bakhtiarizadeh

Archaeologists believe that men who lived in Archaeological sites of Mazandaran such as Komishan cave, Hutu and Kamarband, After leaving the cave were gradually formed the Gohar tappeh. Over time, people living with the loss of previous places were higher places. In Neolithic village has been form of rural life there, and And the Bronze period considered and the state of urbanization has found. Archaeological studies dating this area back to seven thousand years and findings of the Bronze era (the third millennium), Iron II Age (mid-second millennium B.C.) unfold it. this study provided Archaeoseismology based on knowledge paleoseismological on the fault system of the Khazar in the protohistory area on Gohar tappeh in Behshahr of Mazandaran province. Field reviews of paleoseismological has been in the archeology trenches of the Gohar tappeh site and geophysical data (GPR and geoelectric) from this range is evaluated at the appropriate scale. On the basis of paleoseismology researches, five earthquake events in period of 3500 to 5000 past years, with magnitude of 7 -6.2 on the moment magnitude scale (Mw) detected. The maximum displacement of detected index in paleoseismological observations by the Geophysical perceptions and GPR data also confirmed. Moreover the average course back of earthquake events is estimated at about 375 years. According to Archaeoseismology researches conducted in area, occurrence of earthquake events has been identified that in Range a few hundred years ago Cause loss or migration and immigration of protohistorical Gohar Tappeh people.

Ascites syndrome is a metabolic disorder in late ages of meat-type chickens. The only commercial broiler strain of Iran, Arian, has been incurred by this syndrome during a couple of decades ago. Due to susceptibility to ascites and some poor performance issues this strain are wiping out from indigenous market. Prevalence of ascites syndrome in commercial broiler of Arian is nearly 10% in average and in paternal lines it gets more fatality. Role of genetic factors in arising ascites has been proven by former researchers. Fighting against this syndrome through old methods are expensive and time consuming. Since presence of hypertrophy in a tissue needs to make facilities such as blood vessels to providing oxygen and nutrients so studying on angiogenesis pathway and its key important genes was directed. Whereas numerous organs engage the disease and among them heart has key role for initiating and developing the disease, so genomic study dealing with next generation sequencing (NGS) technology has been conducted to identify genes relating to angiogenesis and hypertrophy in right ventricle of ascites susceptible birds. 464 one-day-old chicks from B-line pedigree of Arian strain have been reared up to 21 days at the same rearing and nutritional conditions. At the age of 21 the rearing house was divided to 3 sections. Normal and cold sections at the ends of the house and buffer section at the middle. 464 chickens were transferred from normal to the cold section and kept the ambient temperature lower than 16 degrees for inducing ascites. 120 birds from cold section were selected randomly and slaughtered at the age of 42. Those of birds having ascites symptoms classified to ascites susceptible (As) and the other assigned to healthy (He). Samples of right ventricle was picked up and stored with RNAase-Later in liquid N tank. Then 12 As samples and 12 He samples were chosen for extracting total RNA by Biozol kit. After that every 6 samples in each groups pooled together and finally 2 As and 2 He samples prepared to make cDNA libraries for high throughput sequencer machine, Ilumina Hiseq 2000. RNA integrity score (RIN) were more than 7 for all samples. All small RNAs such as microRNAs, rRNAs and tRNAs were eliminated by oligo dt beads and finally all mRNAs was used for preparing library. cDNAs as long as 200 bp were selected for library. Sequencing has been done by BGI Company. For mapping, aligning, and DE analyzing several softwares were used such as: Tophat, cufflinks, cuffmerge and cuffdiff. Then significant DEGs imported to String for creating gene expression network and use DAVID 6.8 for investigation gene annotation and pathway analysis and finally Cytoscape v. 3.5.1 was used for network and cluster analysis. Nearly 90% of reads mapped on genome reference. In ascites group among 125 DEGs 79 genes was upregulated and 46 loci was down-regulated. Among 125 significant differentially expressed genes (FDR<20%) between As and He birds 59 genes were identified in a pathway in KEGG database. Gene ontology has been shown that the most significant biological process term containing 9 genes in term of gga04512: ECM-receptors interaction. The gene expression network analysis shows that average node neighboring was 3.763, network heterogeneity was 0.9 and network centralization was 0.236. Cluster analysis depicted 3 significant clusters involving key rule in angiogenesis including Cyclin- ependent Kinase1 (CDK1), ECM-receptors interaction and Interleukin 7 (IL7) (p-value<0.05). Up regulating of CDK1 with CCNB1 and CCNB2 may activated maturation promoting factor (MPF) that eventually induce cell division and proliferation in endothelial cells (ECs). Up regulating COL6A2 shows its roles in remodeling of ECM-receptors that in turn involving in proangiogenesis process in right ventricle hypertrophy in As birds. IL7 up regulated significantly (P-value<0.05) in As birds. This factor can induce IL8 and Ang-1 secretion from ECs. These factors have key important role for vascular remodeling and vascular tone in proangiogenesis and angiogenesis process. Studying on gene networks in susceptible bird’s heart cells has been shown that over expression in angiogenesis related genes was seen significantly in susceptible birds especially in ECM-receptor interaction, Cell division and IL-7 pathways as well. All these recent pathways rule actively in angiogenesis process and vascular network remodeling. So after finding these networks and related clusters it can be possible to find more extended studies on down regulated genes in apart or together for using breeding improvement objectives.

Economic pressure on the modern poultry industry has directed the selection process towards fast-growing broilers that have a reduced feed conversion ratio. Selection based heavily on growth characteristics could adversely affect immune competence leaving chickens more susceptible to disease. Native breeds of chickens are playing an important role in rural economies in most of the developing and underdeveloped countries. The immune system is an adaptive defensed at evolved in phylogenesis to control an organism’s integrity and apoptosis system is involved in many immune system mechanisms and diseases therefore this study has emphasized on apoptosis system. Recently, next generation sequencing technology (RNA-Seq) has become available as a powerful tool to investigate transcriptional profiles for gene expression analysis of many organisms. So, we performed comparative gene expression analysis of native and commercial chickens by RNAsequencing technology, in order to, detect differentially expressed genes involved in apoptosis in native and commercial breed poultry.
The chicken in this study was female from Esfahani and Ross breeds (47 days of age). The blood samples were collected from Brachial/ulnar wing vein; 5 ml was taken. The total RNA was extracted by using Trizol (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacture's protocol. The RNA pool was prepared by mixing together equal quantities of three RNA samples per group/ Total RNA was sent to BGI Company (China) for paired-end sequencing by an Illumina Hiseq 2000 platform and the raw reads were generated. Approximately 18 million fragments were sequenced with length of 150 bp. The quality of the row data was checked with Fast QC vol 0.11.2 and Trimmomatic (v 0.35) were used to remove Illumina adaptors, trimming of reads as well as quality or filtering reads by removing low-quality reads. The reads passed the quality control were mapped to the reference genome using Tophat2 (v2.1.1). For aligning and DE analyzing were used cufflinks, cuffmerge and cuffdiff. Then significant DEGs imported to String for creating gene expression network and use DAVID 6.8 for investigation gene annotation and pathway analysis and finally Cytoscape v. 3.5.1 was used for network and cluster analysis.
Among 1328 significant differentially expressed genes in immune system, 11 genes were identified in a pathway in KEGG database, which named apoptosis genes. Gene ontology has been shown that the most significant biological process term containing 4 genes in term of GO: 1900182 positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus. The apoptosis genes Network analysis showed that number of nods was 11, number of edges was 20, average of degree was 3.64, average local clustering coefficient was0.621. Furthermore, analysis of apoptosis gene networks by Cytoscape showed that PIK3R1 had the highest value by degree. Beside of this result, AKT1 and CSF2RB had the highest value by Beetwinness Centrality. The highest out degree and the lowest in degree were related to AKT1.
Overall, 3 apoptic genes including PIK3R1, AKT1 and CSF2RB were recognized as very important in breeding poultry. According to involving apoptic genes in disease and Innate immune system, we mayuse these genes in breeding plans. We can regulate them with appropriate cell and molecular methods or using epigenetic procedures.

Present research is about effective factors social – economic of factors on alienation of work. This research data with survey method is a350 members sample of personels in petrochemistry company of Bandar-e - Mahshar. This data has been selected with random sampling case. In this research the related variant is the alienation of work and its relation ship with independent variants in cluding, sex,kind of job, record employme, social- economic status, job satisfaction, job participation, job security organization justice which all of them have been earned from opinions of viewerse such as, Parson, Kurt lewin group dynamic theory and Adams equity theory, examined its. The results of this research indicate a significant rlationship among all of the above variant with alienation of work, while there isnot a relation between, record,kind of job, and employment and relative privation with alienation of work.The result of the regression model of the relationship between the independent variables in elination of work shows that R square is R2=0/62.

The objective of the present study was to estimate the genetic parameters for 13 linear type traits، somatic cell score (SCS) and longevity in Holstein population of Iran. Two set of data including 3000 (for SCS) and 12226 (for longevity) in the first lactation records on cows distributed across 219 and 1500 herd-year-season groups were used. SAS software and GLM procedure were used to fit the fixed models for determination of significant fixed effects on traits. The Genetic parameters were estimated based on restricted maximum likelihood method with an animal model using ASREML software. Heritability estimates for the type traits ranged from 0. 033 (foot angle) to 0. 29 (stature). The Genetic correlation among type traits and longevity ranged from 0. 41 (udder depth) to -0. 5 (chest with) and among type traits and SCS ranged from 0. 85 (rear udder width) to -0. 6 (fore udder attachment). The negative genetic correlation among some type traits with SCS and also the positive genetic correlation among some type traits with longevity indicate that these traits can be used within a selection index program in national progeny-testing. From genetic point of view، it is concluded that cows with higher body size have a more SCS and lower longevity.