فهرست مطالب assie jokar

Background and

Hypothyroidism is one of the most common endocrine diseases that affects the basic metabolism and has a great impact on the quality of life of patients. Despite the treatment, some of the patients are still symptomatic. Persian medicine pays attention to mizaj as one of the important principles of effective treatment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of mizaj types in hypothyroid patients.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on under treatment hypothyroid patients, aged 20 to 60 years, who referred to Sari Touba Clinic from January to June 2023. The mizaj of the patients was determined using a standard questionnaire.

Out of 300 eligible female hypothyroid patients, a total of 194 participated in the study. In terms of simple temperament, more than half of the patients were cold and 72.2% of the patients were wet. In terms of mixed temperament, 41% of patients were cold and wet. Also, there was a statistically significant relationship between BMI and dry or wet temperament.

This study showed that the predominant temperament of hypothyroid disease is cold and wet; therefore, in order to achieve complementary treatment for the disease and choose best medicinal interventions based on the principles of Persian medicine, hypothyroid patients should avoid all measures that increase coldness and wetness. In other words, measures that increase coldness and wetness should be avoided in hypothyroid patients as much as possible.

Tinnitus is a common disorder of the auditory system with a rich history dating back to ancient times. This review aims to provide a historical perspective on tinnitus in Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) by summarizing the views of TPM scholars on its etiology and treatment.

A qualitative research (summative content analysis) was conducted, utilizing TPM texts to identify the historical perspectives of TPM scholars on tinnitus. The analysis focused on their understanding of tinnitus, its causes, and recommended treatments.

In TPM, tinnitus was referred to as Tanin and Davi. The accumulation of phlegm and internal gases in the head or ears was considered as the main cause of tinnitus, with sudden movement or ripple of these vapors leading to auditory nerve stimulation and resulting in tinnitus. TPM scholars recommended addressing the sources of these vapors, such as gastrointestinal issues, and promoting humeral balance through temperament modification and the use of medicinal herbs for treatment.

The TPM view on tinnitus was similar to the Greco-Roman understanding of the disease, with Persian scholars expanding on its details. TPM scholars believed in addressing the underlying causes of tinnitus and promoting humeral balance to alleviate symptoms. These historical perspectives provide insight into traditional medical systems and their approaches to the management of health conditions.

Liver damage is the most common complication of anti-tuberculosis drugs, but there is currently no standard prevention for it. The main purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of Ziziphus jujuba (Z. jujuba) syrup on the prevention of liver enzyme disorder in TB patients. This study is a protocol for randomized controlled trial. 48 patients will be included in the study who will be randomly assigned to one of the two groups of Z. jujuba syrup or placebo syrup based on the block randomization. Liver enzyme tests are measured at the beginning of the study, as well as days 14 and 28 of the study, which will be the primary outcome. The standard Visual Analog Scales questionnaire will be completed on days 0, 14, and 28 to assess cough, anorexia, and nausea in patients. The standard SF-36 quality of life questionnaire will be completed on days 0 and 28 of the study, which will be evaluated as the secondary outcome of the study. The hypothesis of the study is that the incidence rate of liver enzyme disorder will be lower in patients treated with Z. jujuba, compared to those who received the placebo.

Coronaviruses, with single-stranded RNA, are widespread and cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, liver, and neurological diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Padzahr capsules to control clinical symptoms in patients with COVID-19 in a pilot clinical study.

This is a randomized controlled clinical trial study that was conducted in the summer and autumn of 1400 AD (2021) in Mazandaran province. The statistical population comprised COVID-19 patients based on the Iranian protocol and based on the set criteria. In this study, 68 definitive patients were randomly divided into intervention (Padzahr) and control groups. All patients admitted with COVID-19 in the infectious ward received routine corona treatment drugs, and the intervention group were additionally administered six Padzahr capsules per day (manufactured by NIAK with license number 0385-94). Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version: 17) using the ITT method. The criterion for statistical significance was a value of P less than 0.05.

At the time of admission, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of severity of signs and symptoms (p> 0.05); The severity of signs and symptoms during hospitalization did not show a statistically significant difference. At 14-day follow-up, 28 patients in the drug group and 24 patients in the control group responded. Twenty-two patients (78.6%) in the drug group and 11 patients (45.8%) in the control group reported complete improvement of symptoms. No side effects were observed or reported in Padzahr users.

Padzahr caused a decrease in the severity of signs and symptoms of COVID-19 disease, but did not show a statistically significant difference compared to the control group during hospitalization. At follow-up two weeks later, the intervention group had better conditions and fewer symptoms.

Since December 2019, COVID-19 has caused a pandemic. The use of effective and safe complementary therapies can be helpful in COVID-19 treatment. Traditional Persian medicine (TPM) is a kind of traditional medicine based on more than a thousand years of Persian medical practice. The purpose of this research is to introduce TPM opinion for the study of COVID-19 pathophysiology.

TPM literature was searched during centuries 4th to 13th AH, using these keywords: “Havaye vabaii” and “Homayat”; Databases (PubMed, PMC, Google Scholar, and Scopus) were also searched by: “fever”, “cough” “dyspnea”, etiology, pathophysiology of COVID-19. This research has been done in seven phases.

According to TPM resources, the human body is comprised of four primary elements: earth, water, fire, and air, and their combination makes humors (Khelt) and temperaments (qualities). The ingested food undergoes four stages of digestion to produce four humors in body including blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. The balance of four humors is effective in health maintenance. Persian Medicine physicians believe, that all diseases can be prevented and cured by modification and avoidance of etiologic factors. We tried to explain, that humors change in exposure to Coronavirus due to hepatic dysfunction and based on TPM texts.

According to the results of the present research, some methods for effective prevention and treatment suggestions for COVID-19 can be proposed in the context of Persian medicine and based on the opinion of Persian medical scholars.

Urinary incontinence is a common problem in general population, especially old women and decreases their quality of life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of topical black seed oil on urinary incontinence in old women.

The present double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted in 80 women aged 60-80 years old with stress, urge and mixed urinary incontinence in Sari, Iran. They were randomly assigned into two groups: an intervention group (black seed oil, n=40) and a placebo group (Firooz baby oil, n=40) using block randomization. Both groups applied 15 drops of the group-specific oil twice a day (morning and night) for six weeks from the area below the navel to the pubic area. The rate of urinary incontinence was measured in both groups using the International Consultation of Incontinence Questionnaire – Short Form (ICIQ-SF) before the intervention and at the end of weeks three and six. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential tests.

Independent t-test showed no significant difference between the intervention and placebo groups in the ICIQ-SF score in pre-intervention phase (P>0.05). At week three, a significant decrease was seen in the score for urinary incontinence in the group that received black seed oil compared with that of the placebo group (4.59 vs. 5.89, P=0.004). Also, at week six, the mean ICIQ-SF score in the intervention group was significantly lower than that in the placebo group (2.21 vs. 5.32, P<0.001).

The current study showed that the topical use of black seed oil for three weeks was effective in improving urinary incontinence symptoms in old women which also increased after six weeks.

"Alī ibn Abbās Maǧūsī", the famous physician of the fourth century AH, although he became world-famous for his precious book, but little is known about his biography. Therefore, the present study examines some ambiguities about "Alī ibn Abbās Maǧūsī".

This research is a summative qualitative content analysis based on the review of several manuscripts of the book Kāmil al-Ṣināʿa al-Ṭibbīya (Royal Medicine) and primary historical sources. In addition, electronic sources have been searched for these 

Ethical Considerations: 

In the present study, the ethical aspects of library study including originality of texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

The four ambiguities raised in this study have been solved by referring to the historical sources of the Middle Ages and also some existing manuscripts as follows: the lack of a nickname for "Alī ibn Abbās" arose from Iranian customs and none of the studied manuscripts introduced "Alī ibn Abbās" to be from Ahwaz. The religion of "Alī ibn Abbās" can be considered Islam according to the phrases appropriate to the popular culture of Muslims, but the lack of blessings on the Prophet (peace be upon him) in some manuscripts can reinforce the suspicion that he was a Magian. In mentioning Aḍud al-Dawla, it can be said that the time of writing and private release and the time of public release of this book were not united.

The evidences presented in this study to answer the ambiguities, have been able to provide accurate, complete and logical answers to some extent. It seems that such researches can provide a documentary and scientific basis for historical studies, especially in the Islamic period.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder that causes abdominal pain, distension, change of bowel habit, bloating, constipation, diarrhea, and mucus discharge along with stools. Although the disease causes long-term and agonizing pain, no ideal cure has been found for it so far. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and compliance of Mentha aquatica L. extract for the treatment of bloating caused by IBS. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial study was conducted in Tooba gastroenterology clinic in Sari, Iran, during 2019 (from January to May). A total of 104 patients with IBS in the age range of 20-80 years were randomly divided into two parallel groups of herbal medicine (MAC-330) and placebo. Study period consisted of a 4 weeks of administration, and 2 weeks of follow-up. IBS-associated symptoms including severity of bloating (as primary outcome) and frequency of defecation and abdominal pain were evaluated using a questionnaire before treatment, 1, 2 and 4 weeks after beginning treatment and 2 weeks after stopping treatment. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of their baseline characteristics (p > 0.05). The severity of bloating was significantly reduced in the both groups at fourth week (p < 0.030) and 2 weeks after stopping intervention (sixth week) (p < 0.026). The frequency of defecation has increased with the onset of the intervention until the fourth week of the treatment which was not significant. The abdominal pain reduced during the 4 weeks’ intervention, but it was not significant. Based on the obtained results, MAC-330 could not be used as an effective treatment for patients with IBS in short time; however, it reduces the abdominal bloating and pain in these patients, especially in the long-term use.

Tinnitus is the perception of sound without external acoustic stimuli that has a great impact on quality of life. This disorder can affect sleep, daily activities, and social functioning. It also entails great costs to affected individual and society. Despite many studies of modern medicine, the exact pathophysiology of tinnitus is unknown. Hence, there is increasing attention to complementary medicine for management and control of the disease. The purpose of this investigation was to study the sources of Persian medicine for the causes of tinnitus to establish an appropriate model for its prevention and treatment.

We conducted a qualitative study (summative content analysis) and analyzed Persian medicine books and electronic databases.

One of the most important causes of tinnitus is accumulation of waste products and winds in ears and brain due to mistemper, indigestion, participatory diseases, formation of ripples and their movement in brain vapors, and stimulation of auditory nerve. In order to prevent and treat tinnitus, Iranian medicine places great emphasis on the six core pillars for a healthy life.

It seems that lifestyle modification could be of great help in preventing tinnitus and its management could also be done using methods that are associated with less complications.

Rabies is one of the most lethal diseases in human history. From the past, various drugs have been used to prevent the contraction of the disease when being bitten by a rabid animal. An insect called Ḏarārīḥ (Lytta vesicatoria), although poisonous, has in some cases been medically used. Greeks and Romans have used venomousness of this insect to treat skin diseases, but it has not been used to prevent rabies. This is a summative qualitative content analysis that focused on Persian Medicine (PM) texts from 2thto 13th AH centuries. Literature was searched during centuries 4th to 13th AH, by using this key words: ذراریح (Ḏarārīḥ), قنثاریدس (Cantharis/cantharides), and ئشفثLytta vesicatoria and after extracting the data and analyzing them, the results were presented. In TPM texts, this insect was used to prevent rabies. This study has shown that the use of ḏarārīḥ (Lytta vesicatoria) in the prevention of rabies has been one of the innovations of the practitioners of Islamic civilization. The innovation proves that scholars in the period of Islamic civilization were not merely consumers or custodians of Roman, Greek, Indian, and Iranian knowledge, but added to it while preserving that knowledge.

Hypertension is a major risk factor for the cardiovascular diseases. One of the factors contributing to blood pressure is peripheral vascular resistance. Vascular stiffness plays a key role in developing the hypertension, leading to increased systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure. from Avicenna s perspective, the blood pressure caused by 1- Increased blood volume 2- Warm heart dystemperament which leads to the hyperactivity of heart pump and increased cardiac output 3- A vascular disorder called "Tasallob Sharaeen”  "atherosclerosis".  So, one of Avicennachr s recommendations for the prevention and treatment of hypertension is the consumption of Moisturizing foods and beverages and fruits. One of these moisturizing products which are very useful is “whey Protein”. It seems that by studying ancient Iranian medicine s general books, new and effective solutions can be provided in the prevention and treatment of diseases.

Tuberculosis (TB) has always been represented as a constant and serious public health challenge throughout human history due to its intensive epidemiological, clinical, and social implications. Risk factors for TB are very important and lack of attention to these parameters can lead to poor therapeutic results. The risk factors for TB in various studies in modern medicine are described. Avicenna, the great Persian scientist described TB in his book “Canon of Medicine” in a chapter related to pulmonary diseases along with its symptoms and treatment. In addition, according to this scientist, there are risk factors that, if present in a person, make him prone to TB. It seems that many of the factors mentioned by the scholars of Persian Traditional Medicine (PTM) are not currently among the risk factors for TB in modern medicine and have not been studied yet. If this hypothesis is supported and confirmed by future research in modern medicine, the recommendations of PTM can be a significant help in controlling the consequences of this disease.

Sometimes, some symptoms do not respond to usual treatments, or are not justified by classical medicine. In such cases, Persian Medicine can be helpful to better understand and treat the diseases. Endogenous gases (wind or Rih) are among the causes that should be investigated. The purpose of this study was to introduce endogenous gases and etiology of their production in the body as one of the pathological causes of diseases (alongside compound dystempraments) in Persian medicine.

A qualitative study (summative content analysis) based on authentic Persian Medicine books was carried out using library and electronic resources.

The concept of wind is also found in traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicine, but in Persian medicine it is a gas-like substance produced in the body and its useful form facilitates physiologic processes such as defecation, erection, etc. The harmful type of wind is one of the main causes of up to 90 diseases, including certain kinds of headaches, dizziness, epilepsy, dyspnea, and pain in joints, kidneys, and bladder, etc. In this study, the definition, causes, types, symptoms, and signs of wind were explained.

According to Persian medicine and the concept of gasotransmitter in modern medicine, many diseases are caused by wind or gas. Therefore, all physicians should consider their role in diseases and use appropriate treatments.

A wide range of intensive care patients are constipated. It seems that dried plum is effective in acute constipation. Thus, the present study aimed to compare the effect of dried plums (prunes) with magnesium hydroxide on the constipation management of cerebrovascular accident patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit.

This randomized controlled clinical trial has been performed on 24 patients with stroke admitted to the intensive care unit, suffering from constipation. In this way, for two days and twice each day by gavage, the interventional and control groups received 50 gr of dried plums in the form of syrup and 30 ml of magnesium hydroxide, respectively. Frequency of bowel movements and stool consistency of patients in both groups were recorded, and the Bristol stool scale was used to describe the stool consistency.

The mean and the standard deviation values of bowel movement in intervention and control groups were evaluated 0.281±0.56 and 0.309±0.22, respectively. The frequency stool consistency of normal in intervention group was %72.72 and in control group was %54.54. The comparison between the intervention and control groups demonstrated that there was not a significant variation in frequency of bowel movement and stool consistency.

Results showed that plum is effective in increasing the number of bowel movement and stool consistency of stroke patients admitted to the intensive care unit, but no significant difference has been observed comparing with the group received magnesium hydroxide (control group).

According to the World Health Organization, cataract is the most common retrievable blind cause in the world. Nowadays, surgery is the only treatment to restore vision in patient with cataract. In regard to the high costs of surgery, prevention has a particular importance. In modern medicine, cataract risk factors are hardly preventable.

Determination of the etiology and preventive solutions of cataract in traditional Persian medicine (TPM). Settings and Design: This is a summative qualitative content analysis that focused on Persian medicine texts in from 4th to 13th AH centuries.

TPM literature were searched during centuries 4th to 13th AH, by using this key words: “Nuzūl-ul-mā”, “Ā’b murwārīd” and “āb āvardan chishm” or just “Mā,” and Databases (PubMed, PMC, Google Scholar, and Scopus) were searched by: Cataract; risk factor, etiology, prevention and treatment of cataract; This research has been done in seven phases. Statistical Analysis Used: All data about the treatment of cataract were collected and categorized into modern style.

According to TPM, to prevent cataract, first, it must be reduced or eliminated the causes of cataract; Those causes are classified to four themes such as physical factors, habits and inappropriate lifestyle, diseases, and age. Persian Physicians (Ḥakīm) proposed and used some prevention and medications to change some of these etiological factors to decrease the incidence of cataract.

In this research, a wide range of preventive measures for cataract is observed which cannot be found in modern medicine. Changes in some etiological factors such as lifestyle can prevent this disease. Affirming this claim depends on clinical researches.

Anatomy is a branch of science that deals with different parts of human body and its organizational structure. It has various goals, such as insight into the divine perfection and understanding the causes of diseases and their treatments. Anatomy in the Islamic era included physiology too. This research aimed at providing an overview on anatomy in the Reference Materials of Persian Medicine.

A qualitative study (content-analytic library research) was performed based on the books of Persian medicine. This study was conducted at several stages; finding the keywords, searching in reference texts of Iranian-Islamic medicine, in history books and Islamic encyclopedias, and in Persian and Latin electronic banks, then sorting, organizing, and comparing the information.

Anatomical knowledge is prerequisite to treatment and surgery. The works of Muslim scientists on anatomy, like the Europeans, were found to be influenced by the works of Galen. According to evidence, Muslim doctors performed autopsy and were great surgeons.

The basis of the new anatomy enhanced by Vesalius is similar to the Iranian-Islamic anatomy that was introduced to Europe after revising the texts of Galen. Considering the holistic viewpoints in Persian medicine, further research is needed to adapt that to modern medicine.

The embryonic development is one of the most important and delicate stages in human life. The mysteries and marvels of this intricate development have perplexed everyone. Muslim physicians and scholars of traditional Iranian medicine have explained these phases based on their accepted principles. The etiology of several fetal abnormalities could be described by understanding the processes involved in embryonic development. The aim of this study was to investigate the fetal development based on Iranian traditional medicine and religious studies with an emphasis on "Quwa" as one of the effective factors in this regard. This study was conducted based on a qualitative (content analysis) research design focusing on Iranian traditional medicine and religious texts. The notes and data were taken, collected, and classified. The forces (Quwa) which play important roles during the embryonic development process are classified as vital, psychic, and natural. There are two forces, namely productive, and shaper (Muwallida and Muṣawira) that are effective in the survival of generations. They are derived from a natural force whose origin is the liver. The role of the productive force is the production of semen and the shaper force formats the organs. The role of these forces in the embryonic development process can be defined meticulously based on the holistic point of view of Muslim physicians and scholars of traditional Iranian medicine. In addition, the amazing results that embryology and genetics have achieved can be taken into consideration to reinforce these forces in order to prevent some embryonic abnormalities.

Context: Constipation is one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal disorders and is characterized by stiffness of waste and difficult defecation. In modern medicine, different laxative drugs are used for the treatment of constipation, but they are not without side effects. Nonetheless, the appropriate use of herbal medicines can be beneficial for treating this disorder. Therefore, this study attempted to draw together some pharmacological and medical insights into the management of constipation through the use of Iranian traditional medicine (ITM)..
Evidence Acquisition: In this review article, we initially researched constipation and laxative herbs using some of the most famous ancient medical and pharmacological textbooks pertaining to Iranian medicine written from the 10th to 18th century AD. This includes The canon of medicine by Avicenna (10th and 11th centuries, Beirut publication), Makhzan-ol-advie by Aghili (18th century, Tehran University of Medical Science Press), and Al-shamel by Gharashi (13th century, Caltural foundation Publication). Then we extracted the names and laxative mechanisms of some herbs prescribed for constipation through ITM. Finally, a search of scientific databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar was performed to find related works concerning laxative mechanisms..
In ITM doctrine, laxatives are weak purgatives that lead to the defecation of waste from the gastrointestinal tract. From this perspective, laxative herbs can be classified into two groups based on their nature: laxative herbs with a hot nature cause the dilution and flowing of humors, but herbs with a cold nature function as laxatives due to their mucilage properties. Each of the laxatives was used in accordance with the primary reason for constipation..
This study presents medical and pharmacological approaches in ITM for dealing with complications arising from constipation. Considering the optimistic results, these herbs can be used as a means of constipation management and further investigation into this area can potentially lead to the formulation of new drugs..