batool azari

This article presents a case study to assess the impact of monetary market shocks on the consumption behavior of urban households across different age groups (elderly, middle-aged, and young cohorts). Utilizing a method developed by Deaton and Paxson (1997) and analyzing cross-sectional household budget data, a pseudo-panel dataset is constructed to examine the intergenerational consumption patterns of individuals born between 1957 and 1992. The findings highlight that the highest magnitude of monetary market shock occurred from 2011 to 2012. It is observed that young households exhibit lower consumption levels compared to other cohorts and experience greater vulnerability to both small and significant adverse shocks in the monetary market. Furthermore, a significant negative shock impacts all age groups, resulting in a convergence of consumption expenditures across cohorts; however, the young cohort experiences the most significant reduction in consumption due to its heightened vulnerability relative to other age groups

Education is one of the most important factors in economic development that has a major impact on the alleviation of poverty and inequality. Since education, as one of the most effective factors in economic development, can play a significant role in increasing welfare, this study aims to examine the impact of education on probability of poverty trap occurrence in income dynamics in Iran. Poverty trap is a self-reinforcing process that leads to poverty continuance. In fact, poverty traps reproduce and perpetuate poverty, and the economy is caught in a vicious circle, in which poverty grows and a more favorable situation is created for the incidence of poverty. In this paper, due to shortage of panel data, semi-panel data have been used. The performance tracking of each generation over the time is the characteristics of these data. The results indicate that in both generation groups on average, income level of householders is not within the poverty trap.

One of the issues discussed in economy is the socioeconomic inequality in the society. Income mobility is another measure which indicates the degree of inequality of opportunity in a society. The extent of income mobility depends on socio-economic status of the individuals. Different socio-economic status leads to further inequality and increases inequality of opportunity. Such inequalities lead to the formation of Poverty which can be reproduced and transmitted from one cohort to the other، if not utilize the appropriate method. income mobility is measured as either conditional or absolute one. In Conditional mobility fixed effects are considered، however in absolute mobility it is not so. Fixed effect parameter that indicates the heterogeneity between individuals. According to the importance of the issue of poverty and the relation it has with inequality، this paper studies the conditional mobility in the economy of Iran. In this study Household Survey Data collected by Iran Statistical Center from 1988 till 2011 is used. The method of nonlinear dynamic pseudo-panel has been used in order to measure income inequality dynamics. Nonlinear dynamics of income inequality for urban areas in Iran are estimated. This method enables us to track the performance of each cohort over time. The main results of this study indicate that the conditional income mobility is low and dine quality in the country has increased over time. Facing negative shocks، households cannot quickly improve their situation and return to the initial income، and at the same time، the market operation in itself cannot fix the problem. This means that the market provides more favorable conditions for people who have higher power and wealth. This leads the inequality to spread to the higher level.