فهرست مطالب dr. javad sakha

The Sassanid Empire was one of the two great governments of the civilized world of that day, which not only had unique characteristics in terms of political, religious, cultural and social structure, and in a word, civilization; It also stands out in terms of geography and the extent of its borders. According to historical evidence and documents, with the rise of the Parthians and the coming to power of the Sassanids, the entire social and political structure of the society, including the dynastic system, was transferred to the Sassanid era as one of the main symbols of the continuation of the power of the ruling families. Specifically, in the mentioned period - from the beginning of the Parthians to the end of the Sassanids - the administration of all the affairs of the country was in the hands of the "seven families" and these families are considered as the main foundations for the preservation, stability and continuity of their respective governments. The sphere of political influence of the discussed families in ancient times was very wide and significant in such a way that not only many times the removal and installation of kings was done by them, but sometimes the government was formed by this class. . In this regard, the present study aims to examine the role of ruling families in the Sasanian period. The choice of this topic was mostly due to the fact that, according to the researcher's searches, specific and independent researches that can provide detailed and detailed information about the ruling families, their position and their role and influence in the changes of their service period have not been done. Except for very few and scattered materials among the few researches and historical works, no specific information was found about the mentioned families and their performance.

Statement of the problem: 

One of the periods of Iran's history before Islam is the Sasanian era, which is considered one of the turning points of Iran's history in terms of time. Because this period of history is the meeting point between Islam and pre-Islam.

To investigate the political and religious situation of the Sassanid Empire before the Mehr-narseh dynasty.

The current research method is explanatory-analytical and the method of collecting documentary materials and the research tool is FISH.

Ardeshir's politics and statecraft are based on three principles: the concentration of the Sultanate and the unity of the Iranian nation, the cooperation and coordination of the Sultanate and the clergy, and the strengthening of the Mazdisani cult, and the support and supervision of farmers. First, he united with the Zoroastrian clergy and assigned a religious authority and a great scholar named Tansar to compile and collect the sacred texts. After gaining power, Ardeshir considered the unity and integrity of Iran as the most important issue of the country and his mission; Among the other factors of the tendency to unify religion and government was the presence of Far Izdi and dependence on the royal family, including the dependence on the Achaemenid dynasty. Another case in this regard is the compromise and eclecticism in Ayin and Izdan, which is evident in all aspects of Sassanid politics

The Kerman Seljuk Sultanate or Al-Qaward (432-583 AH), one of the most important local governments in Seljuk history, was formed by Qaward in Kerman and controlled Kerman to the coast of Oman for one hundred and fifty years. It was the source of changes in the economy and land and sea trade; so that during this period, Kerman became one of the commercial bases in the territory of the Great Seljuk. Although due to the challenge between Sultan Malik Shah and Qaward, the founder of the Kerman Seljuk, several wars took place which caused a strain in the their relations, but finally they made peace and Al-Qaward tried not to interfere in the conflicts between the princes and the central government. This study aimed to identify the factors of survival and continuity of this local dynasty during the critical period after the death of Malek Shah. The results showed that the political attitude of Qaward's successors towards the central government in not intervening in the Seljuk conflicts and their attention to commercial and economic prosperity in the long term became the secret of its survival and stability. This research tries to analyze the subject from different angles based on the historical research method with a descriptive approach and referring to the original sources.

Water and irrigation has become the origin of many social, cultural and political changes and relationships in civilization in Iran's geographical context, and this category has a logical and effective relationship with geography, and after a basic and superficial understanding, it can be the origin of many of the following topics. For example, population density, movement, economy and livelihood of rural life, settlement, urbanism, villag, geshlaq, desert travel and Bedouin living and so on. Water was and is one of the main elements of creation in the beliefs of ancient Iran, and it has had a direct impact on the formation and settlement and type of life in Iran, including its impact on mythology and religious beliefs and its signs in civilized life, such as the construction of temples. Dams and aqueducts, etc., is a direct investigation and one of the main elements of the climate and region and each region with a geographical domain, and precipitation, temperature, volume of flowing water, atmospheric precipitation, and underground beds, etc. are all related to water. and its management depend. Therefore, the study and review of the natural geography of Iran, the type of climate and the geographical location of Iran and the Iranian Plateau and its relationship with economic advantages such as the existence of roads, caravanserais and the geopolitical issues of the Iranian Plateau and its extension and expansion to the watery areas such as Sihun and Jihun and the Persian Gulf, the Caspian Sea, the Nile River, and

At the beginning of the third century AD, the Sasanians arose from the province of Pars, the birthplace of the Achaemenids, and established a government in which the Zoroastrian clergy and Nejadeh families had a special position. In the Sasanian history, especially when the king was weak, Zoroastrian priests and elders and nobles gained more influence and power in the government system, and of course they occasionally had conflicts with each other. In order to understand the history of the Sassanids, the position of these groups and their relationship with the Sassanid family must be considered, as even the fall of the Sassanids should be viewed from this perspective. One of the clans or clan families whose prominent members gained a lot of political and even economic and religious influence in a period of Sassanid history was the family of Mehrnarseh, the great minister during the period of several Sassanid kings. In this research, in order to have a clearer vision of the history of the Sassanids in this period of time, an attempt will be made to study the position of one of the noble families of the Sassanid period, that is, the Mehrnarse family, in the history of political, religious and economic developments during the reigns of Yazgerd I, Bahram V and Yazgerd II.

Elephants’ use dates back to ancient times. As one the after-Islamic dynasties Ghaznavid could take advantage of this animal as one of the pillars of their militarism in the extraterritorial and intra-territorial battles due to their numerous army deployments along the Indian borders. The present study aimed to investigate the militaristic properties of the war elephant in Ghaznavids’ army through a descriptive-analytical method. The elaboration and explication of the position and function of elephant in Ghaznavids’ army deployment is the most important issue of this article. The question is “which of this animal’s militaristic properties were employed by Ghaznavid army and what have been the strengths and weaknesses of using them in the army deployments?”The present study’s findings indicated that the creation of terror and dread, disintegration of the enemy’s army lines, treading of the soldiers, supporting friendlies, carriage of weapons and troopers and destruction of the enemy army’s fortifications have been the most important strengths of this animal. Being hit by an arrow, damage to the trunk and stampeding have been amongst the most distinct weaknesses of this animal in the course of the combats. It has been so that the supply of food and water, taking care and even providing a shelter for them have been amongst the most substantial problems for elephant-keeping.

One of the topics posited in the early and middle Islamic centuries is the story of Adam’s descent in India. It can be possibly stated that the story of the first human being is a universal one. It has been dealt with by the Abrahamic religions ad it has also been presented in the testaments and the holy Quran. Some believe that this story is unreal, imaginary and drawn on the other cultures and some others realize this commonality as a proof of its originality in the various cultures each of which has given it a vernacular form. There is a third group that approaches it through the lens of allegory and myth. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical method to specify and highlight the position of the Indian territory as the first land of the human beings as narrated by Muslims, especially the Iranian Muslim authors and analyze the actions and reactions of the Abrahamic religions and nations’ cultures over such world-inclusive subjects as the first human being and underline that such a story is not single-rooted and unidimensional and that various factors have played roles in its formation

Religion had its peaks and valleys during the Sassanid period from its foundation to extinction; which lasted more than four centuries. The role of Ardeshir Babakan, the founder of the Sassanid dynasty is prominent. Through interaction with Zoroastrian clerics, Babakan used their fire temples and agents as a political tool and a key factor in consolidating the foundations of his government. After Ardeshir's death, his successors continued this method. During the reign of Bahram, I (271 AD), Carter, an influential Zoroastrian cleric, was able to make Zoroastrianism the official religion of the country. Also, the cultural view of the kings, according to which the legitimacy of the monarchy was justified, was of great importance as a strong religious concept for the Sassanid kings and Ardeshir himself. Meanwhile, Tensor's letter and Cartier's works played the most important role in the formalization of Zoroastrianism during the Sassanid period. Persepolis was also considered as a ritual center and as a symbol of the glory of the Achaemenid Empire, where the uprising of Iranian families, particularly the Sassanids, took place. The reflection of the religious policies of the Sassanid period in parts of Persepolis such as Tachara Palace, Naghsh-e Rostam, Naghsh-e Rajab and the Kaaba of Zoroaster in the form of embossed stone and inscription is clearly visible. The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical and the researcher has used library method to study the religious policies of the Sassanid period and its reflection in the Persepolis complex.

Research objectives:

1. To study the process of formalization of Zoroastrian religion in the Sassanid period. 2. To study the reflection of the connection between political and religious factors in the Sassanid period in the relief stones of Persepolis.

Research questions:

1. What are the contexts and grounds for the formalization of religion in the Sassanid period and the factors affecting it? 2 How are the religious policies of the Sassanid period reflected in the reliefs of Persepolis?

This study examines the Sassanid religious policies towards religious minorities and its factors. The question of the status of religious minorities in the Sassanid era is one of the topics that has received little attention. The main question raised in this regard is how were the Sassanid religious policies towards religious minorities and what were the factors that influenced the determination of these policies? The present study is descriptive and analytical and Using the library method, the question is addressed. The results of the research indicate that during the Sasanian period various religious minorities such as Jews, Christians, Buddhists, Manoites, and Mazdians Who were each oppressed during a period of Sassanid rule and persecuted by their followers. In fact, although at certain times during the reign of some Sasanian kings such as Shapur I and Nersi, religious minorities enjoyed freedom. But religious minorities were generally suppressed during the Sasanian period. Under the influence of the Zoroastrian religion in the Sassanid era, religious clerics gained great power. This, along with the struggle of the Sassanids with the Roman Empire, played an important role in determining the religious policies of the Sassanian kings against the religious minorities.

With the beginning of the Constitutional Movement of people in Tabriz, some of its preachers joined the Movement based on some former connections that they had with the reformist elements of the city. The preachers used their abilities and some unique guild privileges so that they were considered among the leaders of Constitutionalism in a short time. Thus, they actively participated in some constitutionalism related issues, the most important of which was forming “Mojahed” military forces. Due to some reasons, these two groups soon found common objectives and interests and became close comrades. Beginning with “lesser Despotism” and the attacks of anti-constitutionalists and the resistance of Mojaheds against them, Preachers, after a short hesitation, hurried to help “Mojaheds” and tried to turn the Resistance Movement from a pure military issue into a multifaceted attempt based on various national elements. Due to their familiarity with religious teachings and their use of preaching abilities, the preachers benefited from their social position among people to motivate people to accompany “Mojaheds” and responded to the religious attacks of the opponents of Constitutionalism. They also actively participated in some staff issues which were necessary for organizing the Resistance Movement. After reviewing the beginning of Constitutionalism Movement in Tabriz, the joining of preachers to the Movement, their role in forming military forces and some other changes, and based on reliable historical sources and research, this study tries to use a descriptive-analytical method to answer the following questions: what causes and reasons made preachers join the Resistance Movement? What subjects and issues did they emphasize in their preaches? The findings of this research reveal that Preachers considered the Resistance Movement as an admirable attempt for reviving constitutionalism. They believed that for this purpose the presence of religious-intellectual forces was necessary along with military forces. In their preaches they focused on faithfulness to the ideals of Constitutionalism, conformity of Constitutionalism and Mojaheds behavior with the religious principles, the opposition of despotism with religious principles and the necessity of development and progress of the country based on the objectives of Constitutionalism. As the most important thing, they focused on encouraging and helping multifaceted resistance against the supporters of Muhammad Ali Shah. This research is a study in the field of local historical studies of Tabriz in one of important periods of contemporary history of Iran.

Conclusion Emergence and extent of modern and progressive ideas at the same time increasing the Constitutional Movement in Iran, on the west ready for new associations and activities and many legs of the modern European opened. As for spase Iran Awakening Lodge shortly after the Constitutional Revolution was founded in Tehran And the First World War (August 1911 / Ramadan 1332) 135 activists and leaders took the constitutional membership. But in the midst of what was important, and the main objective of this research project will provide Effects that relations between Iran Awakening Lodge, the first official event of Freemasonry, and has established centers of power in the constitutional era. In the course of the novel structural features that had emerged after the revolution, The highest attention to the centers of political scans:1 - Persian national assembly2 - Government3 - CourtLodge, who raised the awareness of features of the new era,The Vasthayjad relations and bilateral relations with each of the three major centers mentioned in the Age of Constitutional bodies for political power and cultural influence in Iran, The center attracts people from all attachments were Trying to enforce and deepen and develop your unique ideas in modern Iranian society and was growing. Due to the establishment of the National Assembly and the Constitutional Movement was a major process, Most attention in the Lodge had its own relationship. In addition to accepting some of its members, who number an overview of the main characters in relations between the Lodge and the Assembly considered, Effects of some of the ideas and practices of bills introduced in the Assembly or Msvbhhay Masonic apron to the left Suggests that the main centers of power in the era of relations with the National Assembly has the constitutional maximum. After assembly, the government's most effective tool in the overall level of performance was in Association of powers in the Constitution as the second era of awakening the attention Lodge made many public sector managers and elected a member of brokers. This shows the interest in having a Lodge for a considerable part of the body's state constitutional era. But because modern Freemasonry French approach, based on a political fight with the oppression of wire, trying to reduce the absolute authority of court And it would create a barrier to Fzvnkhvahyhay. It is natural that the minimum established relations with the Qajar court, rather than the symptoms of the conflict between them is more broad. Although few addicted Qajar princes and associates of the court and the other was a member of Mason Lodge stood. With the onset of World War I in August 1911/1332 during which France was involved in it, A way to continue the activities of the subordinate lodges of Freemasonry's Awakening was closed And distance a week after the war began, most East (Grandavryan) France tacitly asked the attention of the box to give his important international meetings. Subsequently, Iran Awakening Lodge campaign officially closed, then on the other it did not constitute a formal meeting.