baqer saroukhani

Periods of extensive transformation, such as world wars and deadly disease outbreaks, often prompt deep reviews of institutional performance, including the family. The COVID-19 pandemic is one such crisis that has significantly impacted the Iranian family, necessitating reevaluation. This study examines how the functions of family institutions in Tehran, Iran’s most populous and diverse city, have been reformulated post-pandemic. Tehran’s demographic, ethnic, class and cultural diversity creates a challenging environment for families, making it an apt case for study. Given the importance of the family in meeting individuals’ needs and its role in structural changes across society, this research explores how the functions of families in Tehran can be reevaluated after the pandemic. 

In the current Iranian society situation, few people do not believe in changing family values. Social values are the primary core of social action and the foundation of social order. For this reason, the present study seeks to answer this question. What is the direction of change in family values in the Marginalized neighborhoods of Tehran.

This study was a qualitative approach study, using the grounded theory method with Strauss and Corbin version. The samples were selected according to purposive and theoretical sampling from people aged eighteen years and above in the marginalized neighborhoods. To matche and compare with other regions, region nineteen and four were selected. Based on the theoretical saturation criteria, thirty in-depth interviews were conducted. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data.

According to the grounded theory method, gender attitudes toward women's employment, inequality of job opportunities, gender attitudes toward gender, equality between men and women, and decision-making power in the family categories were constructed.

Based on Ronald Inglehart's theory of value change, the findings showed that the direction of value change of the marginalized neighborhoods, like the neighborhoods located in the context of urban society (non-marginalized), tended towards post-a material gender values. In other words, it can be said that the direction of gender attitudes has moved away from traditional views and is moving towards modernity and postmodernity.

The purpose of present article is to analyze the individual-contextual cultural identity elements in the formation and stability of ethnic iIdentity of Turkish people in Iranian Azerbaijan. The method of this study is qualitative through snowball sampling method by interviewing with 22 of Turkish experts in Iranian Azerbaijan who are living in Tehran city and other Azeri provinces` centers in 2020. To validate the concepts of interviews, experts` ideas were applied through two consecutive stages. According to the “thematic analysis” obtained from the experts` interviews, from 144 contents, 74 categorized codes and 12 sub- themes and finally four main themes were recognized which are Geography, Language, Individual Attitude, and Biological Characteristics and their indexes were recognized as individual-contextual cultural identity elements in the formation and stability of ethnic iIdentity of Turkish people in Iranian Azerbaijan. Thus, the recognized cultural individual- contextual identity elements were the main features of Azeri nation`s formation and stability, also their continuity and synchronicity had led to the stability of t ethnic iIdentity of Turkish people in Iranian Azerbaijan.

The purpose of this article is to identify and prioritize the elements of contextual-cultural identity in the creation and stability of the identity of the Turkish ethnicity.

The present research uses a mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the qualitative phase, 22 Azeri experts living in Tehran City and other Turkish-speaking province centers in 2020 selected through snowball-sampling method to reach theoretical saturation were interviewed. In the quantitative phase, 384 residents of the centers of the Azeri provinces were selected through stratified random sampling method using Cochran's formula. Research instruments in qualitative part were checklist and semi-structured questionnaire. The instrument of the quantitative part was a researcher-made questionnaire extracted from the identified indicators of contextual-cultural identity in the creation and stability of the Turkish ethnic group. To validate the content of the interviews, two consecutive stages of surveys with experts were used. Content validity and structural validity were used to assess the validity and Cronbach's alpha was used to assess the reliability of the researcher-made questionnaire.

The findings of the qualitative section revealed that based on the “thematic analysis” obtained from the interviews with experts, from 144 contents, 74 categorized codes, 12 sub-themes and finally four main themes were recognized, inclusding:1. Geography, 2. Language, 3. Individual Attitude, and 4. Personality Characteristics; their indexes were recognized as contextual-cultural identity elements in the creation and stability of Turkish ethnicity. Moreover, the results of the quantitative section, according to the exploratory factor analysis, showed five factors affecting the creation and stability of the individual-contextual cultural identity element of Turkish ethnicity, including 1. Personality characteristics, 2. Language, 3. Gender differences, 4. Individual attitudes, and 5. Geography. The results of one-sample t-test proved that the contextual-cultural identity, to a large extent, affects the creation and stability of the identity of the Turkish ethnicity. In this category, geography and language had the most important and gender differences had the least important role.

Hence, geography and language are the most important elements of contextual-cultural identity in the creation and stability of the identity of the Turkish ethnicity.