فهرست مطالب bahman ramavandi

Pars special economic energy zone (PSEEZ) in Iran is the second largest energy zone in the world with more than 60,000 operational and non-operational personnel. Considering the nature of the activities being done in PSEEZ, it is rational to expect that a wide range of hazardous materials be present in the air composition of this area. It is shown in this research that Benzene-Toluene-Ethylbenzene-Xylene (BTEX) are the most challenging in PSEEZ and benzene concentration violates the standards in all sampling points. The study area is divided into three subzones of gas refineries, petrochemical complexes and non-operational areas. In the gas refineries, benzene concentration is recorded to be 480 times higher than the standard for exposure limit. The concentration of benzene in petrochemical complexes is also about 160 times higher than the standard limit. Considering the vicinity of the petrochemical complexes the cumulative impacts of BTEX will also worsen the situation regarding BTEX cancer risk. In non-operational areas, benzene concentration reaches 40 times higher than the standard limit which is a serious health challenge. Comparing the data of BTEX distribution with AQI proves that AQI solely is not an appropriate index for assessing the air quality in PSEEZ and defining local indices for air quality assessment with taking hazardous chemicals such as BTEX into account. Moreover, some other pollutants such as heavy metals and H2S are detected in the air quality in significant amounts which raise the need to a reconsideration in location of unprotected non-operational personnel.

Nowadays, with the rapid development of industries and technology, the risk of work- related accidents, occupational diseases and environmental pollution is increasing. Considering the importance of preventing these hazards, some universities in Iran have recently trained students in new interdisciplinary specialties such as health, safety and the environment (HSE). Some organizations are issuing specialized certificates for individuals by holding short-term workshops. Meanwhile, the acquisition of specialized HSE knowledge is almost impossible within a few hours or days. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explain the importance of HSE academic education at postgraduate level, the need to integrate the three categories of health, safety and environment and to explain the skills required by HSE specialists.

The present library review study was conducted in 2018 using tools included reviewing library texts and searching reliable online sources. For this purpose, the keywords of HSE, Health, Safety, Environment, etc. were searched in reputable databases such as Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar, and also related sites such as OSHA, ACGIH, and ILO.

The results show that today, the HSE curriculum is taught in many developed and developing countries as an interdisciplinary and post-graduate course. HSE graduates must have specific skills such as human relationships, safety management knowledge and accident prevention, verbal communication skills, and writing HSE guidelines in the workplace.

The integration of health, safety and environmental management systems by HSE specialists has a vital role in the prevention of occupational diseases, industrial accidents and environmental degradation, especially in complex industries such as oil, gas, petrochemicals, nuclear, ports and shipping industries.

Gas and petrochemical industries in Assaluyeh produce various types of pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, O3, NOx, SOx, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sulfide hydrogen (H2S), heavy metals and hazardous air pollutants (HAP) including nickel, chromium, cadmium and selenium, benzene, hexane, toluene, xylene, propylene and naphthalene, which have irreparable effects on ecosystem, environment and human health. Several studies have reported the presence of hazardous pollutants such as heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal sediments in the South Pars region. Studies on marine aquatic organisms such as bivalves showed high and toxic concentrations of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, arsenic, sternium, tin, silver, antimony, and molybdenum). Moreover, several studies have shown extremely high concentrations of heavy metals in the trees of Assaluyeh region compared to non-polluted areas. Some studies have reported that pollen allergenicity has increased dramatically due to changes in protein profiles and the biological structure of tree pollens caused by pollutants in the gas and petrochemical industries in Assaluyeh. In addition, studies conducted in residents of Assaluyeh showed that urinary levels of heavy metals such as arsenic, vanadium, manganese and nickel are significantly higher than those in the controls. The prevalence of asthma, nasal allergy and eczema is also higher in Assaluyeh region than that in other cities of Iran.

Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome which is associated with the worldwide major public health problems. There are many natural compounds from the sea-market, as a valuable aquatic source, along with the variety of health and therapeutic benefits. In the present research, with respect to the traditional and ethnic uses of Sargassum oligocystum algae for healing of some diseases which have similar metabolic mechanism to the diabetes, its anti-diabetic effects in animal model was proposed.
The animals (rat) were divided into the normal control, diabetic control, positive control and, the test groups. The test groups were gavaged with oral doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg of algae hydroalcoholic extracts. After 30 days of intervention the serum glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, HDLC, LDLC, insulin, insulin resistance, β-cells function and, the histopathology of pancreatic tissue were evaluated.
In animals that were fed with algae extracts a significant decrease in the fasting blood glucose, triglyceride and HOMA-IR and an increase in the HOMA-B with no significant impacts on the insulin, cholesterol and HDL were observed. Also, the histopathology evaluations in the groups which were treated with algae extract revealed the regeneration and reconstitution of damaged pancreatic β-cells.
The results give evidence that, the S. oligocystum algae extract has a healing effect on diabetes which can be considered as a new research prospect for the natural therapy of diabetes.

Background & Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) significantly affect the chemistry of atmosphere and human health and petroleum storage has been identified as largest emitters of VOCs. With models of air pollution can model the concentration and distribution of VOCs from oil tanks. The aim of this study was to investigate and model of VOCs emissions from an oil tanks field in Iran using the TANKs 4.0.9d software and the distribution of these compounds in the study area using AERMOD model.
In this study, the rate and percentage of monthly emissions of VOCs from 22 oil storage tanks in 12 months year 2014(1392-1393) using the TANKS software were determined according to losses and tank type in Esfahan, Iran. Then, by using AERMOD model the maximum concentration of VOCs in the area with the surface of 10 × 10 km2 and with a network distance of 200m and then in the range of 50 × 50 km2 and with a network of 1000 m in the statistic period of 12 months and for a average time of 1, 3, 8 and 24 hours, one-month and one -year statistical period at the height of 1.5m of the Earth's surface was determined and the distribution of VOCs in the area was simulated and displayed by GIS software.
The results of TANKS software showed that the studied tanks were annually emitted 1485801.26 tons VOCs in which the tanks with external floating roof 99.98% and with fixed vertical roof 0.017% were contributed. The results of AERMOD software also indicated that maximum concentrations of VOCs occur in the area 10×10 km2 in cold seasons. This phenomenon is due to reduce of mixing depth and resulting in the formation of the inversion phenomenon.
This work can help plant engineers to decide on an appropriate strategy to control VOCs. Employing the tanks with fixed vertical roof and modification of operational pattern could lead to a reduction of VOCs emissions and eventually affect the economical, ecological and hygienic aspects.

This study revealed the potential of a brown alga, Sargassum oligocystum, harvested from Persian Gulf for the Cu2 adsorption from aqueous solutions. The adsorption kinetic and isotherm and the characteristics of the biomass prepared from S. oligocystum (BSO) were investigated. The BSO was a mesoporous adsorbent with Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area, a total pore volume, and an average pore diameter of 0.487 m2/g, 1.423 cm3/g and 12.5 nm, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed that there were many active functional groups such as alcohol and phenol groups, carbonyl, ethers, and esters on the BSO. Batch tests demonstrated that the Langmuir isotherm model best represented the equilibrium data with maximum copper ions adsorption capacity of 8.23 mg/g. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model was found to satisfactory describe the adsorption process. BSO is an easy-prepared adsorbent and could be an option for the treatment of Cu2+laden wastewaters.

School, as a reliable place in student's education, has an important role in training. If health principles do not comply with in schools, students may be suffering from infectious diseases. Health trainer can be effective in improving school health. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of health trainer on environmental health level of schools in Bushehr province. This study was a descriptive - analytic study. A total of 20 samples were selected from each of the elementary schools have and not have health trainer using the method of stratified random sampling in the Bushehr province in the year 91-92. Data collected by researcher direct observation and using an assessment form of school environmental health contains 30 questions in 9 different sections. The statistical method used to analyze and test questions in this study were the chi square and Fisher exact test. Based on findings of this research, between the environment health situation in schools with and without health trainer in 19 cases of health variables the significant difference was observed. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between health status of toilets (p<0.005), drinking water taps and buffet (p<0.001), yard and corridors (p<0.01), and solid waste disposal (p<0.025) in schools with and without health trainer in the year 91-92. Overall, the results indicate that the presence of health trainers in schools can lead to improved health status of the school. The schools without health trainer had very poor health status; this issue required further try of concerned authorities to employee health trainers in schools.

Sharp and cutting objects injuries are a major occupational hazard for healthcare workers, particularly nurses. Sharp and cutting objects expose nurses to dangerous viruses such as all types of hepatitis and HIV. The purpose of this study was to investigate injuries of hospital sharp and cutting wastes in nursing staff in Bushehr hospitals in 1392. This cross- sectional study was conducted among 68 nurses in Bushehr hospitals. Data collection was carried out by visiting the nurses in hospitals, and the questionnaires were answered by nurses from various sections of hospitals. Furthermore, sharp injury cases were reported and archived by each hospital from 1389 to 1392. Correlations between sharp injuries and parameters related to these events were investigated. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 19. The results of study showed that 58.8% of nurses had experienced sharp and cutting objects injuries. All of the nurses (100%) had been vaccinated against hepatitis virus. Most injuries (75.8%) were due to hitting the needle. Sharp injury events occurred more frequently in the 3-month period from Mehr to Azar (13 cases), on Monday (18 cases) and Wednesday (14 cases), and at the hours from 11:00 to 14:00 and after 16:00 (39 cases). Sharp and cutting wastes as well as their hazards should be further considered. Implementing a safe and effective strategy is essential for minimizing the injuries with sharp and cutting wastes. By promotion of knowledge and skill of nursing staff, we can minimize the injury rate.

Determination of water corrosion indexes is one of the affecting approaches on drinking water management. Corrosion can causes economical problems, reduce the useful life of water facilities, and health damages to consumers. The aim of this study was to survey of chemical quality and determination of the corrosion potential of the water distribution system in Bushehr city. In this cross sectional study, the sampling was carried out during one year from 7 stations. Values of Langelier, Ryznar, corrosivity and Puckorius indexes were calculated by using such parameters as pH, total dissolved solids, temperature, permanent and temporary hardness, and alkalinity. The average values for pH, total dissolved solids, temperature, and alkalinity was obtained 7.5, 586.82 mg/L, 66.92 mg/L CaCO3. The corrosion indexes were calculated Langelier 0.28, Ryznar 7.24, corrosivity 12.02, and Puckorius 7.81. Bushehr city water is tends to be slightly scaling based on Ryznar index and corrosive based on other studied indexes. Overall, the water quality was tending to corrosive and, therefore, recommended to use corrosion resistance pipes in water transmission and network or lining the inner wall of pipes or correction the water quality.

Background and Phenols are considered as priority pollutants because of their potential harm to human health. So, they should be removed from water resources to avoid further pollutions. The aim of this research was to evaluate phenol adsorption from aqueous solution using activated carbon provided from Populus alba. In this experimental study we used activated carbon as adsorbent with a mesh 40 that was provided from P. alba. After preparation of stock solution, the effect of influencing parameters on adsorption process such as pH (4, 6, 8, 10), contact time (3-60 min), adsorbent dosage (0.25-5g/l), and initial phenol concentration (10-50 mg/L) were evaluated. Also, to describe the experimental data, the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms, pseudo first- and pseudo second- order kinetic models were assessed. All experiments were conducted twice and the mean of percentage removal was obtained. BET surface areas of the activated carbon provided from P. alba were obtained at 1068 m2/g. According to Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of 172.41 mg/g was attained. Kinetic evaluation indicated that the adsorption of phenol by the investigated activated carbon followed the pseudo-second order reaction. This study showed that increase in contact time and adsorbent dosage increased the adsorption of phenol. While increase in pH and initial phenol concentration decreased phenol adsorption. Phenol was completely removed at pH4. The activated carbon provided from P. alba was found with a good potential for phenol removal from wastewaters. P. alba tree is abundantly found in many areas in Iran, therefore, it could be used to produce adsorbent and may be applied for removal of pollutants in water and wastewater industry.

Increasing environmental pollution by the discharge of wastewaters containing copper has caused much concern because of the serious health effects، particularly the brain and liver and its bioaccumulation. The objectives of this study was to investigate the performance of a low-cost and natural adsorbent namely Falcaria vulgaris to remove Cu (II) ions from aqueous solution. In this study، the leaf of Falcaria vulgaris was collected from farms in Lorestan Province and used for preparing the absorbent. Effect of various parameters such as solution pH (2-12)، contact time (5-80 min)، Cu concentration (50-150 mg/L) and adsorbent dose (0. 3-2 g/l) were studied. The experimental data were fitted to Freundlich، Langmuir، Temkin، Dubinin–Radushkevich Isotherm. Absorbent characteristics such as BET surface، pore volume، particle size and pHzpc were determined. The results showed that Cu adsorption was affected by factors such as initial copper concentration، adsorbent dose and solution pH. Maximum adsorption was obtained at the solution pH of the adsorption efficiency decreased with increasing the initial Cu concentration. Among four isotherm models studied، Langmuir model (with maximum adsorption capacity of 8. 83 mg/g) well-described the copper adsorption onto the adsorbent. The BET surface area of the adsorbent obtained from the leaves Falcaria Vulgaris was achieved to 2. 6 m2/g. Overall، the results of this study showed that the prepared adsorbent has a good ability to remove copper ion from aqueous solutions. Regarding the low cost، ready to preparation and high efficiency of the prepared adsorbent from Falcaria vulgaris، it can be used as an appropriate alternative instead of relatively expensive adsorbents such as activated carbon to remove metallic pollutants.

Background and The performance of full-scale moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was evaluated as an alternative for upgrading of Kish Island Mirmohana wastewater treatment plant. In this study activated sludge process upgrade to MBBR process and different operating parameters were compared. Effect of upgrading on different parameters such as organic loading rate (OLR), mixed liquor suspended solid (MLSS), mixed liquor volatile suspended solid, sludge retention time (SRT), sludge volume index (SVI), hydraulic loading rate (HLR), also removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solid were investigated. The study results show that with increasing the average flow influent (625.97 ± 38.6-1335.3 ± 102.06 m3/d) and reducing of aeration tank volume (300-150 m3), OLR (0.29 ± 0.1-1.82 ± 0.15), MLSS (1291.14 ± 463.43 mg/L-7382.85 ± 272.42 mg/L), SRT (12.5 ± 4.2 d-28.79 ± 3.84 d), SVI (54.94 ± 15.82-51.2 ± 9.31), HLR (13.85 ± 0.85-29.45 ± 2.25 m/d), and hydraulic retention time (4.61 ± 0.27-2.17 ± 0.17 h) were changed. Effluent concentrations under this operation condition were below the guidelines for irrigation water. Hence, MBBR process is a good alternative for upgrading wastewater plants especially when they have inadequacy space or need modification that will require a large investment.

Background and Taguchi method is a powerful design in experimental studies. This method, with the minimum number of test factors affecting the process, will save cost and time. This study was done using the Taguchi method to optimize the adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solutions by an adsorbent prepared from marble powder. Marble powder was supplied from Hamadan workshops stonemason and then grinded and sieved to the desired particle size using standard ASTM (mesh 40). Four parameters affecting the adsorption process (pH, contact time, temperature, and adsorbent dose) were considered in four levels. Residual fluoride concentration was measured by a spectrophotometer. Minitab V.16 (L-16 Orthogonal Array) was used to analyze the data. Taguchi model indicated that optimization conditions for fluoride adsorption by marble powder were adsorbent dose 0.7 mg/L, pH=2, temperature 25◦C, and contact time 5 min. ANOVA results showed that the most and least of influential parameters on adsorption process was associated with adsorbent dosage and solution pH, respectively. Taguchi statistical method as an efficient, effective, and without the need for a large number of experiments indicated that the marble powder as a new adsorbent, no cost, and without secondary pollutant has a high efficiency for fluoride removal from aqueous environments.

Dyes are used in many industries. The discharge of colored wastewater and effluents from these industries to receiving water bodies could cause many significant problems such as increasing the toxicity and chemical oxygen demand (COD). So, these types of wastewater should be appropriately treated. The efficiencies of activated carbon derived from date stone in the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions were assessed in this study. In this research that was an experimental study and was done in laboratory scale, the effects of different parameters such as initial pH (2-12), adsorbent dose (0.25-5 mg/L), initial dye concentration (50 -400 mg/L), and contact time (20-430 min) on methylene blue adsorption with activated carbon derived from date stone were evaluated. The reaction isotherm using the appropriate equations was also investigated. The results showed that dye adsorption with high efficiencies were obtained at pH 8. The evaluation of adsorption isotherm showed that laboratory data was best fit with Langmuir isotherm (R2= 0.998) and maximum adsorption capacity was obtained 478.3 mg/g. Based on the removal efficiency of used MB-concentrations in this study, we found that activated carbon derived from date stones could be applied as an efficient and inexpensive adsorbent in the removal of dyes from wastewater.

The increasing environmental pollution by heavy metals caused serious concern due to the carcinogenicity non biodegradability, and biological accumulation properties. The purpose of this study was to investigate the removal of copper as a heavy metal by using camel bone powder from wastewater. The process of copper absorption by powdered camel bone was performed in laboratory and batch mode. Effects of various parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent amount of copper concentration on the adsorption efficiency were studied. In order to better understand the equilibrium adsorption isotherms of Freundlich and Langmuir were assessed. All experiments were repeated three times and mean values reported. The specific surface area, total pore volume, and mean pore diameter of adsorbent were determined to 89.8 m2/g, 0.41 m3/g, and 1.1-2 mm, respectively. The results showed that the best performance of camel bone powder for copper removal (99%) was attained at a dose of 0.3 mg/L, pH 8, and contact time of 20 min. The equilibrium data fitted well with the Freundlich model (R2= 0.985). The results revealed that copper absorption was affected by factors such as initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and pH. The maximum adsorption was obtained at pH 8. Accordingly, the camel bone powder is an efficient, low cost, and promising option adsorbent for removal of different concentrations of copper from water and waste water.

A significant problem that mankind has faced in recent years with its production and indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in the environment. This applies regardless of the issue of recycling and reuses of recycled materials, in addition to the national capital loss the loss of natural resources and environmental damage is irreparable. In this study, the current situation and the obstacles to recycling and solid waste production per capita for each Bushehr citizen, and environmental and economic aspects of solid waste recycling are taken into consideration. We collected data through interviews with officials from the solid waste recycling organization of Bushehr, field observations and study of review articles has been conducted. with respect to the population of Bushehr city, 150000 people, the generation of solid waste per capita is estimated to average 600 grams per day. An average of 33,000 tons of solid waste in year 91 was collection in which 71% of solid waste was of organic and compostable and 29% of it was inorganic but recyclable. Only 2.1% of solid waste in Bushehr was recycled and more than 98% of it was unsanitary landfilled. Low rate of solid waste recycling in Bushehr is due to a lack of information of the recycled materials advantages, weaknesses in source separation of solid waste and unknown of recycling benefits to the public and the authorities. With reviewing of current status, information, education and the use of advanced mechanical equipment can use the economic and environmental benefits of recycling.

The major sources of phenol pollution in the aquatic environment are wastewaters from dyeing, pesticide, polymeric resins, petroleum and petrochemicals industries. Introducing phenolic compounds into the environment especially water bodies are one of the most important issues due to their toxicity for human and aquatic organisms. The aim of this work was to assess the capability of pumice- bimetal particles as an adsorbent for phenol removal from wastewater. In this experimental study, the pumice volcanic stone that was provided from the Kurdistan province was used. The pumice particles (mesh 30) were modified by metals of magnesium and copper, as bimetal compound. The functional groups and specific surface area of pumice bimetal particles were determined. After the preparation of a synthetic wastewater contain phenol, the influences of parameters including wastewater pH (2–12), reaction time (3–60 min), initial phenol concentration 25- 150 mg/L), and the adsorbent dose (0.5–2.5 mg/L) were investigated. The phenol concentration was measured using photometric method. Adsorption isotherm was evaluated using Freundlich and Langmuir models. The specific surface area, total pore volume, and mean pore diameter were determined to 4.67 m2/g, 0.0046 m3/g, and 48.23 nm, respectively. Results showed that the pumice bimetal exhibited the best performance for phenol removal (97.3%) at dose 2 mg/L, pH 8, and contact time 30 min. The equilibrium data fitted well with the Freundlich model (R2= 0.985). According to results, the pumice-bimetal particles are an efficient adsorbent and promising option for eliminating various concentrations of phenol from water and wastewater.

Availability and low cost of date stones make them useful as raw material in the preparation of activated carbon. Cyanide، because of its toxicity for humans and aquatic organisms، is one of the most important health problems. The aim of the present study was to evaluate cyanide removal from aqueous solutions and determine influencing parameters in its adsorption into activated carbon prepared from date stones.

In this experimental study، activated carbon was prepared by using an electrical furnace giving out 750°C temperature for 100 min. The effect of pH (2-12)، cyanide concentration (100-300 mg/L) and activated carbon dosage (0. 25-2 g/L) on the absorption process were explored. All experiments were conducted in triplicate and the mean absorption rate was reported.

The maximum adsorption capacity of 50. 21 mg/g corresponded with Langmuir model. Kinetic evaluation indicated that the adsorption of cyanide ions by the adsorbent clearly followed the pseudo-second order rate reaction. The absorption was pH dependent and the maximum adsorption was done by solutions having pH 9. At an optimum pH 9، over 97% removal of 100 mg/L cyanide was attained for an adsorbent dose of 1. 25 g/L during a 40 min contact time.

Activated carbon prepared from date stones is an efficient and low-cost adsorbent for removing of different concentrations of cyanide from water and wastewater.