فهرست مطالب davoud roostaei

The use of plant extracts or their compounds as antimicrobial agents for oral infections worldwide represents that herbal medicines could be used as an effective alternative method in oral health care. This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal and antibacterial effects of five traditional medicinal plant extracts on standard and clinical strains of bacteria and fungi causing dental caries.

Aqueous and methanolic extracts of Zataria multiflora, Lawsonia alba, Zizyphus spina-christi, Myrtus communis, and Citrus aurantium were prepared using maceration method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) of the prepared extracts were evaluated against bacterial (Streptococcus sanguinis and S. mutans) and fungal (Candida albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis) isolates using broth microdilution method.  

Aqueous extracts of the studied plants showed no antimicrobial effects on the studied microorganisms, except M. communis and C. aurantium. The results indicated the antimicrobial potency of the methanolic extract of M. communis (MIC range =2 to 64 µg/mL) against all the studied microorganisms, followed by Z. multiflora (MIC range = 512-2048 µg/mL), L. alba (MIC range = 1024-2048 µg/mL), C. aurantium (MIC range = 1024-4096 µg/mL), and Z. spina-christi (MIC range=2048- ˃4096 μg/mL).  Also, the lowest MMCs against the studied strains were related to the methanolic extract of M. communis (MMC range = 16-512 µg/mL).

The results showed remarkable antimicrobial effects of M. communis extract, which could be a suitable alternative to chemical mouthwashes to prevent and control oral infections.

The fungal nail infection (onychomycosis) involves 18%-40% of all nail disorders, which, although not fatal, can cause mechanical, aesthetic, occupational, and economic problems. Drug treatments due to prolonged treatment periods, drug interactions, adverse effects, and slow progression may be associated with numerous negative outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the long-pulsed 1064-nm Nd: YAG laser effect on fungal colonies and subsequently possible change in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of common antifungals compared with the same non-lasered colonies as a novel way to investigate laser and antifungal interaction.

Sixty onychomycosis samples consisting of saprophyte (n=20), dermatophyte (n=20), and yeast (n=20) duplicate colonies were isolated. A series was treated by a long-pulsed 1064-nm Nd: YAG laser. Afterward, the MIC (CLSI-M38-A2 and CLSI-M27-A3) of two series against common antifungals were compared.

After 1064-nm Nd: YAG laser irradiation in all 20 tested saprophytes, the MICs of terbinafine (P value<0.035) were changed, and in all 20 tested dermatophytes, the MICs of voriconazole (P value<0.021) were changed. Also, in all 20 tested yeasts, the MICs of caspofungin (P value<0.037) were changed. Moreover, in saprophytes, dermatophytes, and yeasts, significant changes in the MICs of itraconazole (P value<0.032), terbinafine (P value<0.025), and caspofungin (P value<0.037) were detected. Our result showed the GM MICs of the 1064-nm Nd: YAG laser in all saprophyte, dermatophyte, and yeast groups were lower than in the control group.

The present study indicated that the long-pulsed 1064-nm Nd: YAG laser significantly changes the MICs of antifungals in onychomycosis clinical samples.

 Conventional antifungals used to treat fungal infections are no longer as effective, leading to increased mortality. On the other hand, there is an emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) fungal strains and for this reason, finding new treatments or substances that have an antifungal effect is noticeable. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the antifungal effects of extracts of Arnebia euchroma on the growth of Candida species isolated from patients with COVID-19-associated oral candidiasis.

 In the present experimental study, watery and alcoholic extracts of Arnebia euchroma were prepared by the maceration method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of alcoholic and watery extract of Arnebia euchroma were evaluated against clinical and standard isolates of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida krusei clinical isolates according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document M27-A3 (CLSI M27-A3) broth microdilution protocol.

The results of the present study showed that all the investigated isolates were sensitive to watery and alcoholic extracts of Arnebia euchroma. The MIC and MFC of Arnebia euchroma watery extract for Candida albicans were 512 µg/mL and for Candida glabrata were 1024 µg/m, as well as the MIC and MFC of this extract for Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida krusei were 2048 µg/mL. Whereas the MIC and MFC of the Arnebia euchroma alcoholic extract for Candida albicans were 0.015625 µg/mL and for Candida glabrata were 256 µg/mL, also the MIC and MFC of this extract for Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis were 512 µg/mL and for Candida krusei were 1024 µg/mL.

 All the studied Candida isolates were sensitive to both types of Arnebia euchroma root extract, and the alcoholic extract, compared with the watery extract, inhibited the growth of the tested Candida isolates at a lower concentration.

 Nowadays, a large number of antifungal drugs are produced in the world. But the main problem is the resistance to these drugs and for this reason, finding new drugs and substances that have an antifungal effect has always been of interest to researchers in different fields. This study aimed to determine the antifungal effects of extracts of Calendula officinalis on the growth of fungal agents isolated from patients with oral candidiasis in in vitro conditions.

 In this experimental study, watery and alcoholic extracts of Calendula officinalis were prepared by maceration method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of watery and alcoholic extract of Calendula officinalis was evaluated against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis and Candida krusei according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute document M27-A3 (CLSI M27-A3) by microdilution protocol.

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 The MIC and MFC of the watery extract of Calendula officinalis for Candida albicans were 512 µg/mL and for Candida glabrata were 1024 µg/mL, while the MIC and MFC of the alcoholic extract for Candida krusei and Candida glabrata were 16 µg/mL. Also, no sensitivity was observed for Candida tropicalis and Candida parapsilosis to watery and alcoholic extracts. In addition, Candida krusei isolates were resistant to watery extract and Candida albicans isolates were resistant to alcoholic extract.

 The results showed that the alcoholic extract of Calendula officinalis in comparison with the watery extract has a more inhibitory effect on Candida glabrata isolates.

One of the most prevalent infections in hospitalized patients is candiduria. As the prevalence of this infection is increasing, new epidemiologic and therapeutic data can be used as a guide for the management of patients.

This research aimed to determine the epidemiological and antifungal susceptibility profile of candiduria.

A total of 104 patients admitted to the nephrology and ICU wards of Bu Ali and Labbafinezhad hospitals in Tehran, Iran, were studied in this cross-sectional investigation. Urine samples were examined using direct smear, culture, and PCR-sequencing techniques. The culture plates were subjected to colony count. The clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) document M27 4th ed was used to assess susceptibility to amphotericin B, itraconazole, caspofungin, and fluconazole.

Out of 104 patients, 26 (25%) were diagnosed with candiduria. Most patients were between the ages of 64 - 79 years (n = 9, 34.61%) and female (n = 17, 23.94%). Stroke and urinary catheterization were the most common underlying diseases. Candida glabrata (n = 10, 38.64%) was the most common cause of candiduria. Caspofungin and amphotericin B were the most effective antifungal medicines.

Candida glabrata has been identified as the most common cause of candiduria. Due to the increasing antifungal resistance in this species, proper treatment of patients is a crucial concern. Caspofungin exhibited potent antifungal activity against all tested isolates. Still, regardless of its favorable in vitro activity, due to its poor glomerular filtration or tubular secretion in vivo, it has sub-therapeutic antifungal concentrations in the urine.

Candida species are normal vaginal flora in healthy women, which can cause vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). The formation of biofilm is a cause of drug resistance in Candida species of vaginal origin. We aimed to specify Candida species cause VVC, detect their biofilm-forming ability, and antifungal susceptibility pattern.

Overall 150 vaginal samples were collected from suspected cases of referring to Bahar Hospital of Shahroud, Iran between Jan 2018 and Jan 2019. Samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), Chrome gar Candida and Corn meal agar (CMA). PCR-RFLP was performed to confirm the identification. Biofilm formation of the identified species was measured by the Crystal Violet method. The susceptibility to fluconazole, clotrimazole, and miconazole was determined based on the CLSI document M27-A3.

Of 50 women (33.3%) were suffering from VVC. C.albicans was the predominant species isolated in this study (n=39, 78%) followed by C. glabratia (n=11, 22%). In addition, in 25 (50%) of positive samples, biofilm formation was determined. The mean MIC of fluconazole and clotrimazole for C. albicans was 5.02 μg /mL and 3.92 μg /mL, respectively. Furthermore, the mean MIC related to these drugs for C. glabrata was 12.45 μg / mL and 4.1μg / mL, respectively. The mean diameter of miconazole inhibition zone for C. albicans and C. glabra isolates was 25.13 mm and 24.5mm, respectively and all of them were susceptible to this drug.

C.albicans was the predominant Candida species isolated from patients with VVC and also was the predominant biofilm producer species.

The pandemic of COVID-19 has caused a worldwide healthcrisis. Candidemia is a potentially lethal condition that has not yet been enough discussed in patients with COVID‐ 19. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of candidemia among Iranian COVID‐ 19 patients and characterize itscausative agents and the antifungal susceptibility pattern.

The present cross-sectional survey was carried out fromMarch 2020 to March 2021 at Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Bloodspecimens were obtained from patients with confirmed coronavirus infection who alsohad criteria for candidemia and were examined for any Candida species by conventional and molecular techniques. Susceptibility of isolates to amphotericin B,voriconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, caspofungin, and 5-flucytosine was testedusing the CLSI broth dilution technique.

In total, 153 patients with COVID-19 were included and candidemia wasconfirmed in 12 (7.8 %) of them. The majority of patients were ≥ 50 years of age (n=9)and female (n=8). Moreover, 6 out of the 12 patients were diabetic. The presence ofcentral venous catheters, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, ICU admission, andmechanical ventilation was observed in all patients. The C. albicans (n=7, 58.3 %) andC. dubliniensis (n=2, 16.7%) were the most common isolated species. Amphotericin Band 5-flucytosine were the most active drugs. Despite antifungal treatment, 4 out of 12patients (33.3 %) died.

Due to the high mortality, the early diagnosis and proper treatment ofcandidemia are essential requirements for optimal clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients.

COVID-19 induced cardiac events are reported by a large number of papers; while psychophysiology of association of the COVID-19 and cardiac attacks are not fully understood yet.

Here we compared gene expression levels of heart autopsies of SARS-Cov-2 infected patients with the cardiac organoid model of human myocardial infarction and control healthy cardiac organoids to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes were enriched in DEGs.

Results showed that smell perception genes were down-regulated in SARS-COV2 in comparison to myocardial infarction samples; while showing upregulated genes related to the immune system process in comparison to control healthy heart organoids. Our results are in agreement with theories of immune system reactions in COVID-19 infected patients’ hearts; while our analysis indicates different patterns of heart genes expression from myocardial infarction models.

our study suggests that there may be different pathways involved in MI appearance in COVID-19 patients rather than classic known atherosclerotic and inflammatory pathways.

Prevention and control of maternal shivering during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section is very important in the appropriate outcomes of surgery; however, choosing the appropriate drug for this issue should be associated with few side effects for mother and baby. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the drugs used to control shivering in women under spinal anesthesia.

In this narrative review study, to find the related studies, computer search was performed in databases of SID, Magiran and Google Scholar with Persian keywords of spinal anesthesia, shivering and cesarean section. In the initial stage of searching, 364 studies were reviewed and 341 studies were deleted due to not being related to the subject. Finally, 13 studies were used to write this study.

In reviewing the research background, different studies had used different drugs to prevent shivering after cesarean section. Shivering after spinal anesthesia has been the specific goal of many studies with clinical trial design. Performed interventions in this regard included: intrathecal or intravenous injection of drugs such as magnesium sulfate, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, ondansetron, ketamine, midazolam, ketamine with midazolam. Opioid drugs such as fentanyl, tramadol, and pethidine have also been reviewed in some studies.

Based on various studies, pethidine with unknown and possible mechanism of μ receptors seems to be the best drug in control of Shivering in cesarean section.

Spinal anesthesia is the most common method of analgesia for elective cesarean section. Postoperative nausea and vomiting is one of the most common complaints of patients in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, so this study was performed with aim to investigate the role of drugs in controlling nausea and vomiting in women undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia.

In this narrative review study, to find the related articles, databases of SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar were searched with the keywords of spinal anesthesia, nausea, vomiting, and cesarean section. The time period for searching articles was from 2001 to 2021.

Different studies have used different medications to prevent nausea and vomiting after cesarean section. Nausea and vomiting after spinal anesthesia has been the specific goal of many studies with clinical trial design. The performed interventions in this regard included: use of drugs such as Dexamethasone, Ketamine, Lidocaine, Ondansetron, Metoclopramide, Granistron, Propofol, Gabapentin and Midazolam.

Although the anti-nausea and anti-emetic effect of ketamine has been approved in the studies, it is best not to be the first choice of an anesthesiologist because of the effects of hallucinations and nystagmus and the fact that it may delay breastfeeding. Propofol has also been shown to have anti-nausea and anti-emetic effects, but we must be careful about the effects of the patient's respiratory depression. Dexamethasone has a delaying effect on nausea and vomiting, so it may not be a good choice for an anesthesiologist. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (ondansetron and granisetron) seem to be the best choice for first-line treatment of nausea and vomiting. Because these drugs do not have the extrapyramidal side effects of metoclopyramide and can be used as appropriate drugs for nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia.