فهرست مطالب asieh abbasi daloii

Cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary artery problems, are the main causes of death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of NOs and NOX2 in coronary artery patients after aerobic exercise and omega-3 intake.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study in which 32 men with coronary artery disease in the age range of 55 to 65 years were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups: control, exercise, omega-3, and omega-3 + exercise. The training program consisted of 8 weeks of intermittent running training, 3 sessions per week, with an intensity of 55 to 65% of the subjects' heart rate reserve and with an emphasis on gradual overload. Subjects consumed 1000 mg of omega-3 daily.

There was a significant increase (P <0.0001) in the mean expression of the NOS gene in the exercise + omega-3 group compared to the control group. The mean ratio of NOX gene expression changes in the exercise group, omega-3, and the combination of exercise + omega-3 was significantly reduced compared to the control group (P <0.0001).

According to the results of the present study, the ability of exercise and omega-3 supplementation to reduce the level of oxidant stress and increase homeostasis control in coronary artery insufficiency shows an important molecular mechanism that underlies the benefits of these interventions.

Infertility is defined as the inability of couples to conceive after one year of trying to conceive, which is estimated to affect 15% of couples worldwide (1). More than half of infertility cases are male (2). Azoospermia is one of the most important factors in male infertility (7). Y chromosome deletions are one of the main genetic causes of infertility, which have been reported with a frequency of 10-15% in people with severe azoospermia and oligospermia. It is said that fertility genes are located on the Y chromosome and their absence causes infertility, and this hypothesis was later called azoospermia factor (AZFa) (8). Deletion of AZFa is associated with the complete absence of reproductive cells and Sertoli cell syndrome. Deletion of the AZF region causes special phenotypes and genes in each region are in a special stage of cell differentiation they act reproductively (10).Recently, new guidelines for male infertility suggest that lifestyle management, including exercise, should be offered (5). Studies show that exercise can improve sperm parameters (12) and live birth outcomes (13) in male infertility. However, in Wise et al. (2011) research, it was reported that regular exercise does not affect semen parameters. In this prospective study on men, it was shown that none of the seminal parameters changed with regular exercise (15). In addition to lifestyle modification, stem cell therapy appears to be a promising treatment for infertility (16). Spermatogonial stem cells exist in all species, which maintain spermatogenesis throughout the life of a man (18). In this regard, Nasimi et al. (2018) in a study evaluated the effect of stem cell factor on the proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonial cells in the seminiferous tubules of the adult rat testis of the obstructive azoospermia model using a tissue culture system. The results showed that the stem cell increases the number of spermatogonia, spermatocytes and Leydig cells as well as the number of spermatid cells in the testicular tissue of obstructive azoospermia (19).Environment and lifestyle can be an explanation for infertility. Consequently, it is important to focus on modifiable risk factors in this population. A better understanding of changes in the origin of the disorder in response to environmental conditions should also be a way to manage infertility. Therefore, it is necessary to identify appropriate treatment interventions for infertility. As mentioned, a significant improvement in the process of spermatogenesis and tissue indices of the testis has been observed in the samples treated with the culture medium derived from stem cells. In addition, the benefits of physical activity for the treatment of infertility diseases are known. However, the effect of exercise and stem cells on the expression of genes involved in infertility in azoospermia is not clear. Therefore, according to the mentioned cases, the current research seeks to answer the question of whether eight weeks of aerobic exercise and stem cells have aerobic training and stem cells on gene expression of azoospermia factor in infertile rats?

In this experimental study, 25 rats (age 6 to 8 weeks) after creating the azoospermia model were divided into five groups include healthy control, azoospermia, azoospermia-aerobic exercise, azoospermia-stem cells and azoospermia-aerobic exercise-stem cells. The azoospermia model was injected intraperitoneally with busulfan at a dose of 40 mg per rat. Stem cells were transplanted in the vas deferens at the rate of one million cells per rat. The rats after healing the cell transplant wound performed low-intensity swimming exercises for 30 minutes daily, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Azoospermia gene expression (AZFa) of testicular tissue was measured by Real Time PCR. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the P<0.05.

A significant increase in AZFα gene expression was observed in the azoospermic group compared to the healthy control group (P=0.001). The gene expression of AZFα in aerobic exercise groups, stem cells and combination were significantly reduced compared to azoospermia group (P=0.001). The results showed that the gene expression of AZFα in the combination group was significantly reduced compared to the aerobic exercise groups and stem cells (P=0.001).

The results of the present study show that by inducing the azoospermia model, the expression of the AZFa gene in the testicular tissue of rats increased significantly compared to the control group. Aerobic exercise, stem cells and combined exercise led to the decrease of AZFa gene expression in testicular tissue of azoospermic rats. The results of the current research are in line with the research of Nikbin et al. (2020) and Santos et al. (2015) (23,24). It can be concluded that exercise can help to improve spermatogenesis in groups treated with exercise, probably through the reduction of AZFa gene expression in testicular tissue. Several mechanisms have been studied to destroy the function of the H-P-G axis, including peripheral (inability to synthesize steroids in the testis) and central (change in the central stimulation of the gonads) mechanisms. In addition, other factors that are related to exercise, such as weight and body fat loss, insufficient calorie intake, increased temperature inside the scrotum, and microdamages of the testis are other mechanisms of spermatogenesis reduction (28).On the other hand, nowadays, stem cells have been identified in different parts of the male and female reproductive system, which are part of adult stem cells, and many of these cells have the ability to differentiate and regenerate tissue. (29). The results of the present research are consistent with the research of Nasimi et al. (2018), Salem et al. (2017), Mozafar et al. Several factors play a role in regulating the properties of stem cells. In addition to the role that the microenvironment plays in terms of its three-dimensional engineering structure, the interactions between stem cells and the surrounding environment are also important. These interactions include the communication of stem cells with each other, with adjacent differentiated cells, or with binding molecules in the microenvironment. In addition, the characteristics of the extracellular matrix components, the presence of specific growth factors and various cytokines, as well as the physico-chemical characteristics of the environment (pH, ion concentration, and the presence of metabolites such as ATP) also control the behavior of stem cells (34). . The results of the present study showed that the combination of aerobic exercise and stem cells had a significant effect on the AZFa gene in the testicular tissue of azoospermia model rats, so that the expression of the AZFa gene in the testicular tissue in the combined group compared to the aerobic exercise and cell groups Therefore, it is possible that exercise in combination with cell therapy by regulating the expression of genes involved in infertility in the testicular tissue of busulfan-induced azoospermia model rats exerts its protective effect and in this way It causes fertilization of azoospermia model rats. There were also limitations in the present research, among which we can point out the small number of samples in the present research, therefore, a similar study with the measurement of these indicators in a high number of samples is suggested. In general, it is possible that the therapeutic interventions of aerobic exercise and stem cells can help to reduce infertility, however, more studies will be necessary to clarify the definitive results in this field.The results of the present study showed that azoospermia caused a significant increase in the expression of the azoospermia factor gene, and the intervention of aerobic exercise and stem cells led to a decrease in the expression of the azoospermia infertility gene of the testicular tissue factor. Therefore, according to the results of this research, it is possible that aerobic exercise to stem cells can help to improve infertility in azoospermic samples.

Melanoma cancer is one of the most common types of skin cancer. In this cancer, skin cells grow uncontrollably and divide rapidly. Cytokines play an important role in regulating immune function. Cytokines also play an important role in the onset and proliferation of various cancers. Cytokines, especially interleukin-8, play an important role in tumor growth. Interleukin-8 also plays a role in angiogenesis, tumor volume growth. On the other hand, the use of medicinal plants for the prevention and treatment of diseases is considered by traditional medicine experts. Various studies have shown that nettle extract is involved in several biological and biochemical activities, which have the potential to treat various disorders that affect the skin, gastrointestinal tract, joints, genitourinary system and benign prostatic hyperplasia. In recent years, endurance exercise has been introduced as a safe intervention in preventing and improving the quality of life of people with cancer. However, the therapeutic aspects of exercise training and the mechanisms of effect of this type of exercise on effective indicators and cancerous tumors, especially melanoma, are still debated and less research has been done to identify the effective mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nettle extract consumption and aerobic exercise on IL-8 and Tumor volume gene expression in mice with melanoma.

In this experimental study, 20 adult male rats with weighing 300 to 350 g were randomly divided into 4 groups, including groups of: control, exercise, extract and exercise + extract. This research, which is the result of a working group, was approved by the code of ethics No. IR.IAU.M.REC.1399.008 in the Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch. Humidity of 55 5 5% and light cycle were maintained at 12:12 with proper ventilation. Animal feed and water were freely available until the end of the protocol. B16F10 cells were purchased from the Pasteur Institute of Iran. These cells were selected because the cell type was the same as the studied mouse species. The cells were cultured in M199 medium and when the cell density reached 80%, they were prepared for injection into mice.Exercise training was performed on a treadmill for six weeks and 5 sessions per week. Mice were trained for 10 to 15 minutes at a speed of 10 meters per minute for 5 days in order to get acquainted with the treadmill for a week. From the second week, the overload phase was performed for three weeks until the end of the fourth week. In the next steps and every day of training, 3 minutes of activity time and one meter per minute were added to the treadmill speed. At the end of the fourth week, the speed of the treadmill reached 28 meters per minute for 60 minutes of activity.One week after induction of melanoma cancer and through implantation of the tumor under the skin. To prepare the extract of nettle, some stems and leaves of nettle were collected and washed in small pieces, then dried in the open air and powdered. Then aqueous extract of nettle was prepared. the experimental group consumed 30 mg / kg / day of nettle ethanol extract orally for 8 weeks. Sampling was performed 48 hours after the last session of endurance activity. RT PCR was used to measure the expression of IL-8gene . Shapiro-Wilk test was used to determine the normality of data distribution and Levin test was used to examine the homogeneity of variance. Also, to investigate the significant changes in each of the research variables, one-way analysis of variance was used between different groups and if a statistically significant difference was observed, Tukey post hoc test in ANOVA program was used to determine the location of intergroup differences.

The results of the present study showed that consumption of nettle extract and aerobic exercise significantly reduced the expression of interleukin 8 in the experimental groups compared with the control group (p = 0.125, p = 0.278, = 0.174, respectively. p). IL-8 gene expression decreased in experimental groups compared to control group; But it did not reach a significant level. These results showed that physical exercise reduced the expression of IL8 gene and also these values were reduced in the extract group and the extract and exercise (combined) group, but the relevant values were not significant.The results also showed that tumor volume was significantly reduced among the experimental groups compared to the control group (p = 0.021, p = 0.136, p = 0.047, respectively). The results also showed that tumor volume in the experimental groups was significantly reduced compared to the control group (p = 0.003). The results of this study showed that exercise and exercise and extract (combined) could cause a significant reduction in tumor volume, but the reduction in the extract group was not significant compared to the control group.

The data of the present study show that endurance training combined with nettle extract has an effective role in reducing the expression of cytokine interleukin 8 in mice with melanoma and since the reduction of this cytokine is associated with a decrease in tumor volume. Overall, it can be concluded that endurance training can modulate the levels of angiogenic cytokines within the tumor and also regulate inflammatory cytokines. Also in tumor tissue, cytokines are produced by tumor cells. In mice, treatment with nettle extract is likely to be enhanced due to increased antioxidant mechanisms. The activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes and glutathione content (GSH) were also increased. One of the prominent symptoms of cancer is resistance to apoptosis, which indicates that the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells is an important anti-cancer mechanism. In addition, patoltin inhibits proliferation by an apoptotic activity in several tumor cell lines. Its role in inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cell lines occurs by activating apoptotic pathways. Nettle extract contains other compounds such as gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and homovanilic acid, all of which are associated with anti-cancer properties. These activities may also be attributed to the flavonoid content of nettle. According to the results of this study and some similar studies, it can be concluded that physical activity and consumption of nettle extract can play an effective role in controlling the progression of melanoma cancer, reducing tumor volume, prevention and even treatment of melanoma cancer.

Aging and obesity are associated with systemic inflammation and increased oxidative stress. Aerobic exercise and omega-3 play an important role in modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and omega-3 on inflammatory and oxidative stress in the heart tissue of elderly a high-fat diet rat.

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (mean weight 311.32 ± 26.95) were divided into 5 groups: Normal Diet (ND), High-Fat Diet (HFD), High-Fat Diet-Training (HFDT), High-Fat Diet-Omega3 (HFDω3) and High-Fat Diet-Training-Omega3 (HFDTω3). The supplement groups received 1 g of Omega3 (per kg of body weight) orally during the intervention period. Aerobic exercise program including running on treadmill with an intensity of 50-60% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), was performed 5 days a week for eight weeks. The tissue concentration of glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured by ELISA method using special kits for rats.

Significant decrease were seen in TNF-α, IL-6, and NF-κB gene expression levels in HFDT, HFDω3, and HFDTω3. This decrease was also observed in HFDTω3 group compared with HFDT group and HFDω3 group. Also, significant decrease was observed in MDA values. Findings showed significant increase in Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, SOD, GPX, and CAT in experimental groups compared with HFD.

Combining aerobic exercise with omega-3 may ameliorate HFD-induced heart damage in elderly rats by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.

Cancer is one of causes of death in the world that resulting  of abnormal cells growth  in the body.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nettle extract consumption and aerobic exercise on MMP2 and FGF2 gene expression in mice with melanoma.

20 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups including: control, aerobic, nettle and aerobic + nettle. The training program included running on a treadmill for 30 minutes at a speed of 16 meters per minute. One meter per minute was added every week until it reached 22 meters per minute in the eighth week. The experimental group consumed 30 mg / kg / day of nettle ethanol extract orally for 8 weeks. RT PCR was used to measure the expression of MMP2 and FGF2 genes.

Data analysis showed that consumption of nettle extract and endurance training did not have a significant effect on MMP2 and FGF2 gene expression in different groups (p = 0.064, p = 0.405, respectively). Although a decrease in MMP2 and FGF2 gene expression was observed in nettle and hybrid groups; but it did not reach a significant level.

The results showed that nettle may reduce angiogenic activity and cancer prognostic factor in mice with melanoma.

In addition to their therapeutic purposes, steroids have been abused a lot and have had many side effects. Therefore, this study aims at investigating the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on structural and biochemical changes in the heart tissue of male Wistar rats receiving therapeutic dosages and abuse of Boldenone steroid. Therefore, 49 male rats with 12 weeks of age and 190 g mean weight were divided into 7 groups: control group, sham, therapeutic dosage (2 mg / kg), abuse dosage (5 mg / kg), aerobic exercise, aerobic exercise + therapeutic dosage and aerobic exercise + abuse dosage. Injections were given in the same day of the week on the back of rats with a graduated insulin syringe and placebo was used. The aerobic protocol included running five days a week for eight weeks on a rodent treadmill at a speed of 30 meters per minute and 60 minutes training. The samples were first anesthetized and blood and tissue samples were transferred to the relevant laboratories. The results were also analyzed by SPSS software and one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the groups in final weight gain and cardiac troponin (p <0.05). Also, plasma testosterone levels in steroid-receiving rats decreased significantly in both therapeutic and abusive dosages compared to the exercise groups (p <0.05). On the other hand, the amount of running distance in rodent aerobic function test in steroid and exercise groups was significantly higher than other groups (p <0.05). Generally, data showed that aerobic exercise can prevent the reduction of endogenous testosterone but it has no effect on cardiac troponin levels and rat weight. In addition, Boldenone steroid appears to be effective on increasing the aerobic function of rats.

Oxidative stress is associated with a variety of inflammatory and metabolic diseases, including obesity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and Royal Jelly on oxidative stress and liver tissue enzymes of obese rats.

In this experimental study, 45 male Wistar rats (mean weight= 187.5±9.37 grams) were divided into 5 groups: Normal Diet (ND), High-Fat Diet (HFD), High-Fat Diet + Training (HFDT), High-Fat Diet + Royal Jelly (HFDRJ) and High-Fat Diet + Training + Royal Jelly (HFDTRJ). The supplement groups orally received 100 mg of royal jelly (per kg of body weight) diluted in distilled water during the intervention period. An aerobic training program including running on a treadmill with an intensity of 50-60% of oxygen consumption (VO2max), was performed Five days a week for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test at a significance level of α=0.05.

There was a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and a significant decrease in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX), and Catalase (CAT) in HFD group compared with ND group (P=0.001). Also, a significant decrease in MDA values and a significant increase in amounts of SOD, GPX, and CAT was observed in HFDT, HFDRJ, and HFDTRJ groups compared with the HFD group; and in the HFDTRJ group compared with HFDT and HFDRJ groups (P=0.001).  

It seems that the intervention of aerobic training and royal jelly can help to reduce oxidative stress and improve liver enzymes during obesity.

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer, which is made up of melanin pigment cells.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of endurance training and nettle consumption on BCL-2 and TNF-α gene expression in mice with melanoma.

The subjects included male Wistar rats that after two weeks of adjustment were randomly divided into 4 groups including: control, exercise, extract and exercise + extract. Exercise program included 30 minute of running on a treadmill was steep and at a speed of 16 meters per minute for the first week, and every week one meter per minute was added until the eighth week it reached 22 meters per minute. One week after melanoma induction, the experimental group consumed 30 mg / kg / day of nettle ethanol extract orally for 8 weeks. RT PCR was used to measure gene expression.

Data analysis showed that consumption of nettle extract and endurance training significantly reduced the expression level of BCL-2 and TNF-α genes in mice with melanoma in different groups (p = 0.000, p = 0.025, respectively). The results also showed that the difference in the level of changes in BCL-2 and TNF-α gene expression between the exercise and extract group with the control group (p = 0.002, p = 0.014, respectively) was significantly reduced.

Regular physical activity combined with consumption of nettle extract can probably reduce anti-apoptotic factors and cause apoptosis in cancer cells by reducing inflammatory factors.

Volleyball requires high anaerobic and aerobic capacity, so to evaluate this important issue, there are various tests such as Bruce maximal test. There is no standard field test to measure cardiovascular function for women volleyball according to exercise mode.

This study aimed to design and validation of functional cardiorespiratory exercise field tests in women volleyball players.

In a diagnostic value study, 64 competitive female volleyball players with three years of playing experience (Age: 27 ± 6) were voluntarily selected from Tehran’s first division league. To evaluate VO2max, the Bruce test and the newly designed test, which was fully explained in the methodology section, were used. Data were analyzed using the ROC curve test.

The results showed that the area under the curve exceeded 0.71%, and the sensitivity and specificity values were 70.8% and 75%, respectively. The PPV obtained in this study was 89.5, and also the NPV values were 46.2, indicating relatively good reliability for screening.

The present study shows that the newly designed test for women volleyball players, which uses a special exercise mode in modeled volleyball, has relatively good reliability. This test may be used as an efficient and inexpensive field test to measure the VO2max in women volleyball players.

There is little evidence about the effect of exercise trainings with different intensities and resveratrol on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) indexes. This investigation aimed at studying the effect of 8 weeks of high and moderate intensity exercise training and resveratrol supplementation on alterations of FGF-21 and Cytokeratin-18 levels in NAFLD rats.

In this experimental study, 48 adult male rats (210±10 gr) were randomly divided into six groups, including a healthy control group, a patient group, rats that received saline, some to do high and moderate intensity exercise trainings, and animals that received resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day). High fat emulsion was used to induce NAFLD. Exercise trainings were performed at 8 weeks, five times a week for 45 minutes. We measured serum levels of FGF-21 and Cytokeratin-18 by ELIZA and FGF21 mRNA by PCR real time method. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post-hoc test.

The serum levels of FGF21 mRNA, FGF-21, and Cytokeratin-18 showed significant decrease in resveratrol group, and high and moderate intensity exercise groups compared to the patient group (P≤0.001), but were not significantly different among these three groups (P≤0.001).

The resveratrol supplementation, and high and moderate intensity exercise trainings could decrease FGF-21 and Cytokeratin-18serum levels in NAFALD rats.

With increasing urbanization in the developing world, the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is observed worldwide and is likely to become the most common cause of death worldwide by 2020 (1). On the other hand, physical exercise can reduce the risk of coronary artery disease by increasing the maximum oxygen consumption and favorable hemostatic effects (2). Decreased elasticity of large arteries and impaired vascular endothelium are two important factors affecting vascular function (3). Studies show that aerobic exercise reduces arterial stiffness in healthy people of all ages and coronary artery disease patients (5). Therefore, many researchers have concluded that exercise programs by patients improve performance, physical and mental fitness, reduce the risk of recurrent myocardial infarction, reduce heart rate and systolic blood pressure and the amount of oxygen consumed by resting heart muscle. Increasing the capacity of aerobic activity leads to changes in cardiac risk factors, reducing anxiety and depression (4). One of the effective factors in cardiovascular signaling in these effects of exercise is protein kinase B (PKB). Protein kinase B, also known as Akt, is a serine / threonine-specific protein kinase protein. PKB activates a variety of proteins that generally help cells survive and grow. PKB is a key mediator of multiple signaling pathways in angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Activation of protein kinase b (Akt) impairs mitochondrial function in cardiac hypertrophy (7). It has also been suggested that phospholipase, as an enzyme of the lipase group that breaks down phospholipids into fatty acids and other fatty compounds, is involved in signaling and messaging in the cardiovascular pathway (9, 10). On the other hand, it has been shown that dietary or pharmacological interventions can affect heart function. Among these, omega-3 supplements have been considered and recommended due to their beneficial compounds (11). Omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory, anti-arrhythmic, lipid-lowering and vasodilating effects. These effects of omega-3 fatty acids are secondary to the prevention of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and depression (13). Due to the limited research and also the contradiction of previous research on the effect of exercise and omega-3 supplementation on patients with coronary artery disease, the question arises that how effective is aerobic exercise with omega-3 intake on the expression of PLC and PKB genes in men with CAD?

The method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population in this study were all men with cardiovascular disease referred to Rouhani and Shahid Beheshti hospitals in Babol (in the second half of 1997-98) from which 32 people were selected as a statistical sample and randomly selected in four Group: control, omega-3, exercise and omega-3 exercise. This study was approved by the ethics committee at the Islamic Azad University, Babol Branch (reference number: IR.IAU.ABOL.REC.1398.092). The training program consisted of eight weeks of intermittent running training, three sessions per week with an intensity between 55 and 65% of the subjectschr('39') reserve heart rate (HRR) and with emphasis on gradual overload. In these exercises, the beginning of each exercise session began with 10 minutes of general warm-up, including stretching, light and dynamic movements of the whole body, and at the end, 10 minutes of cooling was done (1, 4). 1000 mg of omega-3 daily in the morning in the form of a capsule (EPA180 and DHA120) with the brand name fish oil viva omega3 made in Canada was consumed with the main meal. Because the supplement is a kind of oil and is better absorbed with food (12).Blood samples were collected from the subjects 24 hours before and 48 hours after the last training session, after a night fast, and the serum was separated by centrifugation. After performing real time PCR and collecting raw data, they were reviewed and analyzed. One-way analysis of variance and subsequent Tukey test were used to examine the group changes from pretest to posttest after delta. Significance level is considered in all cases (α<0.05). All statistical operations were performed using GraghPadprism 8 and Excel software at a significant level of p<0.05.

The results showed a significant difference in changes in PKB and PLC gene expression between different groups from pre-test to post-test (p<0.0001). The results of Tukey post hoc test also showed that there was a significant decrease between the mean expression of PKB gene in exercise, omega and exercise + omega groups compared to the control group (p<0.0001). Also, the results of Tukey post hoc test showed that the mean ratio of changes in PLC gene expression in the exercise, omega and combination omega + omega training groups compared to the control group increased significantly (p<0.0001).

The results of the present study showed that the mean expression of PLC gene in training groups, omega and a combination of training + omega from pre-test to post-test had a significant increase. The omega + exercise group had a greater and more significant increase than the omega and exercise groups. Also, the mean ratio of PKB gene expression changes (AKT) in training groups, omega and combination of training + omega from pre-test to post-test had a significant decrease. However, the omega + exercise group showed a further decrease. Myocyte growth and angiogenesis in the coronary artery are dependent on AKT-mTOR. During Akt-mediated physiological cardiac growth, the Akt-mTOR pathway is activated, promoting both myocyte growth and coronary angiogenesis, leading to the maintenance of capillary density (17). Excessive and prolonged expression of activated Akt causes heart failure, and Akt activation has also been observed in the immature myocardium (18). In contrast, endothelial cells have been shown to treat phospholipase (PLC) C inhibitors (18). Research shows that exercise has a beneficial effect on cardiovascular adaptation, which can vary according to the type, intensity and duration of exercise (19). People with higher levels of physical activity are less likely to die from cardiovascular disease (19). Zhao et al. (2017) investigated the effect of treadmill training on signaling pathways affecting angiogenic factors and showed that the possible mechanism of upregulation of angiogenic factors and stimulation of phosphorylation of their receptors as well as downstream signaling pathway through pathways such as PLC Takes (23). Avseh et al. (2018) also showed the facilitation of lipolysis of adipose tissue during exercise through PIPLC / IP3 pathways (24). Epidemiological studies also show the benefits of n-3 PUFA (omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids) on cardiovascular health. Interventional studies confirmed that the use of n-3PUFA provides benefits for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Evidence from cellular and molecular research studies suggests that the protective effects of n-3 PUFA on the heart are due to synergies between complex and multiple mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory, lipid-mediated dissolution, modulation of cardiac ion channels, and reduction of triglycerides. , Effect on membrane micro-domains and downstream cell signaling pathways and anti-thrombotic and anti-arrhythmic effects (25). In this study, it was found that intermittent exercise combined with omega-3 by providing PLC expression and decreasing PKB expression (AKT) provides protective effects against pathological hypertrophy of the heart. Therefore, it seems that these interventions can be used to improve coronary heart disease. One of the limitations of the present study was that the different doses of omega-3 were not compared with exercise. Therefore, further research is needed to more accurately investigate the mechanisms of omega-3 effects on coronary heart disease. In summary, according to the results of the present study, which showed an increase in PLC gene expression and a decrease in PKB gene expression after the simultaneous effect of intermittent exercise and omega-3 supplementation, it can be said that, possibly, exercise ability and omega-3 supplementation Increased control of homeostasis in coronary artery insufficiency suggests an important molecular mechanism underlying the benefits of these interventions.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training and stem cell injection on FGF2 and MMP13 gene expression in knee tissue of rats with knee osteoarthritis.

The type of study was an experimental one.Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control - healthy, control - patient, patient - stem cell, patient - training, and patient - training - stem cell. The training program consisted of 30 minutes of running on a treadmill with no slope at 16 m / min for the first week, with 1 m / min added weekly. Rats received MSCs through intracellular injection of 1*106 cells / kg. Expression of FGF2 and MMP13 genes was measured by Real Time PCR. One way ANOVA and if there was a significant difference, Tukey post hoc test were used to determine the difference between groups. All statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS version 16.

Data analysis showed that training and stem cell therapy have significantly increased in genes expression of FGF2 and MMP-13 in mice with osteoarthritis (p <0.000). Moreover, Tukey post hoc test showed a significant difference in the level of FGF2 changes in the training-stem cell groups compared to the training group and the saline group (p=0.000). There was also a significant difference between the MMP-13 follow-up test with the control group with the saline group, the training group and the stem cell with the train-stem cell, and the saline group with the training group9(P=0.000).

The results showed that FGF2 levels and MMP13 in the cartilage tissue of mice with osteoarthritis have increased and endurance training and stem cells therapy caused a decrease in the level of factors.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver is a fatty liver accumulation that increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, liver carcinoma and diabetes, and physical exercises can possibly reduce liver fat. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training on high and moderate levels on serum levels of FGF-21 and PON-1 in non-alcoholic fatty liver.

To five equal groups: 1 control(healthy); 2) control(Fatty Liver) ; 3) saline; 4) high intensity exercise; 5) moderate intensity exercises. The period of exercise trainings was performed at 8 weeks, five times a week and 45 minutes in an exercise session. Serum samples were collected 48 hours after the last exercise session and at 12- hour fasting. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey test were used at the level of P

The levels of FGF-21had a significant decrease in the high and moderate intensity exercise groups than the control(Fatty Liver) (P≤0.001). Also, the levels of PON-1 had a significant increase in the high and moderate intensity exercise groups than the control(Fatty Liver) (P≤0.01), but no significantly difference between the two groups was observed.

According to the results of this study, it seems that high and moderate intensity exercise training can decrease FGF-21 and increase paraoxonase-1 serum levels which can result in reduced risk of liver diseases in rat Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common causes of musculoskeletal disability. This study was performed to determine the effect of endurance training and glucosamine consumption on Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 (IGFBP-3) gene expression in knee tissue of mice with osteoarthritis.

This experimental study was performed on 30 adult male Wistar rats. Induction of osteoarthritis of the knee was performed by surgery. The animals were randomly allocated into 5 groups and each group consisted of 6 mice. Groups include: Control, Saline, glucosamine, train and train-glucosamine. The training program for eight weeks, three sessions per week and included 29-25 minutes running on a treadmill at a speed of 15 m/ min for the first week, and each week one meter per minute was added to reach 22 m/min for the eighth week. All animals followed 12-hour fasting and 48 hours after the last session of the session, anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of Ketamine and Xylosin. The expression of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 of cartilage was measured by Real Time PCR.

Expression of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 increased to be 22% and 6% in control group compared to Saline group. Also, level of IGF-1 in exercise groups, glucosamine and exercise-glucosamine group was significantly increased compared to control group (P<0.05). The gene expression of IGFBP-3 in the exercise-glucosamine group was significantly increased compared to the control group (P<0.05).

Probably Chondrocytes secrete higher levels of IGF-1 during tissue damage that causes the structural synthesis of collagen 2 and proteoglycans and Finally, endurance training with consumption of glucose amine increases the expression of IGFBP-3 gene.

physical activity has been considered as an effective intervention of prostate cancer treatment strategies by modulating angiogenesis in the tumor. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight-week concurrent training on the plasma and gene expression levels of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 of men with prostate cancer.

In this clinical trial study, 20 men with prostate cancer (age = 62/2 ± 5/69 years old, stage 1 & stage 2) were randomly selected of Baqiyatallah al-Achr('39')zam sub-hospital in Tehran and Patients were divided into two groups of experimental and control. The experimental group performed 8 weeks training including 3 sessions/week. The workouts were the combination of exercises with resistance and endurance training per session as 60-75%, one-repetition maximum, and 60-75% of maximum heart rate. The Blood samples were tested for VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 using ELISA and Real-Time PCR methods, respectively, and the data were analyzed using dependent and independent t-test at the significant level p≤0/05.

The results showed that the effect of eight-week concurrent training significantly decreased in BMI (p=0/001) and a significant increase in Vo2peak (p≤0/005) and strength (p≤0/001) the experimental group. Also, significantly decreased plasma levels (p≤0/007) and expression of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 gene (p≤0/03 & p≤0/04) the experimental group compared with control group (P <0.05).

Considering the importance of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 as the main intermediaries of cell signal transduction for angiogenesis and tumor extension, probably the effect of eight-week concurrent training by modifing angiogenesis of tumor microenvironment can be effective in reducing the progression of prostate cancer.

The aim of this study was to investigate the structural changes of cardiac tissue in response to L-carnitine supplementation and endurance training in Wistar male rats toxicated by steroid anabolic hormone.
36 male Wistar rats aged 8-12 weeks (weight 195±7.94g) were randomly divided into six groups: Control, Non-treated, Boldenone (5 mg/kg), L-carnitine (100 mg per kg), Endurance Training-L-carnitine and Sham group. Injection was conducted deep in the hamstring once a week on an appointed day. The endurance training Protocol with moderate intensity (50-55% maximal oxygen consumption) was performed for six weeks and five times a week. After anesthesia, autopsy was performed and the cardiac tissue was isolated.
The results showed that boldenone causes damage to the heart tissue muscle and heart muscle cells. Also, boldenone caused mild necrosis and congestion in the heart tissue. However, the results showed that L-carnitine supplementation with endurance training can decrease to normal levels and damage the heart tissue muscle and heart muscle cells.
According to the findings, it seems that boldenone causes some structural changes in the heart tissue, and possibly endurance training with L-carnitine supplementation can reduce these changes.

Herbal medicines have gained growing popularity and have been used worldwide as alternative and complementary medicine and food supplements. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training with boldenone consumption, ziziphus jujuba extract and Gallic acid on annexin-5 and caspase-3 genes expression in cardiac tissue of male Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 42 male Wistar rats aged 8-12 weeks with mean weight of 195±7.94g were randomly divided into seven groups: control, boldenone, jujube extract + boldenone, Gallic acid + boldenone, resistance training + boldenone, resistance training + jujube extract + boldenone, resistance training + Gallic acid + boldenone. Resistance training program included six weeks of climbing a ladder for 5 sessions, 3 sets, 5 repetitions and one-minute resting between sets with 50% 1RM in the first week and 100% 1RM in the final week. The drug was injected in the hamstring in depth once a week on an appointed day. After anesthesia, the autopsy was performed and cardiac tissue was dissected. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-test, One-way ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc at the P<0.05.

The findings demonstrated that there was a difference for the mean Annexin-5 gene expression in cardiac tissue among the groups (P=0.002). Annexin-5 gene expression significantly was reduced in jujube extractboldenone group (P=0.01) and Gallic acid- boldenone group (P=0.007). In addition, there was a difference for the mean caspase-3 gene expression in cardiac tissue among the groups (P=0.001). Caspase-3 gene expression significantly showed reduction in Jujube extract- boldenone group (P=0.003) and resistance training- Gallic acid-boldenone group (P=0.018) compared to boldenone group.

According to the present findings, it seems that boldenone causes apoptosis in cardiac tissue, and probably resistance training with Jujube extract and Gallic acid could reduce the cardiac apoptosis.