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Human error incidence is inevitable in many occupational situations such as power plants, military industries, and chemical and nuclear industries and can cause disaster and damage. This study was, therefore, aimed to assess human errors in combined-cycle power-plant control room and to offer control solution using SHERPA technique. This cross-sectional study was performed in Yazd combined-cycle power plant. At first, all different activities of the unit were considered after interviewing the workers and consulting with supervisors, line managers and also by HTA hierarchical analysis. SHERPA systematic prediction approach was applied to identify potential human errors. 115 errors analyzed through SHERPA approach, The results indicated that among checking errors were the highest with 39.04%. This was followed by action errors with 38.08%, communication errors, 13.89%, and retrieval errors, 8.61%. It can thus be concluded that the most prevalent errors are checking and action errors. Therefore, it is suggested that work instructions, staff training and translation of instructions as well as employing inspection operators to monitor the performances should be considered as a priority.

Maternal anemia in pregnancy is a considerable risk factor for both mother and fetus. Growth retardation, intra uterine fetal death, maternal cardiovascular symptoms and reduction in blood supply are among outcomes of maternal anemia. Since there are different reports about the relationship between low maternal hemoglobin level and low birght weight, the precent study was designed to determine the relationship of maternal iron deficiency in pregnancy and umbilical cord cortisol level with neonatal weight and length. This cross-sectional study was done on 500 pregnant women reffered for elective cesarean. At first, blood sample was taken for determining hemoglobin level. Then, in anemic ones (Hb<11), blood sample was taken to determin iron deficiency indices. After cesarean, blood sample was taken for determining the umbilical cord cortisol level. Data were analyzed through SPSS 20. In mothers with normal hemoglobin, neonate’s weight and length were significantly higher (P=0.030, P=0.039). Umbilical cortisol level had a significant relationship with birth weight and length (P=0.001, P=0.001), but there was no significant correlation between maternal hemoglobin level and umbilical cord cortisol level. Maternal anemia changes the angiogenesis in placental vessels and causes growth retardation and pregnancy complications due to creating stress in mother and increasing CRH. The results of this study highlight the importance of maintaining the hemoglobin level in normal range with prescription of iron products in iron deficiency anemia and removing the risk factors of maternal hemoglobin increment. Due to the meaningful relation between umbilical cord cortisol with birth weight (direct relation) and length (indirect relation), more studies about the maternal anemia, maternal cortisol and another factors influencing on umbilical cord cortisol level are suggested.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of death worldwide and hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia are major risk factors for the disease. Considering the role of hyperlipidemia as the underlying cause of cardiovascular mortalities and morbidities, and the limited and conflicting results of studies on CETP gene polymorphisms in Iran, we aimed to study -971 G/A polymorphism of cholesterol ester transfer protein gene in patients with primary hyperlipidemia. In this case-control study performed in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences (from May 2010 to April 2011), we recruited 200 patients with primary hyperlipidemia (total cholesterol >250 mg/dl and/or triglyceride >200 mg/dl) as the cases and 200 healthy individuals with normal cholesterol and triglyceride as the control group. Gene segments were replicated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and -971 G/A polymorphism genotypes were identified by RFLP technique. Subsequently, plasma CETP activity was measured enzymeatically by a kit in a fluorescence spectrometer. The allele and genotype frequencies were not significantly different (P>0.05) between the two groups (in the control group: AA 24%, GA 47% and GG 28.5% and in the case group: AA 18%, GA 51% and GG 31%). In the case group, homozygous individuals with A alleles (AA genotype) had greater cholesterol and HDL-c concentrations than those with other alleles (GG and GA). In both cases and controls, individuals with AA genotype had lower CETP concentrations. We conclude that -971 G/A polymorphism in CETP gene promoter can affect lipid profile and alter CETP activity.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) mainly caused by awkward postures، manual lifting and carrying the load، repetitive movements and lack of appropriate work station design. To identify the prevalence rate of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in auto parts-manufacturing plants’ workers، this study was conducted. In a cross-sectional study، we calculated the prevalence rate of WMSDs in 1383 workers of two largest auto parts-manufacturing plants، using Nordic questionnaire in Iran. According to the results، 81. 2% of the workers mentioned that they have experienced musculoskeletal disorders at least in one of their nine body regions during last year. The most common body regions affected were lower back (61. 8%)، hand and wrist (59. 2%) and elbow (48. 7%)، respectively. Results of this study show that the prevalence rate of WMSDs is very high in workers studied. Therefore، for improving working conditions، it is necessary to set ergonomics preventive programs and workplaces design.

To establish a method for determination of in-cabin benzene and evaluate the occupational exposure, a cross-sectional study was conducted. In this descriptive study, 30 taxi-cabs were selected and the concentrations of benzene was measured in stopping and driving conditions using solid phase microinstruction (SPME) method. The overall average concentration of benzene in all brands was 905 and 309µg/m3 under stopping and driving conditions, respectively. Under stopping condition, the highest and lowest average concentrations were 3200 and 122µg/m3 respectively. After 15 minutes of driving, the levels lowered to 1000 and 57µg/m3, respectively. The concentration of benzene decreased rapidly and significantly, after 15 minutes of driving with opened windows (p<0.05). In both stopping and driving conditions, the concentration of benzene in taxi-cabs with more than six months life time (1138 and 393µg/m3) was higher than those of less than six month life time (671 and 225µg/m3). However, no significant variation was observed. The concentration of benzene measured herein in this study, markedly exceeds the proposed indoor benzene NHMRC standard. The results indicate that opening the windows before driving reduces the exposure of drivers to benzene. The result of this study could also be useful for further monitoring program of in-vehicle air quality.

Hypercholesterolemia is considered a major risk factor for pancreatitis, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene polymorphisms are known to be associated with changes in lipid levels. We investigated the association between a polymorphism in the CETP gene (D442G) with plasma lipid levels and CETP activity in patients with hypercholesterolemia. This case/control study that be done in Hamadan university of medical sciences (from October 2008 to September 2009), included 102 patients with hypercholesterolemia and 200 healthy individuals. Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphisms were used to determine genotypic distribution and allelic frequencies of polymorphisms. The plasma CETP activity was measured by a kit in a fluorescence spectrometer. Lipid concentrations were measured by routine biochemical and enzymatic assays. Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity was significantly higher in the cases than the controls (P<0.05). The genotypic and allelic frequencies for this polymorphism were not statistically different between the patients with hypercholesterolemia and the controls (in controls: DD 96%, DG 4%, GG 0% and in cases: DD 86%, DG 10%, GG 4%), (P>0.05). Plasma HDL-C, LDL-C and TC were higher in both groups with GG and DG genotypes than with DD genotype, whereas serum CETP activity was lower in GG genotype compared with other genotypes (GD or DD), (P<0.05). The results showed that D442G polymorphism of CETP gene was associated with changes in lipid profile and plasma CETP activity in the selected population and it might have a role in contributing to a genetic risk for developing coronary artery disease.

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders(WMSDs) are a common health problem and a major cause of disability. In order to control of musculoskeletal disorder risk, it is so important to understand how these disorders develop and manifest themselves in society. In order to assess exposure to risks for WMSDs and provide a basis for ergonomic interventions, this study was done for posture evaluation in FRO- ALEAGE factory workers of Kerman. this is a descriptive cross-sectional study that accomplished using OWAS, RULA, QEC software method for evaluation of incidence of MSDS.finding of this study showed that the duties"mineral stone breaker, spout cleaner, outside cleaner and stoker" are the most hazardous tasks. Adjustment of work station, work load reduction and designing of suitable work stations are our recommendation for improvement of work conditions. assessing results of RULA and QEC revealed strong relation and correlation between twomethods. So we recommend using these 2 methods for posture evaluation of workers in similar tasks.

Occupational accidents are one of the great problems in the world and they created greatest and most hardship damages, because the damage of accidents can affect on peoples mental and body health then this study have been performed intending to understanding relationship of quality of life and occupational accidents. This study is case-control and sample size of case group were 113 worker which consist of affected persons by occupational accidents in RudbarLorestan Dam & plant during of 1384-88 and sample size of control group are 113 which these were matched with the case group by age and they didnt expose to occupational accidents. Search tools is quality of life questionnaire-SF36- have been translated to Persian that its reliability and validity have been approved. The workers were asked fill in questionnaire. The date were analized by SPPS-17 and by Kruskal-Wallis and Man-Whitney tests and spearman correlation coefficient. This study results indicated that average scores of quality of life dimensions in case and control group were physical functioning 86.23±21.20 and 90.17±17.87, role limitation due to physical problem 61.50±38.24 and 78.76±32.77, bodily pain 63.04±30.7 and 83.65±21.96, general health 61.55±19.7 and 58.61 ±17.1, vitality 61.32±20.7 and 63.31±14.16, social functioning 50.33±15.53 and 58.61±17.1,role limitations due to emotional problems 54.57 ±38.59 and 70.2±37.36, mental health 65.65± 18.61 and 65.2±16.2, respectively. According to the obtained results, physical component summary of injured workers had significant differences (p<0.005) in comparison to control group(non- injured subjects), but in mental component summery of life quality were not founded significant different. Unhealthy and unsafe work conditions and occupational injuries can affect and reduce quality of life.

The aim of this study was to identify the hazards, evaluate their risk factors and deter mine the measure for promotion of the process and reduction of ac cidents in the chemical unit of the power station. In this case and qualitative study, HAZOP technique was used to recognize the hazards and problems of operations on the chemical section at power station. To tally, 126 deviations were docu mented with various causes and consequences. Ranking and evaluation of identified risks indicate that the majority of de viations were cate gorized as "acceptable" and less than half of that were "unaccept able". The highest calculated risk level (1B) related to both the interruption of acid entry to the discharge pumps and an increased density of the acid. About 27% of the deviations had the lowest risk level (4B). The identification of hazards by HAZOP indicates that it could, sys temically, assess and criticize the process of consumption or production of acid and alkali in the chemical unit of power plant.

Aims. The routine treatment of chronic bronchitis is bronchodilator drugs and antibiotics. Sulfur mustard is cytotoxic and compromises the immune system, rendering the patient prone to various microorganisms as a result, there is a possibility of microbial resistance to antibiotics. This study aimed at assessing common microorganisms and microbial resistance to antibiotics. Methods. In this study 214 patients treated with antibiotics for chronic bronchitis induced by chemical and non-chemical agents. The subjects were divided into two groups based on the cause of infection: 117 cases induced by sulfur mustard and 97 cases caused by non-chemical agents. Streptococci A, streptococci D and streptococci non A.D, staphylococcus aurous, streptococci epidermitis, Entrobacter, Pseudomonas, E. coli, klebsiella and citrobacter were evaluated in the two groups Results. The most common microorganism in both groups culture were: 57.9% Streptococci non A non D (50% in chemical victims and 50% in non chemical victims), 10.3% staphylococcus aurous (63.6% in chemical victims and 36.4% in non chemical victims), 9.3% pseudomonas aeroginosa (70% in chemical victims and 30% in non chemical victims). In pseudomonas aeroginosa group: in chemical victims 12 patients (85.7%) were sensitive and 2 patients (14.3%) were resistance to ciprofloxacin, in non chemical victims 6 patients (100%) were sensitive and no resistance to ciprofloxacin were reported. also in chemical victims 8 patients (57.1%) were sensitive and 4 patients (28.6%) were resistance to amikacin, in non chemical victims 4 patients (66.7%) were sensitive and no resistance to amikacin were reported. In staphylococcus aurous group: in both groups no resistance to ciprofloxacin were reported. also in chemical victims 2 patients (14.3%) were sensitive and 12 patients (85.7%) were resistance to vancomycin, in non chemical victims 8 patients (100%) were sensitive and no resistance to vancomycin were reported. In streptococci non A non D group: in chemical victims 46 patients (90.2%) were sensitive and 2 patients (3.9%) were resistance to ciprofloxacin, in non chemical victims 39 patients (72.2%) were sensitive and 7 patients (13%) were resistance to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion. Since, the patient\'s response to ciprofloxacin was higher in both groups and also against all three common bacteria this study could be considered a good medication in treatment of chemical or non chemical chronic bronchitis. However further analytic studies are needed to confirm this results.