atefeh gholami

Recently there have been a focus on the development of faculty members with the aim of meeting the challenging needs of society, university, faculty members and students. In this regard, technology includes the potential to create new opportunities in this field. The current research was conducted with the purpose of identifying the elements and designing a model for the development programs for faculty members based on FAVA. The research method was applied and with the approach of qualitative data collection and analysis, which was done with the comparative, inductive, and qualitative content analysis method. The method involved semi-structured interviews with 20 experts in the field of education and technology with a snowball method until theoretical saturation was reached. According to the findings 6 main concepts and 42 subcategories were extracted. The research results emphasize the design of the 6 elements of goal, content, time, space, interactions and evaluation, considering the capacities and challenges of adding FAVA to these elements. Finally, a pattern of programs was presented based on FAVA for developing the capacities of faculty members. In addition, some recommendations were offered based on the findings of the study such as designing an integrated system including various educational and research systems based on individual and organizational needs; active, experimental, personalization, informal and transferable approaches in a safe environment in accordance with the rules; considering simulation of face-to-face situations in a flexible and optimal time with active interaction of the audience, instructor and content with a clear and selective approach along with a growing and valid assessment.

The aim of this research was to Impact Of Implemented curriculum On Student-Teacher professional self-efficacy Course of Educational Sciences, Isfahan city Farhangian University points of view.

The research method was descriptive-survey. Statistical sample were 241 Student- Teachers who selected through stratified random sampling from relating to Course of Educational Sciences. The data were gathered through a 72-item researcher made the questionnaire. The questionnaire content and formal validities were admitted by university professors. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0/977 Cronbach`s alpha coefficient. The obtained data were analyzed by single sample T-test, t for two independent samples, variance analysis (F), and LSD.

The research findings showed that professional self-efficacy (p=0/001, X ̅=6/55) and its components such as cognitive (p=0/001, X ̅=6/08), emotional (p=0/001, X ̅=7/40) and behavioural (p=0/001, X ̅=6/18) were above the average.

The finding indicated that there were significant differences between professional self-efficacy mean scores relating to respondents views in the different year of entry to University but there was no difference between mean scores regarding sex, the course of study.

Problem &

The development of faculty members' abilities is often done in the form of organized programs in faculty members' ability development centers. These centers, which are ubiquitous in foreign countries, provide empowerment services via the use of in-person and virtual platforms. The aim of the current research is to investigate the status of the programs of faculty development centers in selected universities of foreign countries and then to compare the use of technologies in these programs. The research results are used in order to benefit from the experiences of these universities in general and also specifically in the field of technology platforms.

The research method of the present study is a comparative study based on the Bereday method, in which the obtained data are analyzed in four stages: description, interpretation, Juxtaposition, and simultaneous comparison. To achieve this goal, the top ten foreign universities were purposefully selected based on the Times ranking of 2021, and the teaching development centers of these universities were studied based on the programs and services provided in person and virtually (based on technology). The data of the study was collected from the information contained in the website of teaching development centers, documents and reports of selected foreign universities.

The results of the research showed that each of the programs depends on the function for which it is intended and affected by elements such as time, space, content, and interaction in any of the in-person or virtual platforms or as a combination of two platforms. In general, ‘educational programs’ in both platforms, ‘individual support, financial support and evaluation of education’ in in-person platforms, ‘collective sharing, providing educational resources and technology resources’ in virtual platforms are more widely used.

Finally, it can be concluded that by relying only on one platform, whether it is only in-person or only virtual, it is not possible to organize the programs of faculty member empowerment centers in a desirable way. It is necessary to use the advantages of both platforms by combining two platforms in order to reduce the limitations of each platform.

Learning disabilities are one of the most important problems that students struggle with. These disorders have different types and occur differently in each student and there may be several students in a classroom who Learning Disabilities These include writing and spelling disorders, which prevent the student from communicating with the pen and prevent him or her from progressing well. Of course, students with writing disabilities usually They also have difficulty reading words and letters because reading and understanding the syllables of words is directly related to writing them. If students do not know and understand the letters, they will not be able to write them, resulting in academic failure in most subjects. To eliminate this disorder, a variety of spelling methods as well as scientifically approved methods should be used to solve this important problem in students.

Land-use and land-use change can directly affect soil organic carbon. Improper land management can lead to carbon loss from the soil, which can greatly intensify global warming. Despite the abundance of evidence on Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) in Iran, no paper has so far compiled the data for this region. Therefore, data were collected from 120 papers and 393 data points regarding land use and SOC changes. Stepwise regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between SOC with annual precipitation, average annual temperature, latitude and average depth of sampling. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between SOC and other factors. Based on the results, primary forests and reforested areas had significantly higher SOC stocks at the depth of 20cm with average values of 70.03 (±4.45) Mg C ha-1 and 84.38 (±9.01) Mg C ha-1, respectively while there were no significant differences among other land use categories. The findings of this study showed no changes in SOC stocks among land-use change categories and average annual rates of SOC changes. However, among farmlands, evidence was obtained for a significant SOC reduction in cases with a historic forest land-use (-15.2%) compared with those with historic grassland use. Results indicated that farmlands and primary forests had the highest level of SOC input from litter and fine roots, respectively. By evaluating the impact of different factors on SOC using a stepwise regression analysis, it was demonstrated that 31% of the variations in soil carbon storage at different land-use types can be explained by precipitation, temperature, latitude, and sampling depth. Using the obtained equation, SOC variation in Iran was simulated and mapped showing that except for a narrow strip in northern Iran, the rest of the country suffers from low SOC levels. Totally, protecting forests against land conversion is recommended as the top priority for land managers in Iran.

In this research, the impact of a carbon sequestration project, in the Hossein Abad Plain in Southern Khorasan Province of Iran, on the status of water and wind erosion was evaluated. The study area has a harsh climatic condition with low annual precipitation and is prone to well-known 120-day winds in summer. Since 2005, various soil conservation treatments (plantations, over-sowing, plantation aided by semi-circular rainwater harvesting structures) have been implemented in the area. The importance of this research is that so far there was no comprehensive assessment to indicate the impact of soil conversation measures on soil erosion. Therefore, current research aims to evaluate the effect of the carbon sequestration project on soil erosion during 2004 - 2016. Therefore, water and wind erosion was assessed by the Universal Soil Erosion (USLE) model and Iranian Research Institute of Forest and Rangelands Ekhtessasi – Ahmadi (IRIFR-E.A.) model, respectively. The general trend of water erosion using the USLE model indicates a reduction in soil erosion by greater than 19.9 t. ha-1. yr-1 over the whole study area which is larger than 2300 km2. Accordingly, all treatments had a significant impact on erosion in the study area whereby the greatest reduction in annual rate of erosion occurred in over-sown areas (by 5.92 t. ha-1. yr-1). The lowest erosion rate in 2016 was observed in the afforested areas (3.0 t. ha-1. yr-1). Wind erosion during 2004-2016 was improved from moderate and high erosion intensity classes to the low class in treated areas. According to the results of the USLE and IRIFR-E.A. models, the implemented carbon sequestration project has effectively reduced soil erosion in the study area. Therefore, the continuation of these treatments as well as extension programs to empower local communities is highly recommended.

Tooth decay is the most common childhood disease that unlike other infectious diseases, this disease cannot be stopped by antibiotics. The purpose of this study was to determine the evaluation of knowledge, attitude, and performance of elementary school students about oral health in the year 2016 that was designed and implemented in Birjand.

This is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, was performed on 390 primary school students in Birjand city in 2016. The subjects were selected by multistage cluster sampling. Data collection tools were a questionnaire with 4 sections: demographic information, knowledge (7 questions), attitude (10 questions) and performance (8 questions). Data were analyzed by SPSS software (Version 18) using independent t-test and ANOVA at the significant level P≤0.05.

Most of the subjects (40.5%) had moderate knowledge. Overall, 2.6% had low attitude, 25.6% had moderate attitude and 71.8% had good attitude. The mean score of the student's performance was 5.48±1.71. Most of the subjects (40.3%) had moderate performance, 31.5% had good performance and 28.2% had low performance. There was a significant statistical relationship between knowledge and attitude, knowledge and performance as well as between attitude and performance (P = 0.001).

Student's attitude towards oral health was good, but their knowledge and performance were at a moderate level, this highlights the need for expanding educational programs to improve the awareness and performance of students and their parents about oral health.

Soil erosion is a global challenge, seriously threatening soil and water resources andenvironmental qualities. One of the important factors to consider in the process of runoffgeneration and soil erosion is the physical and chemical properties of soils under differentland-uses. The aim of this study is to estimate soil erosion and runoff in rangeland, rain-fedand abandoned rain-fed agriculture in Karafs Watershed (Sarduyeh) in Jiroft County usingrainfall simulation. The experiment was conducted in 2012 and three land-uses withuniform soil and lithology were considered. Simulated rainfalls were 46 and 88 mm.hr-1 ofintensity with 3 iterations, which totaled 36 samples. Soil samples were taken close to thelocations of rainfall simulation from the top 0-20 cm and transferred to the laboratory forfurther analysis. The results showed a significant effect of land-use on runoff and erosion indifferent rainfall intensities, so that the highest runoff was generated in the abandoned rainfedagriculture at the intensity of 88 mm.hr-1, with the least being generated in the rain-fedagriculture at the intensity of 46 mm.hr-1. Likewise, we found that land-use changes had alarge impact on soil erosion, with the highest levels at the abandoned rain-fed agriculturewhich resulted in the increased runoff generation. This factor could be explained by theincreased clay, silt, and lime content at the expense of the removal of sand from these areas.Increasing rainfall intensity to 88 mm.hr-1 led to respectively 14% and 47% higher runoffvolumes and sediment loads compared to the initial intensity.

One of the major issues examined in the quantitative ecology is the spatial distribution pattern of plant species. Knowledge of the spatial distribution patterns is essential to measure the level of uniformity in the surrounding environment, plant reproduction, and distribution of the seedlings, plant behavioral patterns, coexistence, allelopathic relations, and competition. Therefore, the aim of the present research is to select suitable indicators to determine the spatial distribution of three plant species namely Seidlitzia rosmarinus, Cornulaca monacantha and Stipagrostis plumosa and to evaluate their accuracy in arid and semi-arid rangelands of Birjand. Sampling was taken in the key area of ​​each site with four transects of 100 m using quadrates (with their size proportional to the vegetative form of the plant species) by a stratified random sampling technique in 2014-2015. At each point, the distance from the nearest neighbors, the closest species and species richness were recorded. S. plumosa and S. rosmarinus produced the largest and smallest values as 6.6 and 0.24 plant/m2, respectively. Our results suggested that S. rosmarinus, C. monacantha and S. plumosa follow regular and uniform distribution patterns. The results of the statistical analysis also showed the positive binomial distribution for these species, which further confirm our finding. In total, it has been found that quadratic indicators provide more accurate results regarding plant species distribution patterns as compared with the distance indicators.

Given the ever-increasing population in the world, people's need for fruits and vegetables is increasing day by day. Fruit and vegetable are an important part of human diet. So, this study was conducted to determine the level of microbial contamination in the salads and vegetables supplied in restaurants and fast food in Birjand.
In this descriptive study, after identifing restaurants and fast food that were the supplier of salads and vegetables in Birjand, 2015, was removed 100 samples under sterile conditions randomly from all restaurants and fast food. The samples were transferred to the laboratory in good condition. The microbial contamination was compared with the current standard according to standard laboratory procedures of Standard and Industrial Research of Iran.
Results showed that maximum pollution vegetables and salads were in yeast (28%) and Staphylococcus aureus (13%) and Eshershia.Coli (9% and Enterococcus infection and parasite eggs were not found in the samples. Samples were taken, 69% in accordance with the standard and 31% were not in accordance with the standard.
According to the results, about 31% of the samples were contaminated. Shows that washing the vegetables are done, but probably do not be disinfected. Therefore, education in the field of disinfection of vegetables and salad ingredients and continuous sampling of salads and vegetables seems necessary.

This research is an integration of GIS and multi-criteria decision making into a joint framework for identifying suitable areas for rainwater harvesting structures. The Kavir National park in Iran has been evaluated for suitability of rainwater harvesting. To this end, slope gradient, distance to guarding stations, distance to watering points for transporting collected water, distribution of wildlife species of interest, access to roads, evaporation, elevation, water scarcity index, and annual precipitation during rainy season were incorporated. Data collection and field visits took place during 2014-2015. Rainwater harvesting in this area is primarily intended for Ovis orientalis, Gazella dorcas and Acinonyx jubatus known as Persian Cheetah. The primary layers were standardized using a proper Fuzzy Membership Function, which assigns a weight between 0 and 1 to each layer, to include the inherent tradeoff between data layers in producing the final suitability map. The results suggested that precipitation and water scarcity (each by the relative weights of 0.3 and 0.2, respectively) were the most influential factors. The northern foothills of the Mount Siahkouh have shown to hold the highest suitability for rainwater harvesting. The suitability changes from lower than 100 to the east to higher than 200 to the west. The result of this study might be used to guide future endeavors for rainwater harvesting for wildlife on the ground. The methodology adopted here could be replicated in other studies with respect to its simplicity and practicality. This is recommended to run pilot small-scale rainwater harvesting practices and receive the outcomes and then, in case of a positive feedback, extend its application to other areas identified in this research.

Fractional Co2 laser is a good procedure to treat acne scar, surgical scar and senile wrinkles but it is almost painful and if we provide a good pain relief the patient will have a good cooperation during laser, so we can use higher fluence with better results. To determine the safety and efficacy of piroxicam gel in the control of pain and erythema caused by fractional Co2 laser compared with lubricant gel. In this clinical trial we chose 122 patients who refered to Novin laser clinic for fractional Co2 laser. The patients used gel A (piroxicam gel) on one side of the face and gel B (lubricant gel) on the other side of the face as placebo an hour before laser. To determine pain level we used VAS (Visual analogue scale) score from one point to ten. Each patient scored the pain during, immediately after, 1 hour later and 24 hours after laser. To determine the severity of erythema during, immediately after, 1 hour later and one week after laser we compared the erythema of both side of the face with each other. We also compare the prevalence of Post-inflammatory pigmentation (PIP) after 1 month of laser with both gels. At the end we analyzed the data with SPSS18. Piroxicam gel can provide better pain relief during laser, immediately after laser and 1 hour later compared with lubricant gel but pain score was the same 24 hours later with both gels. The severity of erythema with both gels was the same during laser, immediately after, 1 hour later and after one week. In fact piroxicam gel has no effect on the erythema caused by fractional Co2 laser.The prevalence of PIP was the same for both gels after one month so piroxicam gel can not prevent PIP caused by fractional Co2 laser. As a result piroxicam gel can use as a safe and effective drug before fractional Co2 laser to decrease the pain but has no effect on erythema and PIP caused by fractional Co2 laser.