فهرست مطالب bizhan kalhornia

The development of science over the years, particularly in the recent area, has led to the separation and specialization of the fields of knowledge and technology, itself leading to the highlighted distinction of structures, building systems, and architecture after these developments. As such, the tectonic approach corresponds to the combination of meaning and construction in architecture.

The purpose of this study was to explain the tectonic components of world architecture and the tectonic interpretation of selected the First Pahlavi architectural buildings using the aforementioned criteria, and finally to extract the tectonic framework governing the architecture of public buildings of that era. Also, this research seeks to identify and explain the impact of architectural tectonics on the creation of spatial and construction harmony in public buildings of the First Pahlavi period of contemporary Iranian architecture.

This research employs a mixed, interpretive-historical method and a predominantly qualitative approach for collecting and analyzing the data. Furthermore, the authors analyzed the documents driven from the descriptive phenomenology of observations carried out by elites. The samples for the case study were selected by reviewing the findings extracted from questionnaires distributed among architectural experts. For this research, MaxQDA and SPSS were employed to prioritize and select buildings. Finally, using the three-way approach (phenomenological reading, researcher inferences based on available documents, rich tectonic literature), the strength and validity of the research were examined from different perspectives.

Given its role in determining the form and inducing visual stability, the observations revealed that the tectonic dimension of the structure was evident in all four cases of public buildings of the first Pahlavi period, sufficient for creating an efficient spatial organization. With its traditionalist architectural style, the building of Alborz High School was more in line with the tectonic dimensions. Tabriz Municipality building proved to have the least tectonic features corresponding to the classical architecture of the first Pahlavi period.

Since new cities are considered as the main elements of population overflow and play a crucial role, the strengthening of new cities can have very useful results in the balanced development of regions. The present study was aimed to investigate the stability of the new city of Shushtarno based on sustainability indicators using the DPSIR method. In this study, the socio-cultural, environmental, economic, physical-structural and political dimensions in the new city of Shushtarno were investigated and it was found that due to the low per capita of cultural centers, low per capita green space and their inappropriate distribution, lack of attention to urban and commercial service centers, lack of implementation of health centers, lack of educational centers (schools, technical and vocational training centers) and the lack of an independent municipality don’t have indicators of sustainable urban development. Therefore, it is required to use proper management practices to achieve the indicators of sustainable urban development.

Currently, change in cities is advancing due to technological advances, information floods, increasing awareness and raising living standards. Although the development of a city depends on the activation of urban marketing, an important and well-known city stands out as a brand. One of the strategies of urban management in order to progress in the competitive world market is to plan for sustainable urban branding for the city, which while introducing the capabilities of the city, the most important factor in achieving economic benefits of urban branding are factors such as tourism, physical space and ... is. The metropolis of Hamedan has been selected for this purpose, including urban tourism destinations with historical and touristic species and the capital of Iran's history and civilization. The measurement tool in this study is a questionnaire that will be designed based on the conceptual framework of the research as well as related studies. For this purpose, the components and indicators of urban branding have been identified with emphasis on social, economic, cultural and physical dimensions and have been used with the opinion of 30 urban experts and specialists and using SPSS25 software analysis at a significant level. Conclusion In the main categories of "existence of the old market of Hamedan" and "suitable mountainous climate in summer" and "sidewalk on Bouali and Ekbatan streets", "tourism hub and the main center of tourism and history of handicrafts and home production", " Scientific and Academic Center of the West of the Country In Hamedan ", ie the respondents in response to these cases have mostly chosen very high and high responses with codes 4 and 5. Therefore, it can be said that according to the respondents, these variables have a great impact on branding the metropolis of Hamedan.

Problem statement:

 The relationship between construction, structure, and architecture will be discussed here as it seems sort of divergence has been appearing between them. Here, the connection between structure and architecture will be defined by a word called ‘Tectonic. It seems it can create a coherent and meaningful framework for the connection between design, structure, architecture, and construction.

The purpose is to provide a precise definition of architectural tectonic interpretation, recognizing the possible unity or disconnection among the structures, construction, and architecture, performing analytical knowledge and determining the factors affecting the spatial uniformity by studying the public buildings of contemporary Iranian architecture in the second Pahlavi era.

Research method:

For doing a tectonic reading of case studies according to the target design, the method of document analysis and descriptive observation has been used based on the phenomenology that was driven by the elite. Meantime, the selection of case samples has been made by examining the results of questionnaires that were distributed among the architectural experts. Moreover, in the research process, the MAXQDA quality software and SPSS statistical software were used to provide more conceptual outputs. Finally, using the Triangulation (the phenomenological reading, researcher’s inferences based on available documents and rich tectonic literature), the strength and validation of research in various aspects have also been studied.

The results show that architectural tectonic can be explained by the dimensions of the structure, shell, materials, details, and facilities, which are structurally related to geometry, participation in space organization, and visual induction of stability, in particular with shells, materials, and micro-criteria. Furthermore, the dimensions of architectural tectonic structures with their various components, compared to other related parts have been more presented in the structural tectonic reading of contemporary Iranian public buildings which were available in the second Pahlavi era.

Structuralism is a school of thought and a way of exploring the issues that comes from four close intellectual sphere: French sociology and Durkheim's ideas, Saussure's linguistics, Kant's philosophical roots and English and French anthropology. Structuralists always try to pull over the appearance of the things and achieve the constant and unchangeable principles; So pass the boundaries of philosophy and enter to mathematics, literature, architecture and even urbanism.
They believe that the form or structure as a clear or hidden general framework of anything is the system that in which all components of the organization are related together and have harmonic function. With this communication and coordination they build the totality of the system and the existence of the organization depends on this harmonious relationship. Structuralists generally believed to holistic and this idea led to post-structuralism movement. From the post-structuralism perspective, this approach has a dominant and authoritarian nature and specify the function of the system formerly. Post-structuralism refuse any theory that explain general and universal explanation of the phenomenon, and any holistic and integrity considered inappropriate.
In this article according to Saussure and Kant views, general discussion of structuralism reviewed and then the quality of the genesis and the characteristics of post-structuralism movement have been studied. In continue to rely on this belief of structuralists - as the body of every living being has a basic building and other organs work in the main building consequently – city as an organism has been studied and the view of structuralist urban planners has been expressed.

Regulations can be interpreted as customs that have evolved over the years and define and set people relations with community, environment and history in a symbolic space. Rituals and ceremonies have roots in beliefs, feelings and people's social identity; for this reason, often they are held spontaneously by individuals. Ashura rituals is also a collective ritual that is repeated every year and affects the body and appearance of cities, Such a way that all the elements of the ritual and ceremony was effective on the audience and with each iteration and repetition, they become evocative and identity factors and create ritual landscape for cities.
In this research, using documentary and field studies, it was determined that carrying out the Ashura Day’s ceremonies in "Jihad intersection" or "22 Bahman Square” and routes leading to these places lacked historical background and in recent decades have been chosen by the municipal and provincial authorities. Also, there is no consistency with the human centers for collecting and is chosen only based on urban index and the confluence of several streets or the primal and central core of the city. Despite the abundance of high population in these two areas on Ashura day, there is no attention to anthropology and the wishes of mourners and interfere of various classes of society with different ages and demographic stratum abundantly is visible. In this regard, due to the existence of delves between these two urban area, Jihad intersection has better potential and merits than 22 Bahman square which requires more maneuver’s such as changes in the urban landscape of the region to infuse a sense of ownership to that place and create visual view related to the topic, determining suitable places for spectators, changes in forms of motion and etc.

Natural disasters and wars sometimes have such a destructive effect that could change to a national tragedy. The increasing effects of natural destructions show that more progressive plans needed to compensate this incidents. Global recommendations emphasize on combine experiences and theoretical contents of reconstruction. The meaning of theoretical aspects is to globalize visions and strategies، to attain comprehensive theoretical framework to confront reconstruction problems. It looks like that from one side strategies and policies، and from the other side overall survey of each incident and their similarities، should be regarded. Global experiences also emphasize on sustainable development and adopting participation of stakeholders in reconstruction process and producing essential national capabilities to manage risk reduction. If so، experimental and theoretical content of each incident، that is intrinsic phenomenon of reconstruction، should be extracted. Comparison of this later phenomenon will produce useful lessons for the mentioned national planning. Now، it is of more importance to pay adequate attention to theoretical aspects of reconstruction process as the spirit، and activator of the overall process. Ghasr-e-shirin is a sample of the cities that reconstructed after the imposed war. It is suitable pattern for research theoretical and experimental content of reconstruction process. The city is in Kermanshah province، 15 kilometer far from Iraq Frontier، with touristic attractions and foreign trade exchange. The city had about 25000 population before war. But at the end of the imposed war، just piles of ruined and destroyed quarters were reminded. The effect of this tragic approach was firm decision of the retuned habitants، to reconstruct their own city. So، Ghasr-e-Shirin rehabilitated. The hypothesis of this research is that during the reconstruction process، a constituted theoretical decision is emerged. It is similar to urban physical planning theories. This theoretical core is the activator of reconstruction process، and organizing the other relevant elements to attain the reconstruction goals. It could be interpreted that»exchanging the ideas and discourse about what should be done، choosing the best way of achievement، and also decision making between stakeholders«، will tend to constitute a theoretical framework، that conducts reconstruction and revitalizing process of the city. To approve the above hypothesis a special research method was needed. In this research according to qualitative research method of the accessible documents and deep interview with relevant persons، these results. were obtained that: Theoretical content of reconstruction process starts with discourse between stakeholders،. distinction public interest، promotes stakeholders suggestions to executive decision، reduces the gap between decision and execution، and finally draws the future perspective of the city. So it could be possible to catch the main structure of reconstruction process and interpret the findings of the whole process. Some of the results of this research are: 1) Theoretical content of reconstruction process، constitutes through essentialities and problems and difficulties that confronts to reconstruction process، and discourse and collaboration between public private stakeholders. 2) Reconstruction pattern، according to the definition of urban physical planning theory، has theoretical identity. 3) The main character of theoretical identity of reconstruction process is to reduce the distance between decision making and the execution of the decision. 4) Reconstruction pattern because of the following reasons can have the essence of a theory: - Answers the questions. In Ghasr-e-Shirin the main question was the location of the city. -Determines the rate of intervention in the quarters. - Revitalization of urban economy، and good special structure.