فهرست مطالب bagheri a

Traumatic brachial plexus injuries in adults are destructive injuries that occur mostly in men aged 15 to 25 years. This damage leads to deep functional defects, debilitating pain, psychological and economic consequences and affects the quality of life of people. Usually, these injuries are caused by damage to the sensory and motor nerves caused by trauma, pressure, sports injuries, or excessive stretching, and lead to symptoms such as paralysis, lack of muscle control in the arm, hand, or wrist, or lack of sensation in arm or hand or sudden pain in the shoulder and arm and ... Although it is often not possible to prevent damage to the brachial plexus, it is possible to reduce the risk of further problems after the injury by taking some measures. There are different methods to diagnose the type and severity of brachial plexus injuries. Therefore, understanding the physiology of nerve damage and progress in brachial plexus reconstruction will lead to improved outcomes.

Brown syndrome is characterized by limitation of the elevation when the eye is in adduction. Both congenital and acquired cases, as well as constant or intermittent have been reported; it is bilateral in 10% of cases. Bilateral cases may occur simultaneously in most cases or sequentially in rare cases. Herein, we report a patient with a bilateral brown syndrome, who was diagnosed to be congenital in one eye and sequentially presented in the other eye.

A 4-year-old patient presented to Labbafinejad medical center with head tilt and strabismus since his childhood. In his examination, he had 30 PD hypotropia in the primary position and the same amount of esotropia accompanied by limitation of elevation in adduction in the left eye. The patient underwent two surgeries with a 3-year interval, including adhesion band release in superior oblique muscle and SO elongation and recession and resection of both horizontal recti. Nine months later, the patient presented with the complaint of strabismus in the fellow eye. In the ocular examination, the right eye had a limitation of elevation in the adduction. While the right eye was the fixator eye, hypertropia of the left eye in the primary position was evident at this stage. The patient was diagnosed to have acquired brown syndrome of the right eye. He underwent systemic work-ups, including rheumatologic consult and orbital and paranasal CT scan for sinusitis. All work-ups revealed negative results. After 5 months, the patient underwent two sequential surgeries on SO tendon for the correction of severe hypotropia including SO elongation and tenotomy, which resulted in acceptable residual hypertropia and esotropia in the left eye with no limitation in any direction.

In this s tudy, we reported a rare case of Brown syndrome with the congenital presentation in the first eye and idiopathic acquired type in the second eye after an 8-year delay. This bilateral sequential type has been reported rarely and we assume it may be the result of an anatomical anomaly in SO tendon and trochlea.

To report a case of periocular xanthogranuloma with adult-onset asthma in Hodgkin Lymphoma association with intermediate uveitis.

A 51-year-old man presented with the complaint of blurred vision in both eyes and bilateral periocular masses. He had a history of Hodgkin lymphoma treated by chemotherapy 10 years ago with no recurrence. Respiratory problems with small periocular nodules occurred 3 years after completion of chemotherapy. Multiple incisional biopsies were all negative for recurrence of lymphoma. Anti-asthma therapy was started for the patient with close follow-up. During past years, periocular and upper eyelid nodules enlarged very slowly leading to severe mechanical ptosis and bilateral intermediate uveitis and uveitic macular edema emerged. Excisional biopsy was done and the diagnosis of xanthogranuloma was confirmed by pathology exam. No recurrence was seen after 6 months.

History of Hodgkin lymphoma and chemotherapy may predispose the patient to future inflammatory disorders like Periocular xanthogranuloma with adult-onset asthma and intermediate uveitis.

To report the result of strabismus surgery in a case of inferior rectus aplasia with a relatively small amount of hypertropia.

A 22-year-old man was referred to the strabismus clinic for evaluation of an abnormal head posture and right eye deviation. Eyes exam revealed a best-corrected visual acuity of 10/10 in both eyes; the patient had a right head tilt along with a right hypertropia and exotropia. The hypertropia measured 14 PD in the primary gaze position and increased during the right gaze and left head tilt. The exotropia had an A-pattern. Ocular motility revealed downgaze limitation of the right eye in the abduction; however, in straight downgaze, the right eye passed the midline with a moderate overaction of the left superior oblique muscle. Based on the initial clinical findings, a diagnosis of right inferior rectus palsy was made. Intraoperatively, a positive force duction test indicating superior rectus restriction was noted; therefore, we planned to perform a right superior rectus recession along with a right inferior rectus resection. However, after recessing the right superior rectus, we were surprised to find that the IR muscle was not present, and there were only a few strands of fibrovascular tissue in that region. We changed our surgical plan and performed transposition of inferior oblique muscle to the expected site of insertion of aplastic IR muscle 6.5 mm from the limbus after a 6 mm resection. After surgery, the absence of IR muscle was confirmed by an orbital CT scan (Figure 2). Post-operatively, the patient’s eyes were orthophoric in the primary position, and his abnormal head posture was significantly improved. The exam findings remained stable until his last visit at the sixth postoperative month.

Inferior rectus aplasia should be kept in mind as a differential diagnosis of congenital inferior rectus muscle paresis/palsy. This condition may manifest with a modest amount of hypertropia in the primary position, and the ipsilateral superior oblique muscle may be over-active, thus generating enough force to move the eye downward past the midline. Orbital imaging is the only way to arrive at a definitive diagnosis preoperatively.

To report the result of strabismus surgery in a case of near-reflex substitution for horizontal gaze palsy.

The patient was a 9-year-old girl with esotropia of 35 PD, right face turn, and right side facial palsy. Ocular motility examination was remarkable for right side gaze palsy and on attempting right gaze, all components of near reflex, including a convergence movement as well as bilateral pupillary miosis and myopic shift, were manifested. Her deviation was manifested after the first episode of intraventricular hemorrhage at the age of one month. Clinical and imaging findings were consistent with right side facial colliculus syndrome with near reflex substitution. We performed a right medial rectus muscle recession and a half-tendon transposition of the superior and inferior recti muscles to the right lateral rectus muscle insertion, which resulted in orthophoria in primary position, improvement of the right face turn, and substantial decrement of convergence movement.

Near reflex substitution for the horizontal gaze palsy in a patient with other features of the facial colliculus syndrome has rarely been reported. Eye muscle surgery did reduce the paradoxical convergence movement but did not significantly improve the other components of the substituted near reflex.

To report medical and surgical management of a 5 months old infant with multiple orbital abscesses secondary to untreated dacryocystitis.

A 5-month-old boy presented with proptosis, swelling, and redness of the right eye, which was more prominent around the medial canthus and lower lid. Symptoms started 3 months ago, and he was treated with multiple courses of systemic antibiotics. Orbital MRI revealed dilated lacrimal sac and multiple orbital abscesses. He was admitted and treated with broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics for 2 days; then, abscess drainage and nasolacrimal duct probing were performed at the same session. After these procedures, his sign and symptoms improved. There was no recurrence in a 3-months follow-up.

Untreated dacryocystitis secondary to congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction may progress to orbital abscesses. In this condition, after systemic antibiotics coverage, orbital abscess drainage, and nasolacrimal duct probing are essential for treatment.

To report a rare case of solitary myofibroma involving the sclera in an elderly person.

The patient was a 93 -year-old man complaining of a mass lesion in the lateral sclerolimbal area of his left eye; the lesion had enlarged suddenly since 20 days ago. Other examinations (including skin, heart, and ext) and lab data (CBC, Lipid profile, liver, and kidney function) were normal. The only medical history was laryngeal cancer with a history of radiotherapy 15 years ago. The tumor was excised completely. Histopathology reported solitary myofibroma. During two months of follow-up, no sign of recurrence was found.

Solitary myofibroma of the sclera may be a differential diagnosis of epi-bulbar masses, including squamous cell and peduncular squamous cell carcinomas, especially in patients with a history of cancer and radiation therapy.

To report the frequency of different orbital tumors from Labafi Nejad Hospital, Iran.

This retrospective consecutive case series includes all records coded with a diagnosis of “orbital tumor” along with a definite histopathologic diagnosis from April 2008 to March 2019. All Patients with definite histopathologic diagnosis (327 cases) were included in the study and the other cases were excluded.

A total of 327 orbital space-occupying lesions (SOLs) with definite histopathologic diagnoses were identified during the 11 years of the study. Affected subjects comprised 183 (56%) female and 144 (44%) male patients with a mean age of 30±21.6 years. Overall, 276 (84.4%) of the SOLs were benign, whereas 51 (15.6%) were malignant; 236 (72.2%) of the lesions were extraconal, while 91 (27.8%) were intraconal; 306 (93.6%) of them were primary, 18 (5.5%) were secondary, and only 3 (0.9%) were metastatic. The most common types of lesions in decreasing frequency were cystic, vascular, inflammatory, and lymphoproliferative, mesenchymal, neurogenic, secondary and metastatic, and epithelial lacrimal gland tumors. Dermoid cysts were the most frequent orbital SOL with 109 cases (33.3%) and also the most common benign lesion. Malignant lymphoma with 12 cases (3.7%) was the most prevalent malignant orbital SOL. Dermoid cysts and malignant lymphoma were the most prevalent benign and malignant orbital SOLs, respectively. The ratio of malignant to benign lesions was 0.46 in children (≤18 years), 0.84 in middle-aged patients (19-59 years), and 5.2 in older (≥60 years) cases. Rhabdomyosarcoma was the most common malignancy in children; lymphoma was the most frequent malignancy in middle-aged subjects and invasive basal cell carcinoma from the eyelids was the most common malignancy in the old age group. The superotemporal quadrant was the most frequent site of involvement and proptosis was the most common presenting symptom.

Benign, extraconal, and primary orbital SOLs were more frequent than malignant, intraconal, and secondary lesions in this report. The ratio of malignant lesions increased with age in our cohort.

Accommodation anomalies are the spectrum of disorders, which affect monocular and binocular clear vision, particularly at a near distance. Accommodation anomalies can be classified into three major categories: accommodation deficit, accommodation excess, and failure to alter accommodation. In this article, we will review categories of clinical characteristics, etiology, and treatment options.

To report the presence of hypertropia with esotropia in the case of anisometropic Heavy Eye Syndrome (HES).

A 33-years old lady referred to the strabismus clinic for evaluation. The patientchr('39')s esotropia started at the age of 12 and gradually increased. Corrected visual acuity was 2/10 and 4/100 and refraction was -24-3.25×103 and -10.25-0.75× 34 in the right and left eyes, respectively. There was esotropia of 45 PD and hypertropia of 25 PD in her left eye. Abduction limitation was present in both eyes but more severe in the right eye; supra-duction was also limited in the right eye. A large macular scar was seen in the left eye. On orbital, MR imaging lateral rectus was displaced inferiorly and the superior rectus path was displaced nasally on both sides, but more prominent on the right side. The assessment was bilateral HES that was more severe on the dominant right eye. Unilateral suture myopexy on the right side and bilateral medial rectus recession was performed, which resulted in orthophoria and improved comitancy in side gazes and this result lasted in a one-year follow-up.

In cases of anisometropic HES, the severity of symptoms may not equal on both eyes and by changing fixation, hypertropia may appear instead of expected hypotropia. In this situation, unilateral myopexy on the more severe side result in a vertical balance between eyes. Bilateral medial rectus recess may be required to correct esotropia.

To present a patient with interaconal orbital angioleiomyoma.

A 22-year-old woman presented with painless slowly progressive proptosis. CT and MRI demonstrated a well-defined Interaconal globe size mass (inferomedially). It was isointense in T1 and T2 weighted and homogenously enhanced by Gadolinium. During the surgery, the tumor was excised via a lateral orbitotomy approach; significant hemorrhage and adhesions to surrounding tissues were noticeable. Histopathologic analysis of the specimen revealed smooth muscle cells with vascular components. IHC assay was positive for SMA and CD34, which confirmed the diagnosis of angioleiomyoma. The patient recovered uneventfully and one year of follow-up showed no recurrence or complications.

ALM is an uncommon benign smooth muscle tumor with a vascular component. Orbital involvement (especially interaconal) is extremely rare; caution about considerable intraoperative bleeding and adhesions to surrounding tissue is recommended.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important food legume and is an important source of calories, protein, dietary fiber, and minerals for human nutrition. In addition, it provides an essential source of protein for more than 300 million people worldwide including Iran. Drought is one of the most important abiotic stress factors that limits plant growth and results in significant seed yield reductions in around 60% of global bean production areas. Acclimation to water deficit in crops is the result of a series of integrated events. Upon exposure to drought stress, plants exhibit a wide range of responses at the whole-plant, cellular and molecular levels. At the whole-plant level, the effect of drought stress is usually perceived as a decrease in photosynthesis and growth, which is associated with alterations in carbon and nitrogen metabolisms. The reduction in the photosynthetic activity is due to several coordinated events, such as stomatal closure, chlorophylls cleavage and the reduced activity of photosynthetic enzymes. Stomatal closure is probably the most important factor controlling carbon metabolism, but the relative role of other limitations on photosynthesis depends on the severity of water deficit. The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of different moisture stress levels on morph-physiological attributes of three common bean genotypes.

In order to evaluate the effect of moisture stress on some morphological and physiological traits of common bean genotypes, a greenhouse experiment was conducted as factorial design. The experimental factors included irrigation (100% FC; as control, 75% FC; as moderate drought stress and 50% FC; as severe drought stress) and three common bean cultivars (Saleh, Talash and Khomein). The experiment was performed at FUM (Ferdowsi University of Mashhad) glass house in 2015 with three replications. Pots (diameter 20 cm, height 30 cm) were filled with ten Kg of loamy soil and five seeds were planted in each of them. After emergence and establishment of seedlings, two plants were remained in each pot. Irrigation treatments were started at 4th leaf stage and continued up to the end of experiment. Plant height, stem diameter, shoot and root weight, root/shoot ratio, greenness, leaf relative water content, electrolyte leakage, stomatal conductance, biological and seed weight were measured. Data were analyzed using SAS software and least significant difference test (LSD) was used for mean comparisons at 0.05 level in MSTATC software.

The effect of Irrigation and genotype on plant height, shoot and root weight, chlorophyll at reproductive stage, relative water content, electrolyte leakage and stomatal conductance were significant. Also the interaction effect of irrigation×genotype on root/shoot ratio was significant. Drought stress decreased plant height by 8% and 21.4% in moderate and severe drought stress respectively. Shoot weight decreased by 30.1% (moderate drought stress) and 70.1% (severe drought stress) and root weight decreased by 48.9% (moderate drought stress) and 73.8% (severe drought stress) compared to control. The root/shoot ratio decreased under moderate drought stress in all genotypes but under severe drought stress, root/shoot ratio were increased in Talash and Khomein genotypes. Drought stress decreased chlorophyll content, so that under moderate and severe drought stress chlorophyll content decreased by 12.4% and 31.3%, respectively compare to control. Among genotypes, Saleh accumulated higher leaf chlorophyll content. The relative water content and stomatal conductance declined under drought stress treatments but electrolyte leakage was increased under drought stress treatments. Relative water content decreased by 9.9% and 30.7% under moderate and severe drought stress conditions, respectively compared to control. Under moderate and severe drought stress conditions stomatal conductance reduced by 33.3% and 53.3% respectively compared to control. Electrolyte leakage increased by 24.7% under moderate drought stress condition and 37% under severe drought stress condition compared to control. Also higher relative water content, stomatal conductance, and lower electrolyte leakage was observed in Saleh genotype. The highest seed yield among cultivars was found in Saleh and the highest seed weight was observed in complete irrigation regime.

Based on our results, Saleh genotype produced more seed, biomass, relative water content, chlorophyll, stomatal conductance and lower electron leakage, therefore, it seems that this genotype is more tolerant to moisture stress. However, generally, bean plant seems susceptible to drought, and it might not be feasible to impose high levels of drought stress on this crop.

 Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21) has anti-tumor efficacy and used for immunotherapy based on cytokinins against cancer cells. Immune potentiating of CCL21 chemokine via DC and stromal cell-based approaches for effective recruitment and activation of APC and T cells for promotion of antitumor activity in lung cancer was evaluated. Plants are now gaining widespread acceptance as a general platform and as bioreactors for the large scale production of recombinant proteins. However, the technique suffers from major drawbacks such as low expression level and long time required for the production of the recombinant protein in plant tissues. The goal of the present study was to investigate the possibility of expressing the CCL21 protein in Cicer arietinum via agroinfiltration. In agroinfiltration, the suspension of Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring the gene(s) of interest is infiltrated into plant leaves using a needle-free syringe. This technique has been carried out in a variety of plants with different experimental purposes and it was simple, cost effective and rapid procedure. Chickpea contain several minerals and phytochemicals components for human health, for example it has selenium, that plays essential roles in liver enzyme function, and helps detoxify some cancer-causing compounds in the body, Also selenium prevents inflammation and also decreases tumor growth rates. So cheakpea known as a valuable plant for the production of recombinant proteins chickpeas also contains folate, which plays a role in DNA synthesis and repair, thus preventing the formation of cancer cells from mutations in the DNA. Also it has saponins, which are phytochemicals that prevent cancer cells from multiplying and spreading throughout the body. High-fiber intakes from fruits and vegetables like chickpeas are associated with a lowered risk of colorectal cancer. Therefore, in this study, ccl21 gene of human was synthesized and transiently expressed in Cicer arietinum.

To examine the possibility of expressing the CCL21 protein in Cicer arietinum, a cDNA fragment encoding the ccl21 gene was synthesized de novo, modified with a Kozak sequence, a C-terminal hexahistidine (6His) tag, and an endoplasmic retention signal (SEKDEL). The construct was subcloned into vector pBI121 and Agrobacterium colonies were verificated by PCR test. The resulting ccl21 plasmid was agro-infiltrated into Cicer arietinum. The relative gene expression of recombinant plant-produced ccl21 was measured by semi quantitatve RT-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR. Guided by the gene expression profile, CCL21 protein was extracted after 72 hours. A recombinant CCL21 protein was immunogenically detected by conjugated polyhistidine antibody in western blot, dot blot and ELISA assay.

The results of PCR assay confirmed presence of the synthetic construct in Agrobacterium clones. Also PCR test showed that, this construct was integrated in infiltrated leaves but the gene of interest is not integrated in the nuclear genome of plant cell. So, the transgene in plant tissue is higher than pure plasmid as control. RT- PCR and Real time PCR assay was also conducted to evaluate the expression of gene. Dot blot assay showed that, the protein sample obtained from transformed leaves generated a strong signal which is comparable to that of positive control, whereas wild type plant protein was not detectable. Also enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot showed that gene construt of ccl21 was expressed highly in transcription and translation level. Migration size of protein was detected at 15.5 KD by Western blotting. ELISA results showed that the CCL21 was expressed in the transfected leaves in high level.

 This paper is the first research about the transient expression of the chickpea-made CCL21 protein where a synthetic sequence was used for its expression. Here, the efficacy of agroinfiltration for expression of ccl21 gene in chickpea was illustrated. Agroinfiltration expedites the process of recombinant protein expression in plant tissues. Therefore, using agro-infiltration system in chickpea plant was the appropriate strategy for ccl21 gene production in the assayed plants. Therefore, this method makes it possible to evaluate efficacy of a potential recombinant vaccine in a short time.

To report a case of superficial orbital rim osteoma. A 29--year-old woman presented with two small and firm subcutaneous nodule in anterior aspect of the left inferonasal orbital rim. Orbital CT scan showed small well circumscribed exophytic bone density masses on frontal process of maxillary bone. The patient did not undergo surgery at the time of the first referral. After 5 years, she was treated with clinical examination and CT scan according to the growth of the lesion. Complete surgical excision was performed through modified Linch incision. Histopathology evaluation was consistent with ivory type osteoma. Although the orbital rim osteoma often originates from paranasal sinuses and appears as a mass in the orbit with or without superficial components, it may present as subcutaneous nodules on orbital rim.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a member of a Lamiaceae family, is used in traditional Iranian medicine. Essential oils of basil leaves are composed of terpenoids and phenylpropanoids which are important in treatment of diarrhea, coughs, warts, worms and kidney malfunctions. The valuable compound of methylchavicol makes up the bulk of plant volatile oils which recently raised researcher's attention due to its medicinal value and pharmacological activities, especially as a migraine prophylaxis agent. Chavicol O-methyl transferase (CVOMTs) is a key enzyme in phenylpropanoid pathway. It catalyzes the methylation of chavicol, to produce methyl chavicol. In current research, to explore the formation and transcriptional control exerted on these pathways, mRNA accumulation profiles of key gene in the biosynthesis pathway of methylchavicol were evaluated in the three chemotypes of O. basilicum under three treatments of water deficit stress (S1: 75% FC, S2: 50% FC and S3: 25% FC) using quantitative real-time PCR. In order to study key biosynthetic pathway accurately gene expression pattern methylchavicol combination under water deficit stress, isolation, characterization and functional analysis of promoter of CVOMTs (pCVOMTs) was investigated for the first time. The study profile of gene expression of CVOMTs indicated that the transcript accumulation of this gene was significantly affected by chemotypes and water stress levels. The level of transcripts of CVOMT gene was gradually up-regulated and then sharply increased to mainly detectable levels under S2 in cultivar 3. The analysis of promoter of CVOMT gene (pCVOMTs) revealed that pCVOMTs contained some important cis-acting element like high temperature and water stress- response related elements. So, in the chemotype 3, the increase of gene expression is related to the binding site of transcription factor that is excied by water deficit stress.

Study in order to the introduction of new antimicrobial agents with natural origin is an indispensable necessity. Honey, as a food has antibacterial and antioxidant high potential and the floral origin of honey plays an important role on its biological properties. This research , In order to investigation of antibacterial activity of four types of monofloral honey with different floral origin and a moltifloral honey collected from the bee hive in the golestan province in north of Iran. Evaluation of antibacterial activity against four bacteria using agar well diffusion method was performed. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of honey samples were determined by using broth macro dilution tube method. Results showed antibacterial activity of tested honey samples. Highest antibacterial activity was recorded for multi floral honey by agar well diffusion method at a concentration of 50% with zone of inhibition of 22, 21,16 and 13.66 mm against Shigella dysenteriae , Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli respectively. MIC and MBC values of obtained for multifloral, linden, maple and Astragalus honeys were in the range of %6.25-25% (V/V) and citrus honey showed the lowest antibacterial activity. Overall, the results imply that antibacterial activity of honey samples from different botanical origin is variable and difference between the types of plants used in the production of bee products affect its antibacterial properties.

To determine the effect of using rigid gas permeable (RGP) contact lenses in improvement of involuntary eye movements and visual functions in hyperopic astigmatism patients with congenital nystagmus. This prospective interventional case series study was conducted on patients with congenital nystagmus and hyperopia equal or more than +0.5 D and Astigmatism more than -1 D, who were referred to our clinic over a period of 2 years. All ophthalmological exams including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and video nystagmography were performed for all of the patients before and after contact lens fitting and were compared with each other. In this study 32 eyes of 16 patients were entered with mean age of 18.6±4.9 years. In these cases, mean sphere was 2.45±2.44 (range +0.5 to +7.5), spherical equivalent of refraction was +1.5±2.35 (range -1 to +6.25) and mean astigmatism was -1.90±0.83 (range -1 to -4). The level of visual acuity changes in Log Mar improved monocularly from 0.56±0.23 to 0.51±0.23 and binocularly from 0.54±0.25 to 0.48±0.24 which was statistically significant (P=0.007).Improvement of contrast sensitivity were statistically significant in low (P=0.02) and intermediate (P< 0.001) frequencies but not in high frequencies (P=0.7). Frequency, amplitude and intensity of nystagmus were decreased significantly after contact lens usage (p< 0.001). Using RGP contact lenses in patients with congenital nystagmus increase monoocular and binocular vision. Also contrast sensitivity and motor indices of nystagmus (frequency, amplitude and intensity) were significantly improved after contact using lens.

To determine the effect of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) on improvement of involuntary eye movements and visual functions in myopic patients with congenital nystagmus. This prospective interventional case series included patients with congenital nystagmus and myopia ≥ -1 D who underwent PRK over a 2-year period. Complete ophthalmological examinations including visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and video-nystagmography were performed and compared before and 3 months after PRK. A total of 24 eyes of 12 patients with a mean age of 23±2 years were enrolled in the study. Spherical equivalent was -2.82 ± 1.65 preoperatively and -0.26 ± 0.25 postoperatively (P<0.001). Pre- and postoperative mean sphere was -2.16±1.36 and -0.10±0.35 and astigmatism was -1.33 ± 1.14 and -0.31 ± 0.51, respectively (P<0.001 for both comparisons). Mono-ocular visual acuity was improved from 0.36±0.21 in LogMAR preoperatively to 0.27±0.25 LogMAR postoperatively (P<0.001). Binocular visual acuity was significantly improved from 0.33±0.2 LogMAR to 0.17±0.16 LogMAR (P<0.001). A significant increase in contrast sensitivity was observed in low (P<0.001), intermediate (P<0.001) and high (P=0.01) spatial frequencies. Frequency, amplitude and intensity of nystagmus were significantly decreased after PRK (p<0.001). There was no correlation between degree of myopic correction and improvement in sensory and motor indices of nystagmus (P>0.1 for all correlations). PRK in patients with congenital nystagmus increased mono-ocular and binocular vision. Additionally, contrast sensitivity and motor indices of nystagmus (frequency, amplitude and intensity) were significantly improved postoperatively.

To evaluate the incidence of the oculo-cardiac reflex (OCR) and its associated risk factors during strabismus surgeries performed at a tertiary referral center between 1390 and 1392. Over a 2-year period, all strabismus surgery candidates were enrolled in the study after obtaining consent from the patients or their parents. Vital signs were recorded before the initiation of the surgery. While the depth of general anesthesia was controlled using the BIS instrument, the heart rate was recorded before and after muscle grasping. OCR was defined as a reduction of 15% or more in the heart rate caused by pulling extraocular muscle(s). Vital signs, especially heart and pulse rate, were monitored after recovery from anesthesia. Seventy-six patients (51.3% male subjects) with a mean age of 15±12 years (range: 2 to 55 years) were enrolled. The mean heart rate was 49±25 bpm (range: 44-152 bpm) before muscle grasping and 77±26 bpm (range: 30-152 bpm) at the conclusion of the operation (P<0.001). OCR occurred in 65 out of 76 (85.5%) patients and with 84 out of 173 (48.6%) operated muscles. The incidence of OCR was higher before 20 years of age; however, it showed a decreasing trend afterwards. OCR was more common during operation on cyclovertical muscles than horizontal ones (p=.02). Moreover, in surgeries on horizontal rectus muscles, OCR was more common if heart rate was more than 61 before surgery (p=.008). OCR was not significantly correlated with sex, type of disease, type of surgery, frequency of the surgery, and the order of operated extraocular muscles. The majority of patients undergoing strabismus surgery, especially younger subjects, those undergoing operation on the cyclovertical muscles and ones with a higher baseline heart rate, experience OCR during strabismus surgery. Due to the possibility of catastrophic consequences of OCR such as cardiac arrest, this matter deserves special attention.

To evaluate demographic and ocular features, etiologies and outcomes of surgery in patients with sensory strabismus as well as to detect factors influencing the type of deviation and outcomes. One hundred and seventy-seven patients with strabismus related to low vision included in this interventional case series. Data related to demographic features, visual acuity, refraction, etiologies of low vision, age at the time of visual loss and age of deviation onset, type and amount of deviation, type of surgery and its outcomes after 2 months and at the last follow up visit was collected from the patients’ records. The association between ocular parameters and the direction of deviation and results of surgery was investigated. The mean patient age was 24.4±11.4 years and 110 (62%) patients were male. The mean follow up period was 30 months. One hundred and seventeen (66.1%) patients were exotropic and 60 (33.9%) patients were esotropic (P=0.035). The mean age at the time of visual loss in the esotropic group was lower than that in the exotropic group (5.8±7.2 vs. 11.1±9.7 years, P=0.001). The main causes of visual loss in the esotropic and exotropic patients were congenital and acquired, respectively (P<0.001). The most common congenital etiologies were anisometropia and cataract whereas, the most common acquired cause was trauma. The most common refractive error was hyperopia in the esotropic patients and myopia myopia in the exotropic patients (P=0.01). The mean axial length of the normal fellow eye was significantly shorter in the esotropic patients (22.18±1.24 vs. 23.15±1.77 mm, P=0.001). At the last examination, 69% of patients were orthophoric. Overcorrection and undercorrection more than 20 PD were observed in 4.6% of patients. The success of the surgery correlated significantly with the preoperative amount of deviation (P=0.003) and visual acuity (P=0.026) The most common type of deviation in sensory strabismus is exotropia and its most common cause is ocular trauma. Exotropic patients are predominantly myopic with higher axial lengths in comparison with esotropic patients. Outcomes of surgery in sensory strabismus are acceptable. Preoperative amount of deviation and visual acuity of the deviated eyes were two important factors influencing final outcomes.

To report a case of cluster headache associated with secondary blepharospasm and its management. Case Report: A 37-year-old lady was referred because of unilateral severe blepharospasm. She had a history of severe headache in the same side of blepharospasm with features compatible with cluster headache. Blepharospasm was treated with botulinum toxin but treatment of headache was challenging and finally responded to beta blockers and anti-psychotic medications. In secondary blepharospasm, it is necessary to treat the underlying disease in addition to blepharospasm.

Blow out fracture is a common disease in oculoplastics clinics. One of indication for surgical intervention is entrapment of inferior rectus muscle in the fractured site. In this article authors represent two cases with this disease who underwent surgery for the entrapment of perimuscular fascia without inferior rectus muscle involvement. The results of treatment in both cases were excellent. The study was aimed to represent the specific clinical and radiological findings.

To evaluate the outcomes of traumatic canalicular laceration repair using Masterka silicone tube. This interventional case series included 25 patients with traumatic canalicular laceration who underwent canalicular repair with Masterka tube. The patients were followed at least for 6 months. At last visit, anatomic and functional successes were assessed by diagnostic probing and asking the patients about tearing, respectively. Data corresponding to demographic features, surgical outcomes, and tube-related complications were recorded and analyzed. Mean patient age was 27.7±20.0 (range, 1.5-75) years. Nineteen (76%) patients were male and 10 had a history of sharp trauma. The lower canalicule was involved in 16 patients. Masterka tube was removed 12.43±1.72 (range, 10 to 16) weeks after the surgery. Premature tube loss occurred in patients. Anatomic and functional success rate was 84% and 100%, respectively. Canalicular laceration repair with Masterka tube is a safe and effective method with a low rate of complications, and according to the authors’ experience, is a fast and simple technique.

This study on set-net fishing at the coastal area of Bandar Abbas was conducted from October to April 2012. A totally of 54 setnet operations were recorded, random samplig monthly of 9 setnet from Nakhlenakhoda, Khajehatatta and Suru were conducted. Results showed that a total of 66 species and 54 genus belonged to 45 families of fishes were caught by the set-net in Bandar Abbas coastal area. Nakhlnakhoda were consisted of 39 species, 35 genus and 31 families, Khajehatta, 42 species, 40 genus and 37 families and Suru 34 species, 28 genera and 26 families respectively . Analysis of catch composition were showed that in Nakhlnakhoda Goaf (39.7%), Kalar(10.8%) and crabs (9.5%), in Khajehatta Chacunda gizzard shad (38.5%), Mullets(20.9%) and Sardine(5.1%), and in Suru White sardine( 56.4%),Whipfin silver-biddy (7.1%) and Milk fish (6.4%) were dominated. In order to analyze the economical and social situation of bandarabbas setneters community of interviews and questionnaires were used in the social and econimic conditions of society setneters enrolled 20 person analyzed.In this investigation it has been determined that the estabishment of the oldest fishing setnet about 40 years ago and most recent 12 years of experience.On the other literacy rate of setneters showed that only 30 percent have no education.47 percent of setneters saied that their setnets is hereditaryd,16 percent have purchased their setnets and 37 percent said they have ownership of set nets. according to the survay,the most important setneters concern also,there is not a considerable income from setnet and for young employment as a carer is very smal role.

The main purpose of this research was to study the Organizational Citizenship status of faculty members of Tabriz University. A survey research method was used. The statistical population included all tabriz university faculty members. About(227) faculty members using proportional stratified random sampling method were selected as study sample. The data gathering instrument was “Podsakoffs organizational citizenship behaviors scale”. The validity of scale was reported as acceptable by experts and its reliability using cronbach alpha was estimated to be. /77. The collected data using descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed. Research finding showed that the faculty members Citizenship behavior was normal and the priority of Citizenship behavior in order were Humility, Fairness, Task implementing and civil virtues.