فهرست مطالب arezoo yousefi porshokouh

Tomato leaf miner moth, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is one of the most important and key pests of Solanaceae family. The pest larvae feed on all the aerial organs of the host plant, including leaves, stems and fruits, and if the pest population is not controlled, it can lead to the complete destruction of the crop. According to farmers, the main method of the pest, especially in the early years of its invasion, is the use of chemical pesticides. However, the pesticides residue and their adverse effects on the environment are a serious threat to the health of consumers and ecosystems. Currently, establishing the role and place of replacing chemical products with biological control agents can be effective in reducing these risks. In the meantime, extensive studies over the past few decades have revealed that the method of biological control of pests is considered one of the safe methods for living organisms and the environment as well as effective for controlling pests of greenhouse plants. We review the basic research on the biology of T. absoluta in greenhouses conditions and farms and try to propose an integrated pest management program based on agronomic, biochemical, biological and chemical solutions. A discussion is presented on the methods of using biological control agents such as parasitoids, predators, nematodes and microbial and their individual and combined efficiency of natural enemies and Bt bacteria in tomato fields and greenhouses integrated with other environmentally compatible solutions over quality and healthy crop production.

The predatory bug, Andrallus spinidens (F.) is one of the most important biological control agents of lepidopteran pests in rice fields of Iran. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of six recommendedpesticides (including 3 insecticides, 2 fungicides and 1 herbicide) on A. spinidens thorough a completely randomized design (CRD) replicated 6 times. The ingestion method was performed on the 4th–instar nymphs of the predator. Pesticides concentration were prepared based on the field recommended doses. Distilled water was used as the control. Newly emerged 4th instar nymphs provided with 2–ml of pesticides inside small containers for 24 hours. Thereafter, the survived nymphs were provided with distilled water and 2–3 last instar larvae of Galleria mellonella. The experiments were carried out under laboratory conditions at 25±0.5 °C, 70±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L: D). Mortality was recorded daily until the adult emergence. The results revealed that maximum reduction in fecundity of A. spinidens occurred in Fipronil, Diazinon and Malathion treatments and the minimum reduction was observed in Pretilachlor treatment compared with that of control. Based on the total effect of IOBC classification, Fipronil, Diazinon and Malathion insecticides with 100% mortality were placed in the class 4 (harmful). Similarly, E+C and Tricyclazol fungicides were grouped in class 3 (Moderately harmful) with 86.84% and 91.58% total effect, respectively. Pretilachlor herbicide, with 74.39% mortality was placed in category 2 (slightly offensive). Therefore, if field results are confirmed, studied insecticides are not suitable candidates for integrated pest management programs in rice when the predator is active.