economic cost of insect-related damage and disease is immeasurable. In traditional Iranian medicine (TIM), several medicinal plants have been identified as insecticides or insect repellents, but many of them are still unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the insecticidal or insect repellent activity of certain medicinal plants described in TIM.
Evidence Acquisition: Information about medicinal plants proposed as insecticides and insect repellents in the TIM was collected from the TIM literature, and searched in modern medical databases to find studies that confirmed their efficacy.
Modern investigations have supported the claims of the insecticidal activity of several plants, including Allium sativum, Artemisia absinthium, Citrullus colocynthis, Laurus nobilis, Mentha pulegium, Myrtus communis, Nerium oleander, Ocimum basilicum, and Origanum majorana. However, in the cases of plants like Iris florentina and Malva sylvestris, there is not enough evidence in modern medicine to prove their effectiveness with regard to their insecticidal and insect repellent activities.
This study confirmed the Iranian traditional medicine claims of the insecticidal and insect repellent activity of certain plants. Further pharmacological and clinical studies are recommended to evaluate the overall efficacy and possible mechanisms underlying these herbs.

Momentum difference method can be used for measuring drag force. In this method, using velocity and turbulence intensity distributions at the model downstream, drag coefficient is determined. If the turbulenceintensity downstream of the model is high, turbulence will not be uniform (homogenous) and measurements by one-dimensional hot-wire probe will be associated with error. In this experimental investigation, turbulence intensity downstream of a rod has been studied and the minimum distance at which the flow turbulence can be considered with acceptable uniformity(homogeneity), has been determined. Turbulence intensity at the rod downstream, decreases with increase in X/D ratio, so that the maximum turbulence intensity at a distance of 25 times the downstream diameter reduces to %10 and error in measurement of drag coefficient at this distance is about 8%. at the distance of 35 times the downstream diameter, the maximum turbulence intensity reduces to about %7 and the measurement error is about %5. In this study, a hot wire anemometer has been used to investigate velocity distribution and air flow turbulence intensity at the rod downstream at Reynolds numbers of 1570 to 10470.