فهرست مطالب azadeh forouzanfar

Caregiving is fundamental to human relationships and plays a crucial role in the quality and stability of marital relationships. The present study aimed to explain the concept of couple caregiving.

This qualitative research was conducted in 2021, adopting a grounded theory approach. For this purpose, ten couples residing in city of Aligudarz (Iran) were selected based on inclusion criteria and purposive sampling. The sampling continued until data saturation was reached. These individuals were examined through semi-structured, in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin’s (2014) method and the MAXQDA20 software. 

The data analysis led to the identification of 78 open codes and 13 axial codes in the form of causal conditions: life history, conscious marriage; contextual conditions: individual and couple contexts; efficient couple relationship; Intervening conditions: behavioral and cognitive facilitating factors; obstacles: personal and environmental stressors; Strategies for sustaining and improving care, and persona; outcomes for the caregiver and care recipient and couple outcomes and the central theme of “reciprocal couple caregiving” was chosen.

The findings indicated that factors influencing couple caregiving extend to the time before marriage. Couple caregiving involves conscious marriage and proactive and constructive actions of the couple. It is an interactive and reciprocal process that enhances the insight and awareness of the couple, and the use of care-seeking and caregiving receptivity strategies significantly contributes to its continuity.

Distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity are considered traumatic factors for substance use disorders. The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of group counselling based on acceptance and commitment therapy in distress tolerance and anxiety sensitivity among female substance abusers.
A quasi-experimental research method with pretest-posttest/control group research design was used in this study. The statistical population of this study included all the female substance abusers who were in drug rehabilitation centers of Arak city in spring 2016. Thirty female substance abusers were selected via convenience sampling method and were divided into control and experimental groups. Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) and Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) were used for data collection. The experimental group received eight 60-minute training sessions of ACT. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data.
The results of data analysis showed that group counselling based on acceptance and commitment therapy increases distress tolerance and reduces anxiety sensitivity in female substance abusers in the experimental group compared with the control group.
Group counselling based on acceptance and commitment therapy can be applied for substance abuse dependent women and it can be used as a psychological intervention alongside medical treatments.

Distress tolerance refers to the degree to which an individual is able to withstand negative psychological and or physical states. Distress tolerance has increasingly been viewed as an important construct in developing new insights about the onset and maintenance of psycho pathology as well as its prevention and treatment. This article aims to review the theoretical and empirical bases of distress tolerance research. The research method is library studies and taking notes and reading documents. Inspection of the scientific literature indicates that there are a number of promising ways to conceptualize and measure distress tolerance, as well as relations between distress tolerance and psychopathological symptoms and disorders. But there also is notable conceptual and operational heterogeneity across the distress tolerance literature. A number of basic questions remain regarding the conceptual and operational definitions of the construct, its relations to other constructs and processes, its relations to psychopathology vulnerability and resilience, and its role as a treatment and preventive intervention target. Thus, the current paper provides a comprehensive review of past and contemporary theory and research and proposes key areas for future empirical study of this construct. Future research will make important contributions to our understanding of distress tolerance(s) and its role(s) in psychopathology vulnerability and resilience.

Substance abuse is a complex phenomenon that depends on several factors. Due to the complicated roles of women relative to men in society, substance abuse contributes more difficulties and challenges for women rather than men. Therefore, the present paper aims to review previous studies concerning substance abuse in women. The research methods were reading the published papers and note-taking. Review of previous papers shows that substance abuse has growth rapidly in women. Substance abuse patterns and the factors contributing to the tendency of substance abuse in women are not similar to the substance abuse patterns in men. Women and girls who are substance abusers suffer from negative consequences compared to their male counterparts, because of the severity of stigma and discrimination towards substance abuse in women. The process of treatment in women is more difficult than men due to the physical characteristics, family support, and spousal support. Increasing knowledge of citizens about female substance abusers (using media to alleviate stigmatization), increasing the number of health centers, supporting and hiring of women treated, and performing preventive programs for women treated are suggested to alleviate stigmatization of substance abuse in women.

In recent years substitution of fuels has found a special place. Responsible organizations have considered development of natural gas uses and oil products substitution by natural gas. The policies of Islamic Republic of Iran has developed to use the large quantities of natural gas and its use as a fuel in the country. This paper has used energy substitution indicators measure in base year (1373) and has generalized them to case study years (1382-1373). So this paper explains the rate of substitution based on energy unit and value of substitution polices according to monetary units and environmental pollutants and green house gases. The rate of substitution has increased from 31. 51 million barrel equivalent crude oil in 1374 to 60. 89 million barrel equivalent crude oil in 1382. The total economic advantages of substitution has been 8305. 98 million dollar and total quantity of energy providence due to substitution is 15. 71 million barrel equivalent oil. Reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions as a result of substitution is 32. 28 million ton. Reducing (NOx) emissions as a result of substitution is 1. 04 million ton. According to economic advantages and environmental impacts of substitution polices in industry sector، it is necessary to provide essential conditions for substitution policies.