فهرست مطالب davood emami meybodi

Since during this era, Yazd involve less social vicissitudes and because of the training performance in the middle ages of Islam, the tradition of school building that started from the Seljuk dynasty in a quiet environment. Being away from security concerns and creating relative peace during the middle ages and the high acceptability of building a school has provided the emergence of its construction in the city of Yazd. Therefore, considering the numerous references to the schools of this era in Yazd historical texts and the absence of research on the architecture of the historical schools of this city, the article describes the building features of these ones. Answering this question is the purpose of this article: what are the features of school mentioned in the historical texts and what were components of spatialization and arrays of these schools? The research method of this article is based on historical documents and library studies. This is a historical-analytical research and its main reference is historical sources such as books of Ta’rikh-e Yazd (History of Yazd), Ta’rihk-e Jadid Yazd (New History of Yazd) and Ja’me’ Mofidi. Historical schools are explored in this article from the aspects of architecture, decoration, function and constructers. The results of this research show that schools in Yazd have local and indigenous features that were prevalent in this area, before Ilkhanate dynasty, and the influence of local architectural and decoration methods on the school building is undeniable according to historical sources. Schools have a lot in common with the architecture of mosques, houses and Khaneqahs (monasteries) considering that schools are usually used as a graveyard, these buildings can be classified as burial schools, and finally, various classes of people have played a major role in building these historical schools as founders.

From the beginning of the fifth century, when the Shiite government of Buyids was established, to the government of Muzaffarids, there was a kind of continuity in social and economic activities in Yazd, so that it suffered less social ups and down and as a result, it has provided a quiet environment for urban activities. It was the existence of such grounds that caused Sufi mystics and Sheikhs such as Sheikh Dada, Sheikh Ali Benyaman and Sheikh Ahmad Fahadan, etc, to settle in this area and Yazd became known as one of the centers of Sufism. Considering the extensiveness of the monastery in the historical texts and their anonymity, so far in no research, their importance and place in architecture has been addressed. In this research, we first introduce the monasteries mentioned in historical sources, that means in the middle ages (from the Atabakan era to Timurid one) in Yazd, but considering that most of the monasteries mentioned in the historical texts belong to the Muzaffarids era, this article is written with emphasis on Muzaffarids era. The research that this article is part of has been based on historical documents as well as field studies. The method of this analytical- historical research and its main source are historical sources such as Yazd History Book, Yazd Modern History and Mofidi Jame' Book. The physical components of the monastery are open, semi-open and closed spaces in which manifested in spaces such as Rough Opening, Sahn, Sofeh, Jam' Khaneh, Cell, Pray Room, Chelleh Khaneh, Dome Chamber and Roof. The functions of the monastery were realized by the mentioned spaces. In this article, after introducing the architectural features of monasteries in historical texts, the architectural spaces of existing monasteries are introduced and comparatively compared. This comparative comparison has been used to reach the classification of architectural patterns of Yazd monastery. Finally, this article introduces three types of architecture of Yazd monasteries. The first model is a combination of a dome chamber and opening iwan, and the second one is a monastery with octagonal courtyards. Finally, the third type of monasteries are modeled on local schools.

At the time of Muzaffarids (Ilkhanate), since this area of Iran (Yazd) which was a considerable part of the country, was spared from the deliberate destruction of Mongol people. It can be expected that there have been continuous construction activities in this area since the Seljuk period. Especially according to the specific political field, under the influence of Muzaffaris rulers, a special local style called Muzaffaris style or due to opinion of Donald Wilber, “Yazd School” can be identified and introduced in this field. Among these, the distinctive works of architecture, mosques, monasteries, houses, aqueducts, gardens and historical neighborhoods of Yazd and Meybod, belonging to the same era are of special importance for defining, explaining and interpreting its subject and place urban planning. This research seeks to know the characteristics of Al-Muzaffar tanabi houses and whether they can be classified, as well as the reasons for their emergence? The purpose of this article is to determine the quality of Tanabi in the architecture of Muzaffaris houses in Yazd. In this study, the oldest houses that have been registered and identified so far have been cited along with historical texts. Considering not being enough sample studies in other parts of Iran and the number of historical references to the houses in historical texts and no research in this fields, the importance and position of the Tanabi in architecture of Muzaffaris era has been discussed. In this article, after library studies, which include recognizing Muzaffaris houses in historical texts and Tanabi in other buildings, field studies have been done. In this research tries to recognize the residential architecture in Muzaffaris era by combining interpretive- historical methods and research of examples and relying on library- documentary studies and also to study and analyze the Tanabi. The results show that the Tanabi is seen frequently and in different forms in the historical texts of Ilkhanate Timurid era. Researches show that in the study of historical texts of Yazd, three types of Tanabi have been mentioned. In the houses of Muzaffaris era, Tanabi is a luxurious room at the end of the south porch, which is some examples is decorated with many arraysThe second type was used as a room at the entrance of the gardens and the third type was used as a mansion inside the gardens.Tanabi was one of the first experiences of Iranian architectural spacing inside four-story houses, which is aimed at establishing the concept of a royal residence in the houses.

Since Yazd has had fewer social ups and downs, its architecture has been able to continue its continuousness in a calm environment. dry climate in Yazd region, the fact that it hasn't had natural disasters since 800 years, the contentment culture of the people, and the conservative and peace-loving temperament of the rulers, all has led to the preservation of buildings of Ilkhanid age and before it. the intactness of the old buildings provide the basis for comparative studies between historical texts and existing buildings. Therefore, considering the frequent use of Sabat in the historical texts of Yazd, the intactness of some ancient Sabats, and the lack of research on the types of Saba in Yazd, the issue has been addressed in this article.In this research, we seek to understand the characteristics of Sabat in historical texts and whether they can be classified? The research method of this article is based on historical documents as well as field studies. The article has first addressed the etymology of the word Sabat and later the historical studies of Sabat. After investigative the adjacent building, decorations, inscriptions regarding Sabat’s benefactor, the classification of historical types is discussed. Later in this article, the reasons and manner of formation of Sabat are discussed. Finally, this article introduces three types of Sabat's architecture. The first group was built as a canopy on the passageways, which has a subgroup called Soffe or Dokanche in adjacent to Sabaat; this is very similar to Sabat which were placed along the way. The second group served as entrance edifice, which formed sabat through the creating of buildings such as Tanabi, pavilion, Soffe hall on entrance. The third group of Sabats were like arches or Soffe that were built next to the building while facing the square or street.

Yazd, since it has fewer ups and downs and social ups and downs, architecture in a calm bed has continued in a quiet context. Security concerns and relative calm during the Middle Ages and the digging of numerous aqueducts have paved the way for the emergence of gardens in Yazd city. Therefore, due to the extensive use of gardens in the historical texts of Yazd and the lack of research on the medieval gardens of Yazd, this article addresses this issue. This article aims to study the characteristics of the mentioned gardens in the historical text and the components of these gardens. The research method of this article is based on historical documents and library studies. The method of this analytical-historical research and its main source is historical sources such as the book "Tarikh-e yazd" and " Tarikh-e Jadid-e Yazd" and "Jame e Mofidi". This article describes historic gardens from aspects of architecture, decorations, function, developments, creators, and factors of origin. The historical scope of this research is from the birth of Yazd to the tenth century AH. It includes the gardens of the first centuries AH, the period of Al-Kakuieh, Atabakan, Al-Muzaffar, Timurids, and Safavids. This study shows that Yazd gardens have local and indigenous characteristics that are common in this area. According to historical sources, it is undeniable that the architectural methods and local decoration have entered the garden building. Also, the evolution of gardens throughout history and various activities in Yazd gardens show that some gardens are multi-functional. Finally, as the founders of the gardens, local rulers and nobles have played a major role in digging canals and ultimately forming historic gardens.

Since Yazd, Iran, which was a significant part of the country, was protected from the deliberate destruction of the Mongols during Muzaffarids era, it can be expected that there have been continuous construction activities in this area since the Seljuq era. Especially considering the specific political field, a special local style called Muzaffarid or according to Donald Wilber "Yazd school" under the influence of Muzaffarid rulers can be identified and introduced in this field. The purpose of this article is determining the spatial quality of Sarabostan in the architecture of Muzaffarid-Timurid houses in Yazd region. In this study, the oldest houses that have been registered and identified so far have been cited along with historical texts. Considering the insufficient Ilkhanate houses in other parts of Iran and the number of historical references to the house in the historical text of Yazd and also lack of enough research in this field, this article discusses the importance and position of Sarabostan in the residential architecture of Muzaffarid era. The present study tries to recognize the residential architecture in the Muzaffarid era by combining interpretive-historical methods and study of examples and relying on library-documentary studies, as well as examining and analyzing the house-garden architecture of this period. The results of library research show that Sarabostan is seen frequently and in different forms in the historical texts of the Ilkhanate-Timurid era of Yazd. Researches show that in accordance with the existing house-gardens and historical texts of Yazd, three types of Sarabostan have been identified. The first category includes houses with a pit- wooded land garden that is combined with the porch. The second category includes houses that have a small garden called "Behind the garden" (Khalfe Bagh). This category has two subspecies, the first one is included four- Iwan (porch chamber) houses with Khalfe Bagh and the second one includes Ilkhanate houses with a back garden.