davoud esmaili

Paying attention to the context is one of the principles of methodical interpretation of the Qur'an and one of its best methods. Verses 15 to 20 of Surah Zokhrof are among the verses where the difference in understanding the context has caused differences in the understandings of commentators. Most of the commentators consider verse 18 to be the word of Almighty God and some commentators consider it to be the word of disbelievers. The present research has explained and analyzed these two opinions. It seems that the examination of semantic continuity or discontinuity in the mentioned verses invalidates the thought of many commentators and considers the attributes mentioned in the verse as arising from the thought of unbelievers. The present study, by comparative-analytical method, after explaining and analyzing the opinions of commentators with regard to connected and separate evidences, aims to state the invalidity of the theory of the first group according to the context and consider the verse to be the expression of the thoughts of the disbelievers.

eceived: 2021/5/19  |   Accepted: 2021/8/28One of the most important requirements of research in the field of interpretation is to study and analyze the contents of Qur’anic verses based on various interpretive principles and rules, including context, text structure, lexical implications, as well as interpretive narrations. The present article seeks re-reading the viewpoints of the Qur’anic exegetes in explaining (Q. 3:42), which reads “And when the angels said: O Mary! Surely Allah has chosen you, and has purified you, and has chosen you over women of the world”. Therefore, considering the repetition of the determining word Iṣṭifāʾ in this verse, its other Qur’anic applications have been conceptualized, and the different viewpoints of the Qur’anic exegetes about explaining the concept of Iṣṭifāʾ and ascertaining its various examples have been studied. In this regard, according to the various uses of the word Iṣṭifāʾ within different Qur’anic contexts, it has been suggested that some of the Qur’anic exegetes have specified that, due to its literal absoluteness, the first occurence of the word in this verse refers to the divine choice and the infallible personality of St. Mary (PBUH). However, the second one, due to being bound to the preposition ʿalā, indicates the superiority of St. Maryam (PBUH) over other human beings, as well as her specific characteristics and privileges. Davoud, E (2021) The Concepts of Iṣṭifāʾ (choose) and ʿĀlamīn (people-of-the-world) in (Q. 3:42); A study and analysis of the Qur’anic Exegete’s viewpoints. 

Tremendous amount of researches have investigated the issue of water photodisnfection. The aim of this research is to illustrate the influences of bacterial density, turbidity, exposure time and potassium persulfate (KPS) dosage on the efficacy of associated solar disinfection (SODIS) with KPS for E. coli (ATCC: 25922) eradication as an efficient and inexpensive process. Desired bacterial density and turbidity was achieved by spiking of 0.5 Mc Farland (1.5×108 cell/ml) and sterile soil slurry in 1 liter of the commercially bottled water. The highest value of UVA solar irradiation measured at 13.30 p.m was 5510 µW/Cm2. Increase of bacterial density from 1000 to 1500 cell/ml led to an increase in disinfection lapse time, except in 2 mMol/l KPS. Spiking of 0.1 mMol/l of KPS was not effective; however, increase of KPS dosage from 0.1 mMol/l to 0.7, 1.5 and 2 mMol/l led to the enhancement of disinfection time from 4 h to 3 h and 1 h, respectively. For bacterial density of 1000 cell/ml, increasing KPS dosage up to 0.7 mMol/l had no improved effect; however, beyond this dosage the disinfection time decreased to 1 h. Without KPS and up to 150 NTU within 4 h exposure time, E. coli disinfection was completed. In 2 mMol/l KPS and 1000 and 1500 cell/ml, the 2 h contact time was sufficient up to 150 and 100 NTU, respectively; moreover, complete disinfection was not achieved at higher turbidity. Association of KPS with SODIS can lead to decreasing of water disinfection time.