فهرست مطالب b. sobhani

Ritual poetry is one of the first thematic trends in Persian literature that has an ancient background. This trend also exists in the contemporary period and has been pursued much more widely than in the past. Seyyed Hassan Hosseini, Hamid Sabzevari and Ahmad Azizi are poets before and after the Islamic Revolution and are among the founders and artists of revolutionary literature and composers of ritual poems who have left their works on ritual and religious poetry. This research intends to study and analyze the ritual poems of these three poets in three linguistic, literary and intellectual realms and to identify and introduce their linguistic and expressive prominences and intellectual lines.

This research is a descriptive-analytical study and is based on library studies.

The study of contemporary ritual poems shows that committed Muslim poets with beautiful poetic taste and knowledge of rhetorical knowledge and the use of various weights and forms and the widespread use of expressive and original techniques and sometimes their own innovations, have created beautiful poems.

Poets of ritual poetry have been more successful in the realm of language. They create a glorious epic atmosphere by using weights and proportions appropriate to the epic and words. The poems of these poets are rich and fruitful in terms of being influenced by Islamic knowledge and culture, especially in the field of words and phrases. Linguistically, the reference to Khorasani style can be clearly seen in the poetry of this poet. Poets at this level have not only followed the style of previous poets and have also had innovations. Of course, no significant innovations have been seen in this area. In this regard, we see innovation in the ritual poems of Seyyed Hassan Hosseini, which can be seen in allusions and especially contradictions.

 Heat waves (HWs) are one of the most important climatic disasters that have devastating environmental consequences in nature every year). The purpose of this study is investigation of the effect of heat waves on the intensification of thermal islands in Sanandaj city from 1989 to 2018. The constant rise in temperature of the city as an urban heat island and the sudden occurrence of HW's as one of the major climatic hazards, is an important concern of urban management policy makers; because intensify heat of this city and cause a lot of environmental damage.

 In order to identify HWs in Sanandaj city, from 1989 to 2018, by using Fumiaki Index and MATLAB software, days whit temperature above +2 standard deviation or above the mean Normalized Thermal Deviation (NTD) that lasted at least two days, were identified as the day with HWs and calculated by equation 1. (1) Where, T (i, j, n) is temperature of day ith from month jth in year nth indicates the average temperature of day i from month j. To eliminate the noise in the mean, a 9-day moving average filter was performed on these data three times and calculated by the following equation. (2) Where, ∆T= (i, j, n) indicates absolute deviation of temperature from the average on day jth of the month i th, in year n th compared to the average temperature of the same day. In order to the values of temperature deviation of different times and places to be comparable at a certain time and place, it is necessary to standardize these absolute values of temperature deviation by means of temperature diffraction. Like day-to-day changes, diffuse T∆ at 31 days for each day is calculated by the following equation. (3) The value is the average temperature deviation in 31 days that is calculated by the following equation. (4) Finally, (NTD) is calculated by the following equation. (5) Where .Then in MATLAB software, days with temperatures +2 above average (NTD) and lasting at least two days, were selected as the day with the HW. (6) Then the thermal island was calculated in Sanandaj city using Equation 7. SUHI= MLSTurban –FLSTrural (7) Where, SUHI is the island surface heat index, MLSTurban and FLSTrural are the average surface temperature of urban and rural areas, respectively.

 The results showed that, during the study period (1989-2008), the highest frequency of HW hazards in this city was in September, February, March, and October 1991. The maximum duration of HWs was 6 days, which occurred in December 2017 and 2005, therefore long-term HWs have been experienced in this city. Results also showed, in both HW and NHW conditions, in the hot and cold months of the year, often a cold island is formed in the city center during the day and a heat island is formed at night. Results also showed that short-time heat waves have been effective in intensifying heat islands. Examination of the intensity of thermal islands in this city showed that during the day in both HW and NHW conditions, which in the HW conditions dominance of the cold island compared to normal day, it has been reduced and in the last months of winter (February), even during the day, a heat island has been created in the center of the city. At night time, in both HW and NHW conditions, a heat island was created in Sanandaj center, but the intensity of night- time heat islands in HW conditions is often significantly higher than normal conditions especially in the winter. Investigation of the condition of thermal islands in the warm months of the year showed that in both HWs, a cold island has been created in the city center that the intensity of cold islands during the HW conditions, especially in the summer months, was often higher than NHW conditions. At night time, there was often a heat island in the city center that was more intense than normal day. Also, in HW conditions, wind speed and especially relative humidity has decreased significantly more than the cold months of the year.

 According to the results the highest incidence of HW hazards occurred in the winter and early spring. Also, long-term (6-days) HW occurred in this period. The increasing trend, frequency and continuation of HW, especially in the cold months of the year, can be the effects of climate change and global warming. Severe and continuous HWs occurred in Sanandaj city, especially in late winter, can cause early germination and flowering of crops and gardens and it will negatively affect agriculture and horticulture and will lead to great economic losses. The effects of HWs on heat islands occurred in the suburbs due to having a clear sky without pollution, with minimal vegetation and lack of surface water resources and ground with low heat capacity is affected by HWs faster than the city center and as the land surface around the city becomes warmer than its center, a cold island is formed in the city center. At night, the suburbs due to low heat capacity, lose absorbed heat faster and as a result, the heat island is formed in the city center. In general, the occurrence of heat waves in the intensification of thermal islands in the Sanandaj city, especially in the warm months of the year, has a significant effect, and it is likely to intensify in the coming decades, especially at night during the hot months of the year.

Today, the use of remote sensing methods for measuring land surface temperature has got more popular. Because remote sensing provides the opportunity to estimate the temperature in every region accurately. This study aimed to estimate land surface temperature using remote sensing in the south of Urmia Lake, compare them with observed data, and analyze the relationship between estimated land surface temperature and vegetation cover.

Changes in temperature of the surface of the earth were investigated from 2000 to 2017 as well as their relationship with changes in vegetation and land use in agricultural regions. Then, thermal bands of Landsat 7 and OLI were used for measuring land surface temperature and converting DN to radians and brightness temperature. Moreover, NDVI was used for calculating emissivity and determining land use based using an object-oriented method. Then, the relationship between vegetation and land surface temperature was investigated using regression analysis.

The results showed that the observed and estimated land surface temperature had increased from 2000 to 2017 due to the changes in land use and vegetation cover. According to the results of linear regression analysis, there is a significant relationship between estimated and observed land surface temperature (R2 = 0.72). Furthermore, there is a significant negative relationship between land surface temperature and vegetation cover.

The results showed that remote sensing methods provide accurate results in estimating the surface temperature. Understanding the surface temperature and its relationship with various land uses helps planners and experts to make managerial decisions to protect natural resources and agricultural lands.

The drought phenomenon is not specific to the region, affecting different parts of the world. One of these areas is Iran in Southwest Asia, suffering from this phenomenon in recent years. The purpose of this study was to model, analyze and predict the drought in Iran. So that, climatic parameters (precipitation, temperature, sunshine, minimum relative humidity and wind speed) were used at 30 stations during 29 years (1990-2018). For modelling the TIBI fuzzy index, at first, four indicators (SET, SPI, SEB, and MCZI) were been fuzzy in MATLAB software. Then the indices were compared and the TOPSIS model was used for prioritizing areas involved drought, followed by employing ANFIS adaptive artificial neural network model for predicting drought. Results showed that the new fuzzy index TIBI for classifying drought reflected four above indicators with high accuracy. Of these five climatic parameters used in this study, the temperature and precipitation exhibited the most impact on the fluctuation of drought severity. The severity of drought was more based on 6-month scale modelling than on 12-month one. The highest rate of drought occurrence was found at the Bandar Abbas station with 24.30% on a 12-month scale, and while the lowest was at the Shahrekord station with 0.36% on a six-month scale. Based on ANFIS model and TIBI fuzzy index, Bandar Abbas, Bushehr and Zahedan stations were more encountered ones to drought due to the TIBI index of 0.62, 0.96 and 0.97 respectively. According to the results in both 6- and 12-month scales, the southern regions of Iran were more severely affected by drought, which requires suitable water management in these areas.

According to the importance of each criterion in relation to rice cultivation using AHP was valued. With overlay standards associated with methods to study the map of physiographic and climatic needs Lenjan city was prepared for rice cultivation. The results based on AHP shows that about 5 Lenjan city land without limitations, limitations average 44 percent, 26 percent and 25 percent in the low limits with intense limitations and also based on TOPSIS about 19 percent of the land without limitations, limitations average 32 percent, 26 percent and 23 percent with severely limited by low limitations for the cultivation of rice.