فهرست مطالب behnam hamzehee

The purpose of this study is to clarify the necessity of considering buffer area and its role in natural or man-made ecosystems, with specific functions. Evaluating the direct and indirect destructive consequences of human manipulations, such as high-rise construction in buffer areas and its effects on the central core of this type of ecosystem is very essential. The National Botanical Garden of Iran has other functions such as preserving Iran's important and endemic species and is a source of their reproduction. In addition, as one of the respiratory lungs of Tehran, it plays a key role in air conditioning and educational programs. Based on this, the signs of urban development on different parts of the environment of this garden including water, soil, air, vegetation and wildlife have been investigated in this article. Based on the available information and the results of field survay, the long-term effects of this type of development on the NBGI have had an irreversible effect on the hydrological changes of the underground water resources, and in the future, the survival and sustainability of the NBGI will be affected due to the lack of underground water supply. In addition, reducing the wind and preventing the necessary ventilation and the formation of thermal islands will cause an outbreak of pests and important diseases on plants. Also, the limitation of soil permeability and the damage to aesthetic values of the garden are other negative consequences of this excessive development, which will threaten the sustainable life of the NBGI.

Rosaceae family consists of 25 genera and 290 taxa in Iran. Among them, 85 taxa are endemic to Iran. The most important endemic genera of Iran in terms of the species number include Alchemilla, Prunus, Potentilla, Pyrus, Crataegus, Cotoneaster, Sorbus, Drymocalis, Rubus, and Geum, respectively. This family has unique importance with the predominance of its members in the vegetation of the Irano-Turanian region, Alborz and Zagros forests, and scrublands of transition areas. Some genera in these areas include Pyrus, Crataegus, Prunus, Malus, Cotoneaster, and Rosa. The geographical distribution of this family is in all parts of Iran in the central plateau highlands except the coastal strip of southern Iran. In addition to their valuable role in vegetation, Rosaceae members are also economically important in human societies due to having edible fruits. Medically, a number of them, such as Prunus, Cotoneaster, and Crataegus, are used in various drugs.

During the revision of herbarium specimens in Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Gilan Province, Bidens frondosa L. was identified for the first time and is reported as a new record for the flora of Iran. The most important morphological traits of this species have been compared with its closely related species, B. tripartita L. and B. bipinnata L. Also, the geographical distribution and photos of the herbarium specimen and its natural state are provided.

Determining the potential of soil seed bank and its specific species is important for conservation goals and vegetation restoration of rangelands. In this study, the characteristics of soil seed bank and standing vegetation in Lazour mountain rangeland were investigated in order to estimate the rehabilitation ability of the study area in case of possible disturbances. In order to determine the percentage of similarity between the floristic composition of the soil seed bank and vegetation on the ground, display the distribution pattern of species, determine the species contribution in the similarity and determine the specific species of each group, respectively Sorenson index, nMDS ordination analysis, ANOSIM and SIMPER tests and analysis of index species was used. The results showed that in the soil seed bank, therophytes and annual herbaceous as well as the Poaceae family had the highest percentage of species. Considering the presence of all soil seed bank species in the vegetation list of the study area, Sorenson similarity index was estimated to be 67%. Bromus tomentellus played the highest role in creating a similarity matrix between standing vegetation and soil seed bank. Poa bulbosa with at least 71 seeds per square meter was significantly considered one of the valuable species at the depth of 5-10 cm soil seed bank. Also, important species with conservation value from the perspective of rangeland sciences such as Bromus tomentellus, Thymus pubescens, Stipa holosericea, Lactuca orientalis, Festuca ovina and Astragalus lilacinus with at least 913, 269, 234, 120, 57 and 14 seeds per square meter of soil, respectively, will be able to restore Lazour rangeland in case of destruction of vegetation on the ground.

The somatic chromosome number of 7 species from 5 families of angiosperms is reported from Iran. The chromosome numbers for 4 taxa including Tanacetum dumosum (Asteraceae) 2n=18, Phlomis elliptica 2n=20 & Phlomis aucheri (Lamiaceae) 2n=20and Alcea aucheri (Malvaceae) 2n=42 are new reports.Also,the tetraploid level (2n=4x=32) for Fibigia umbellata is reported for the first time.

The present study is reported somatic chromosome number of two Tanacetum speciesincluding T. stapfianum (Rech.f.) podlech (2 population)and T. lingulatum (Boiss.) Bornm. (1 population) for the first time. They belong to Asteraceae family and are endemic species from Iran. Two species of Tanacetum were collected from their habitats to investigate their karyotypes. Both species were diploid and chromosome numbers were 2n=2x=18. Ideograms are depicted for each population.

The genus Carpinus is considered as a common taxon in the temperate forests of the northern hemisphere, of which three species (Carpinus betulus, C. orientalis and C.× schuschaensis) were reported from the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. These are the main species of a number of Hyrcanian plant associations and usually appear with a high frequency. In this research, vegetation and the environmental conditions of C. betulus and C.× schuschaensis habitats were studied at the protected areas of Naghibdeh and Mazdeh forests. Data was collected using 46 relevés. Data collection and analysis were performed according to the Braun-Blanquet method. TWINSPAN was used to classify and analyze the vegetation data, and CCA ordination was used for the species-environment analysis. Based on the results, the vegetation was classified into four groups belonging to two associations: Querco castaneifolia-Carpinetum betuli Djazirei 1964 and Zelkovo carpinifoliae-Carpinetum schuschaensis ass. nov. in which the characteristic species of the new association were Carpinus× schuschaensis, Zelkova carpinifolia and Pyrus boissieriana. The topographic and soil texture variables were significantly different between the two communities. The first association was distributed on fairly low-gradient slopes (41% in average) with southwest aspect and in the soils with a higher percentage of silt, whereas the second one was established on steeper slopes (74% in average) with southeastern aspect and in the soils with more sand. The canopy percentage of the second association was significantly higher than that of the first one. These two associations are placed in the Parrotio-Carpinion Djazirei 1964.

The genus Crataegus L. has a wide distribution in Iran. Induviduals of Crataegus meyeri Pojark. show morphological variations in different regions. In this research, the effects of climatic variations on morphological traits of C. meyeri were studied. Seventy five specimens collected from nine provinces of Iran were measured in two sets of quantitative and qualitative traits. Statistical analysis of climatic data and morphological traits showed that wind and temperature were the most effective factors affecting the variety of morphological traits including leaf blade of short shoot and flowering shoot, indumentum of fruit surface and fruit shape. Relative humidity has also been correlated with the shape of the fruit base. Quantitative traits of leaf blade of short shoots and flowering shoots showed the highest correlation and leaf blade of elongate shoots with the least statistical correlation with climatic data.

Poaceae (Gramineae) includes 700 genera and 11,000 species in the world. In Iran, about 136 genera, 485 species, 32 subspecies and 59 varieties from this family have been reported, of which 26 taxa are endemic to Iran. The genera Bromus, Stipa, Festuca and Agropyron have the highest share in Iranian rangelands. The genus Stipa with 20 species is one of the most important genera of this family in Iran. This family is the most important family of flowering plants in terms of geographic distribution, ecology and economics. The grains of Gramineae family directly contribute 60% of the human food consumption and indirectly about 20% of the world's protein diet. The most important weeds of the world belong to this family. Grasslands cover about 37% of land, and the livelihood of about one billion people from developing countries depends on them. Because of the importance of feeding livestock from meadows and grasslands, the United Nations considers the identification of them as a solution to the challenge of nutrition in the growing world population in the future. In a grassland ecosystem, only about 20% of the species belong to the Gramineae family, but the same number can produce about 90% of the total biomass. About 16% of rangelands have already been destroyed or turned into agricultural land. The restoration of degraded lands (including grasslands) is one of the biggest potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the agricultural sector. Management of rangeland grazing can play a key role in reducing additional carbon.

Echium khuzistanicum is an endemic species of Iran in Khuzestan province. The only habitat of this species is in north of Ahvaz (on the road of Ahvaz to Shoush, Alhaee village), Dez basin, and the warm steppe region. Its habitat is located in the Sahara-Sindian region. Echium khuzistanicum occupies an area of 100 m2 with a few scattered individuals in the area. Based on IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Echium khuzestanicum is an endangered species. The habitat of this species is affected by human activities. The field observations indicated that agriculture and road construction were the main threats to this species. Therefore, special attention and full conservation of this natural genetic reserve are needed.

Micromorphological features regarding lower surface of leaf epidermis and seed surface in eight Crataegus taxa representing the series Pentagynae and series Crataegus subseries Erianthae were studied by scanning electron microscopy. All data were analyzed using Anova and PCA statistical methods. Qualitative traits of lower surface of leaf epidermis include relief of cuticle membrane, striations and kinds of crystalloid waxes allow distinct delimitation at infrageneric, inter- and infraspecific levels, whereas the quantitative characteristics are less informative. The seed traits compared to the leaf features provide less reliable characters in the taxonomy of the genus.

Oxytropis guilanica Maassoumi & Moradi is described as a new species from Talesh (N Iran, Guilan Province). The new species is probably most closely related to O. pilosa (L.) DC. Androsace elongata L. is a new record for Iran that is also collected from this area. These species are compared with their relatives. Distribution map as well as illustrations of these novelties are represented. An identification key for new record is prepared.

In this study، the morphological and micromorphological characters in form-series of species Rosa canina were considered. In this species، it is difficult to find constant morphological features due to its wide distribution and high potential for hybridization with other species of this genus. Therefore، 30 morphological and 31 micromorphological characters were studied. Regarding high variable of features specially four characters indumentum leaflet، pedicle، glandular leaflet and pedicle، this species was classified into 8 groups. Anatomical، micromorphological and statistical studies with SPSS and NTsysb softwares showed that these characters were valuable to separate these form-series from each other.

In the present study, 28 species of Bromus L. have been investigated based on micromorphological characters of abaxial surface. The lamina of grass leaf blades is divided into costal and intercostal zones. The results of this study showed that the costal zone includes short and long cells and probably hair and prickle and the intercostals zone includes long cells, stomata and hairs. They are similar and constant in all species. But indumentum types are different in species. Also the characters of indumentum have taxonomical value and can be used in distinguishing of species.

Bromus catharticus Vahl and Bromus danthoniae Trin. var. uniaristatus Melderis are reported as two new records from Iran. Exact localitis based on herbarium specimens are given and geographical distribution of the species are explained.

In this paper the leaf structure of 25 Iranian species of Bromus in Iran have been anatomically examined. Eighty one characters were selected for variable and constant species characters. Among them 28 characters are variable in different localities, 40 characters constant in all species (even in different localities) and 13 characters variable between species which these characters have taxonomical value and can be used for distinguishing between species. Based on the study, annual and perennial species are separated in two groups. In this paper, in addition to providing a list of variable and constant species characters, tables showing the species distinguishing characters as well as anatomical photos of the species is presented.

Crucianella macrostachya Boiss. is recorded from Iran. This species have been collected from Bisotun Protected Area in Kermanshah province in W. of Iran. Characteristics, exact locality, habitat, geographical distribution and the last state of nomenclature are explained.

Qeshm island with an area of 1445 km² is the largest island in the Persian Gulf situated alongside the Hormozgan province coast, stretching from Bandar Abbas to the Khamir port. Of the vegetation in the island, one can mention the mangrove forest on the northern shores of the island in Laft and Tabl districts, halophyte plant associations and psamophyte-halophyte vegetation on the eroded terraces and the dry woodlands. In this paper 314 native species in the island are listed of which 74 species have, as yet, not been recorded in any other Qeshm documents. Classification based on biological types indicates that the therophytes and chamaephytes make up the largest percentage of the plants. From the chrological point they also exhibit the largest percentage of Saharo-Sindian elements.

Astagalus ciceropsis as a remarkable new species is described from Kermanshah, Iran. Systematic position of the new species is not clear within all known basifixed hairy sections of the genus Astragalus.

The foliar anatomy of genus Carex (Cyperaceae) from the Arasbaran protected area was studied under the light microscope. The following species have been analysed: C. distans, C. divisa, C. divulsa, C. halleriana, C. liparocarpos, C. nigra, C. pallescens.

Nardusstricta (Poaceae: Nardeae) as a new report and Melilotusneapolitana (Popilionaceae) as an interesting plant are recordedfrom Iran. Exact localitiesbased on herbariumspecimens are given and geographicaldestribution of the plants are explained.

Arrhenatherum elatius var. elatius, A. elatius var. subhirsutum, Bromus mollis, Leptochloa uninervia, Paspalum paspaloides, Poa longifolia subsp. longifolia var. nigrescens, Trigonella brachycarpa and Trigonella gladiata are recorded as new and noteworthy plants from Iran. Exact localitis based on herbarium specimens are given and geographical distribution of the plants are explained.