bita arab narmi

Given the importance of physical education classes and the role of physical education teachers in improving the quality of these classes, it's essential to develop a reliable and valid questionnaire for the self-evaluation of teacher effectiveness in physical education in our country. In this study, the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the self-evaluation of teacher effectiveness questionnaire in physical education (SETEQ-PE) were investigated.

This study is descriptive and survey research using confirmatory factor analysis. The original version of the Self-Evaluation of Teacher Effectiveness Questionnaire in Physical Education (Kyrgiridis et al, 2014) consist of 26 items and 6 subscales of learning environment, student and teacher assessment, application of the content of physical education, use of technology, teaching strategies and lesson implementation. The questionnaire was translated into Persian and was conveniently distributed between 264 (male and female) physical education teachers aged 25-40 years. Internal consistency of the questionnaire and all its six subscales was established using Cronbach's alpha and construction validity was conducted by confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equations modeling.

The results of 1st and 2nd order of confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach alpha coefficient showed that Persian version of the SETEQ-PE is acceptable in terms of reliabilityand validity among Iranian physical education teachers.

Altogether, results of the present study showed that SETEQ-PEis able to be used as a reliable and valid instrument to measureteaching effectiveness of physical education teachers.

Iran-Japan Competition in Asian Nations Cup 2019. This match was selected for analysis due to the large number of television viewers, being in a particular time, the repeated failures in previous periods and the acceptable performance in the matches of this era. But the match ended with a 3-0 defeat for Iran.  The question was what strategies broadcasters used to report this event? And how did these strategies change after changing the outcome of the game?

This qualitative research was done with discourse analysis method. Analyzes were performed by using Van Dijk’s theoretical model (2004) in the framework of critical discourse analysis considering macro and micro levels

Analysis according to macro level of Van Dijk square represented that Emphasizing on the positive point about “self”. (representing Us positively (has the highest frequency among other properties. The frequency of macro and micro levels strategies also changes with the outcome of the game. Reporter also used micro strategies of “lexicalization”, “victimization” and “dramatization” and “consensus” in order to manage the minds of the audience.  

The ambition of the national TV has been to keep motivation and to overcome feeling failure and hopelessness and after an undesirable outcome, tries to modify and justify the situation.

The aim of this study was to examine sport hero/ine’s features and barriers to achieve their status based on students’ viewpoints. 300 students participated and wrote about obstacles of achieving the status of their hero/in through answering open questions. Data were analyzed using descriptive-analytical method and using Van Dijk's theoretical model (2004) in the framework of critical discourse analysis considering macro and micro levels. In describing the sports hero/ine, the women pointed to physical, facial, and behavioral-moral traits, respectively. Also men pay more attention to behavioral-moral, faces and personalities than other traits. The frequency of describing physical, facial, and behavioral-moral traits was significantly higher than other traits. Barriers were divided into 6 classes. Based on the Proportion test, Economic, socio-cultural and personal barriers make the hero's position significantly more difficult than other barriers. Analysis according to macro level of Van Dijk square represented that emphasizing negative properties of Them has the highest frequency among other properties. Participants have used micro strategies of fallacies, victimization, generalization and lexicalization to express barriers. The variables governing the minds of participants and how they are applied in the language suggest that they create inappropriate conditions for making a pattern to be hero/ine.

The aim of this study was to identify the profile of motor competence in children and to compare the enjoyment of physical activity in different profiles of motor competence as well as different age groups.
For this purpose, 184 students in three age groups of 7-8 years, 9-10 years, and 11-12 years were studied. Actual motor competence, perceived motor competence, and enjoyment of physical activity were assessed. Hierarchical cluster analysis and factor analysis of variance were used for data analysis.
the relationship between actual and perceived motor competence was significant but the effect size was small (r = 0.197). Cluster analysis identified four profiles of motor competence: high-high (high actual and perceived motor competence), high-low (high actual motor competence and low perceived motor competence), low-high (low actual motor competence and high perceived motor competence), and low-low (low actual and perceived motor competence). The results showed that enjoyment of physical activity in the high-high and low-high groups was significantly better than in the high-low and low-low groups.
The results of this study clearly showed that regardless of actual motor competence (high or low), perceived motor competence determines the enjoyment of physical activity in children.

The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of Persian version of the Perceived Motor Competence Questionnaire in Childhood. This questionnaire includes two dimensions of perceived competence of locomotion skills (includes running, standing broad jump, hopping and leaping) and perceived competence of object-control skills (includes throwing, catching, kicking and bouncing). For this purpose, 184 students aged 7 to 13 years (95 girls and 89 boys) were selected and they completed a 24-item of Perceived Motor Competence Questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire and structural validity was used to determine the validity of the questionnaire using confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, group differences and age differences. Results of confirmatory factorial analysis and Cronbach’s alpha showed that the Persian version of this questionnaire confirmed the two-factor structure of the initial questionnaire and it has an acceptable internal consistency. Also, the validity of this instrument was confirmed by convergent validity method (positive and significant correlation between perceived motor competence and real motor competence), age differences (higher perceived motor competence in younger children) and group differences (higher perceived motor competence of boys than girls). The Persian version of the Perceived Motor Competence Questionnaire in Childhood has acceptable validity and reliability and teachers and educators are suggested to use this questionnaire to evaluate perceived motor competence especially in middle and final childhood (7 to 13 years old).

The purpose of this study was to assess the ideal and perceived body image in different age groups of women by considering body image flexibility. 345 women in Khorasan, Semnan and Alborz provinces participated in this research. Ideal body image and perceived body image were measured using a silhouette of body figures representing in 10 categories. Actual body was measured through body mass index (BMI). Also, body image flexibility was measured by Sandoz et al (2013) questionnaire. Results showed that the choice women’s ideal body is far from the reality and their current condition. In perception of their own body, more intense in selecting the ideal body, women do not function properly. Also age and weight has partially affected the choice of the ideal profile. Almost all women chose a slimmer profile than their perceived body as an ideal body. In all three variables, "actual body", "perceived body" and "ideal body", there were significant differences between younger and older ages. Body image flexibility is a significant predictor of the ideal body image, and women with more flexible body image choose a closer body image to reality. Create positive flexibility of body image and a realistic choice of the ideal body helps women of different age groups to choose their appropriate exercise approaches

Analysis current goals at the gyms would answer some of the questions about the ‎‎(un)continuation of physical activity (PA) and point out factors that have less attention in care ‎and health program. This article examines women's exercise space in order to answer an ‎important question: ‘Why most women have problems with regular PA and cannot permanently ‎benefit from a long-term regular exercise program?’ This was a qualitative study. ‎Data collection ‎was carried out through attendance at women's gyms and registration of symbols and symptoms ‎and analyzed by thematic analysis (Broun & Clark, 2006). Results showed that there were two ‎main themes for women to participate in the PA which can be defined in terms of goals.‎‏ ‏Objectives called fear of obesity and overweight; and the goals of trying to be healthy and health ‎management. However, the categories related to these two theme overlap but they are different ‎in nature and make fundamental changes in‏ ‏women’s PA performance. By examining the ‎persistence of women's participation in PA this hypothesis is raised; i.e., women’s long-term ‎goals and regular attendance in PA is related to goals created by the health management goals ‎and personal responsibility about their own health behaviors while irregular attendance activity ‎is related to priorities and goals created by the fear of obesity atmosphere. ‎The preliminary ‎evidence of the presence of women in the practice confirms this claim but additional studies are ‎needed to confirm this‎.‎

The prevalence of Covid-19 has played an important role in constructing of physical and social sports spaces and the nature of participation in sports has changed. This study was intended to analyze active levels of sport participation in Iran during the outbreak of Coronavirus. This was a qualitative study. Data were collected using interview and observation methods and analyzed by thematic analysis. “Regular participation”, “irregular participation” and “elite level participation” were extracted as three main themes from the classification of meaningful patterns of actors. Their main categories are " exercise simulation at home", " pretend consumption of exercise" and "social responsibility", respectively. Important data were also obtained from analysis the active levels of participation in sports (educational sports, recreational sport and sport for all, championship sports and professional sports). The main theme at the level of educational sport was "uncertainty”; sub themes include: “content distribution" "geographical gistribution ", “inherently passive “and “Marginal position “. At the level of recreational sport and sport for all the main theme was " evolution " with sub themes: "exercise in isolation", "eliminate of sports entertainment", "background limitations on participation" and "Change in access to education and training. Also at the level of championship and professional sports were “functional challenge" with sub themes: "show and self-expression”, “identity challenge", "advertising and sales”. The effects of this period on participatory levels in sports require in-depth analysis over a longer period of time. Although elimination of physical exercise spaces has led to a lot of sedentary in the short range, but it has provided opportunities for communication between levels of participation for review by sports researchers, which can contribute to more sustainable participation at the grassroots level.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between irrational beliefs and sport behavior and also prediction of the stage of behavior of individuals based on constructs of irrational belief.

Number of 190 students of Damghan University were selected with random clustering method. Research instruments include the Ahvaz Irrational Beliefs )2005) questionnaire, Stages of Exercise Behavior Change Scale )Cardinal, 1997) and Shephard´s method )for assess sport behavior). Multiple linear regression and diagnostic regression analysis were used to predict the sport behavior and behavioral stage of the individuals based on the constructs of irrational belief, respectively.

The results showed significant negative correlation between irrational beliefs and sport behavior )r= -0.398, p= 0.001). The predictive model of constructs of irrational belief based on sport behavior was significant )F= 3.97, p= 0.004). Helplessness against change and avoidance of the problem could predict changes of the sport behavior. The diagnostic function categorized 45.3% of participants in the stages of behavior change correctly.

The results of this research clearly showed that irrational beliefs are related to inactivity; and its structures )helplessness against change and avoidance of the problem) play a major role in classifying people in different stages of behavior change.

The sport management curriculum is considered as one of the most important pillars of sport management in the country. This study examined and compared the curriculum of Master's degree of sport management in Iran and selected universities. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical-comparative with qualitative approach. Sports management’s approved curriculum were received from the Ministry of Science website (Higher Education Planning Office) then adapted and compared with curricula of 16 universities in the world. Examining the curriculum of selected universities showed that, from the six sport management’s academic orientation in Iran, there is more overlap to the topics of the sport marketing orientation and also the slightest similarities with the Strategic Management in Sport and Leisure Management and Recreational Sports. Also there is most variety of course titles and the most diversity of orientation toward other universities. More than 90% of curriculum of selected universities were segregated into 26 subject areas, sport management education has been addressed to 21 subject areas in Iran. The bachelor's degree in Iran is defined in a general and comprehensive manner and sport management is a small part of that with limited titles. On the contrary, at the master level, there are more specialized and differentiated academic orientation for sport management. Based on this, it seems to be lack sufficient cognitive and empirical skills to select and enter tomaster of sports management in Iran.

TV is one of the most influential media in development of various sport fields. This study, trying to answer this question: how TV define development of sport in society, and how criticism and interpretation this concept. For this purpose,a range of TV texts, conversations and observations has been examined. Connection between elements and points was expressed based on the concepts of discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe (1985). Sport development in television cannot take into account without describing the unequal incidence of discourses; they are named high level (elite) and participation (public). Analysis of interviews and television texts show that many concepts such as development, sports, athletics, budget, and facilities, get their meaning from elite sports discourse. The results also show elite sport discourse has marginalized participation discourse. Understanding the conditions of development of sport based on the strengthening and weakening of dominant discourses on television is important for researchers in the field of Physical Education and Sport Sciences. This means that the normalization and institutionalization of the concept of sports development takes shape in how form of knowledge, experience, political analysis and media policy.

This research focuses on attitude and practice of elementary Physical Education(PE) teachers in relation to obesity. The question is the messages, symbols, conversations and teacher-centered interpersonal behaviors; how does provide attitude to obesity? The impacts of reinforced discourse likely affect obese student’s desirable feelings about their bodies, intentions of short-term or long-term physical activities, definition of exercise in daily life and habits. The data were collected using observations on PE class and interviews. Analyzes were carried out by description of the concepts used in the discourse theory of Lacla and Moff (1985). Results showed that there are two approaches: creating “fear of obesity” and “health responsibility”. In both approaches, obesity is a priority and special consideration is given to obese students in the classroom. The major difference between these approaches is to create different perspectives to obesity, it means that attitude and practice by the teacher can be accompanied by a sense of personal responsibility with awareness and the other hand, it can be affected by an undesirable and humiliating feeling to obesity.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of causality orientation and self-efficacy on exercise intention and behavior in obese, moderate and lean male and female. 230 students in Damghan University were selected.Causality Orientation of Exercise questionnaire (Rose et al, 2001), Self-Efficacy questionnaire (Schwartz, 1999), Godin´s (1995) method and Gondin and Shephard´s method (assess exercise intention and behavior) were used. Based on the results there is significant relation (but poor) between exercise intention and exercise behavior. There is a significant and positive relation between exercise intention whit autonomy orientation and self-efficacy and also there is a significant and positive relation between exercise behavior and autonomy orientation. Self-efficacy and autonomy orientation predicted exercise intention and exercise behavior significantly. The model of autonomy and self-efficacy on exercise behavior was significant only for men. The results of this study emphasize on importance causality orientation and self-efficacy in physical activity employment

The purpose of this study is analysis of current state of professional sport in national TV. This is a qualitative study using the Grounded Theory method. Data were collected through review of documents and interviews. Theoretical saturation was achieved after 20 deep and semi-structured interviews with experts and managers in sport and media. Categories were identified after completing the process of coding and data abstraction. The model was designed according to systematic model of Strauss and Corbin (1998). Much attention to media sports identified as core phenomenon, other categories were organized around Core phenomenon based on the paradigm model. These categories include Casual Conditions, Contextual and Intervening Conditions, Strategies and Consequences. Some of its Casual Conditions include: Priority leisure programs and news on TV, Little media activity in other sports, financial benefits and easily attract audience. Some of its Contextual and Intervening Conditions include: Lack of media competition, large variety of different sports and variety of tastes. Its Reaction Strategies include: Lack of scientific and constructive analysis, lack of coverage based on potential and possibilities and finally some of its Consequences include: elite fostering, strengthening financial incentives instead of health motivations and generate interest of following disputes and problems.