فهرست مطالب deep shikha

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a considerably common childhood‑onset neurodevelopmental disorder, often associated with socio‑behavioral and academic difficulties. There is an increased risk for development of a range of future problems such as psychiatric disorders, difficulties in employment, and relationships. The aim of this study was to know the prevalence and determinants of ADHD among primary school children in district Dehradun and to assess the learning difficulties and classroom behavior in these students.

In this cross‑sectional study, overall, 228 students (aged 6–12 years) studying in a primary school were assessed for ADHD after seeking the written informed consent from their parents. The data were analyzed using Excel sheet and SPSS software (22.0 version). For all qualitative measures, frequency and percentages were calculated, and for quantitative measures, mean and standard deviation were calculated. For analysis of categorical values, Chi‑square test was used. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The prevalence of ADHD was found to be 11.8% based on the teacher tool only and 1.75% based on the parent and teacher tools combined. ADHD was found to be significantly more in males. Inattention was the most prevalent subtype of ADHD, and children screened positive for ADHD had significant learning difficulties at various levels.

The possibility of ADHD in students with academic difficulties should not be ignored as children with ADHD usually face significant problems at school such as learning difficulties and have been shown to be at increased risk for a broad range of negative outcomes. Early identification and treatment of ADHD can significantly reduce the rates of some of these poor outcomes. Screening these children in the early years will help the parents, children, teachers, and community at large.

Novel polymeric membrane electrode based on o-hydroxyacetophenone carbohydrazone (OHAC) as a neutral ionophore carrier has been prepared and explored as silver(I) ion selective electrode. The addition of lipophilic anion excluder (NaTBP) and various plasticizers viz. o-nitrophenyl octyl ether (o-NPOE), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and butyl acetate (BA) have found to improve the performance of membrane sensor which have a composition of I:NaTBP:NPOE:PVC in the ratio 3:2:62:33 (w/w; mg). The electrode exhibit Nernstian slope for silver (I) ions over wide concentration ranges from 1.0×10-7 M to 1.0×10-2 M with limits of detection 1.6×10-7 M. The response time was found to be 10 s. The potentiometric responses were independent of the pH of the test solutions in the pH range of 3.0 to 8.0. The proposed electrode revealed good selectivity over a wide variety of other cations including alkali, alkaline earth, transition and heavy metal ions. The proposed PVC electrode was used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration of Ag+ ions with KI and NaCl solutions and in direct determination in different water samples and urine sample of peoples working as jewelry maker.

The nanostructured conducting polyanilines was synthesized using single and composite structure directing agents such as sodium dodecyl sulphate, sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate, camphor sulphonic acid by chemical method. The effects of nature and concentration of structure directing agents (both single and composite) on pH characteristics, redox behaviour and solvent pattern were investigated using UV-Vis spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Cyclic voltammetry and Dynamic light scattering. Both concentration and nature of structure directing agents could influence the pH behaviour and workable pH range. The transition from conducting state to insulating state of all nanostructured conducting polyanilines occurred at higher pH than bulk PANI. The Transmission electron microscopy and Dynamic light scattering results showed that the morphology and the dimension of nanostructured conducting polyanilines at the doped and undoped state depended on the nature of structure directing agents used for polymerization. The redox properties were independent of nature and concentration of structure directing agents but electrochemical activity and solution behaviour of nanostructured conducting polyanilines depended on the nature of structure directing agents.