فهرست مطالب dr. mahdi jalali

Effect of osmosis dehydration, ultrasonic and edible coating as the pretreatment before drying has been studied in order to improve the flavor of the product, reduce thermal damages, decrease interstitial water and ease of transferring mass. The response surface method was used to optimize the drying conditions of Pommelo slices by osmosis-hot air. The concentration of edible coating (0-2% w/v) and the time of applying ultrasound (0-30 min) and the concentration of sucrose (40-80% w/w) were evaluated as independent variables on the amount of moisture content, absorption of solids, weight loss and productivity coefficient of Pommelo slices as dependent variables. All process variables were linearly significant for all responses (P<0.01). The comparison of the optimization results of coated and uncoated Pommelo osmotic dehydration showed that at the optimal point, the maximum amount of carboxymethyl cellulose coating and the osmotic dehydration time and the concentration of the osmotic solution in the coated sample were calculated as 2%, 21.86 minutes and 57.75%, respectively. The highest values of water reduction, weight loss and efficiency coefficient were 0.09172 (g/100g of solid matter), 0.091% and 19.478 respectively in the coated sample, and the highest absorption of solids with a value of 0.0089 (g/100g of solids) was reported in the uncoated sample. The results showed that the use of coating reduces the absorption of solid.

In this article, a novel geometry for the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) array slot antenna with directive radiation patterns for WLAN (IEEE 802.11ac) & ITU applications is proposed. By using a two sub-element topology, a combined novel element is obtained. The proposed MIMO array slot antenna illustrates beneficences in terms of small size with physical dimensions of 8.5λh×8.5λh and relatively high front-to-back ratio without using reflectors and directors with approximately 20dB F/B. Therefore, a compact MIMO antenna array with high isolation among those the combined elements are obtained. The practicality of the proposed MIMO is validated by Simulated and measured results.

Hospitals, as one of most important subsectors in human societies, are responsible for providing safe and effective medical services to clients. But sometimes these hospitals are the source of injury and death in patients by creating medical errors. In this systematic review study, the application of human factor analysis and classification system (HFACS) method in the classification of medical errors was investigated. Major electronic databases including Scopus, Web of Science, and MEDLINE were searched. All studies that investigated the application of HFACS method for coding, causation, and classification of medical errors and adverse events conducted from 2001 until February 2021 were included. A total of 108 articles were found. Due to duplication, 18 studies were removed from the review list. After reading the titles and abstracts, 50 of these publications were excluded because they had objectives different from this review. The remaining 40 publications were retrieved for further assessment. Of these, 28 publications were excluded because it did not meet the inclusion criteria. Finally, 12 articles remained for the final systematic review. We found that in 65% of the selected studies, preconditions for unsafe acts have been the major causal level of medical errors and adverse events. In the majority of the studies, communication and coordination, adverse mental states, physical environment, crew resource management, and technological environment have also been recognized as the most important causal categories in this study. As a result, to prevent medical errors and adverse events, the main focus should be on controlling the preconditions for unsafe acts including personnel factors, operator conditions, and environmental factors.

This article reviews some of the smart antennas used in Eyewear, which can receive frequencies of 700-960 MHz and 2.7-1.7 GHz, as well as Wi-Fi 5G (5.18-5.85 GHz) and Wi-Fi 6e (5.925 -7.125 GHz) to be used in wireless Eyewear glasses. Since the antennas of Eyewear devices that work in 4G, 5G cellular communication standard and Wi-Fi 6 internal wireless communication is a new category, first a general study for antenna bandwidth in different locations is done. Given that, these antennas are designed as mutual elements (coupled) and are mostly placed on FR4 or polycarbonate substrate. Then the MIMO antennas used in these glasses are investigated and gain, efficiency and SAR studies are performed along with different modes. In order to obtain a good adaptation to the use cases, the human head is always considered in the simulations. After that, antenna designs with suitable dielectric cover and frame are suggested.

In this research, the variables of oat flour (5, 10 and 15%) and date liquid sugar from Kaluteh dates (10, 20 and 30%) were used instead of wheat flour and sugar respectively to reduce energy intake. Cookie properties including technological indicators, crust color components and sensory characteristics were investigated. The linear effect of oat flour significantly affected moisture and porosity (p<0.0001), while the quadratic effect of date liquid sugar only affected specific volume (p<0.05). The interaction effect showed moisture and texture first increased then decreased with higher levels of both variables, while specific volume and porosity showed the opposite trend. The linear effect of oat flour decreased L* and increased a* and b* color components, while the quadratic effect of date liquid sugar increased a* and b*. The interaction effect significantly increased taste and overall acceptance in sensory evaluation. The optimal formulations were determined as 7.29% oat flour and 28.710% date liquid sugar.

In recent years, image annotation is one of the active research topics. In this article, a semi-supervised cooperative clustering technique is proposed for image annotation. Clustering methods are very popular because they do not require annotations. In order to achieve the highest efficiency, the clustering results of six systems with different color space and similarity criteria are cooperatively combined with the majority vote. When the number of votes for an image is low, relevant feedback is used to annotate it. One of the most important parts of the image retrieval system and clustering algorithm is determining the appropriate similarity criteria between images. Nowadays, the linear similarity criterion is mostly used to determine the similarity between images, but the nonlinear models can have much better performance due to their proximity to the human vision system, for this purpose, the KMRBF nonlinear similarity criterion is used to simulate vision. Humans and improvement of recovery results are suggested. Experiments on the Corel image database and satellite images show that the proposed method has good performance. According to the results obtained in the satellite image database, the YIQ color space has a higher accuracy (82.5%). Also, the three color spaces CIELab, HSV and YIQ have higher efficiency, because in these color spaces, luminance is separated from chrominance and these color spaces are closer to the human vision system.

This paper aims to examine three types of conceptual metaphors in Surah Yūsuf based on the cognitive linguistics approach and by using a descriptive-analytical method. So, first, the conceptual metaphor and its varieties are introduced and explained. Then, in three forms of structural, orientational, and ontological metaphors, the existing concepts in Surah Yusuf are analyzed. According to the results, in Surah Yūsuf, the concepts of life, time, and knowing have been conceptualized in the structures of travel and business, place and moving object, and seeing (structural metaphors) respectively. Also, the concepts of power, supremacy, virtue, and spiritual rank are portrayed according to the mentioned theory. Moreover, regarding the ontological metaphors, the concepts of covenant, deception, truth, the smell of Joseph, and misleading have gained physical features and were embodied in the shape of objects for the listener. Similarly, some concepts, including soul, hurt and troubles, divine aid, suffering, and doomsday have been conceptualized based on the characteristics of creatures to be more comprehensible for the listeners.

In this paper, for the classification of images, the observed cooperative classification method is proposed with the aim of reducing the semantic vacuum. Because most classification methods are sensitive to cluster centers at initialization, the algorithm converges optimally locally if the quantification is not done correctly. It is also very difficult to combine the results of the classification due to the fact that the labels of the work centers are not clear. Supervised semi-classification is used to solve these problems. To achieve the highest performance, the system classification results are combined with different color space and similarity criteria with multiple features as a semi-supervised cooperative. When the number of features is effective, the relevant feedback is used for its semi-regulatory classification. One of the most important parts of an image retrieval system and a classification algorithm is to determine the appropriate similarity between images. In this study, two methods of classification of cases have been used, which include k-NN and PNN classification, which according to the results in all proposed methods, a better response from k-NN classification than PNN has been observed. The proposed algorithm is very suitable for classifying large image databases due to the reduction of time complexity. Also, in image retrieval in different color spaces and using different similarity criteria, different classifications are obtained. Better results can be achieved if the classification results are combined.

Functional foods are those foods that have a beneficial effect beyond one of the usual nutritional effects on one or more functional systems of the body and improve health and reduce disease. In recent years, rising medical costs have forced people to find cheaper and more effective ways to stay healthy. Therefore, the tendency towards functional foods has increased. In addition, the increase in the number of older people, as well as the increase in scientific evidence regarding the health effects of functional foods, are among the factors that play an important role in the high sales of these foods. Milk and dairy products are an important part of functional foods, and to prove it, it is enough to mention that people are already familiar with these products and believe that dairy products are healthy and natural. In recent years, with increasing awareness of the benefits of consuming functional compounds and the desire of producers and consumers for natural products, much research has been done in the field of finding sources rich in natural functional compounds. Many of the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of plant extracts are due to the presence of substances such as phenol and flavonoids and similar compounds. Of all the dairy products, yogurt is the best known and most popular. Also, among fermented products, due to the desired flavor, texture and consistency, it is possible to mix it with other nutrients easily.

Celiac patients require a non-gluten-free diet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics properties of bread made from two types of simple corn flour and pre-gelatinized corn flour with microwave. For this purpose, a completely randomized design was used (P <0.05). Investigation of changes in the properties of simple and pregelatinized flour using a scanning electron microscope showed that the corn flour structure was coherent, while the structure of pre-gelatinized corn flour granules was degraded due to the microwave thermal process and was more structural expansion and swollen. Based on the results, it was determined that the pre-gelatinized corn flour sample had the highest porosity (16.5%) and the minimal texture firmness at the time of 2 (9.7 Newton) and 72 hours (17.2 Newton) after baking. Also, the use of pre-gelatinized corn flour increased the colorful component of L* , while no significant change was observed in the on two colorful components a* and b* . Finally, by examining the results of the sensory test, a sample containing pre-gelatinized corn flour was able to obtain more points from sensory evaluators by compared with of simple corn flour.

The words "yaʿūs" and "qanūṭ" are among the words that are used simultaneously in a verse and are considered synonymous by most translators. The word "yaʿūs" has been derived from "ays" that means to exist and find, and its connection with despair in a negative direction and in opposition to its root is that the despairing person thinks that what is desirable does not exist and cannot be found. The word "qanūṭ" from "qanṭ" basically means to cut, and in the Qurchr('39')an it means despair, appearance of despair in the face, sorrow and prohibition. In the 49th of Fuṣṣilat it means to prevent, and the reason lies in what said by the earlier lexicographers, as well as their being connected by the conjunctive "و". On this basis, the meaning of the verse is that man does not get tired of praying for good, and if evil befalls him, he becomes disappointed and, thereof, he stops praying. Among translators, Dehlavi and Behboodi have provided relatively good translations. They considered qanūṭ to mean the cessation of greed. It seems that such translations as "He is disappointed, He is very disappointed, and…" fail to turn the word of God; Because God has brought two news in the word and the translator must convey the two to the audience.

CATSPER 1 (Cation Channel Sperm Associated 1) and CATSPER2 channels have an important role in sperm motility. In this study, the effects of hyperthyroidism on Catsper1 and 2 genes of seminiferous tubules in mice testes were investigated.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of hyperthyroidism on the expression of CATSPER1 and CATSPER2 genes in the seminiferous tubules of mice.

This study was conducted on 20 BALB/C male mice divided into two groups - experimental and control. The experimental group was administered with 500 mg/l levothyroxine (L-thyroxine) liquid solution for two months for inducing hyperthyroidism, which was confirmed by radioimmunoassay. On the other hand, the control group was kept in animal houses under a normal condition. The implementation of real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical studies was accomplished after the removal of the testes of the mice under anesthesia induced by chloroform.

Results showed that there was no significant difference in CATSPER1 (p = 0.45) and CATSPER2 (p = 0.34) gene expression between groups. At the same time, the color intensity showed no significant enhancement in the hyperthyroidism group (CATSPER1 p = 0.17 and CATSPER2 p = 0.22) as compared to the control group.

Considering the key role of CATSPER in the molecular structure of the sperm, our findings showed that the hyperactivity of the thyroid gland has no significant effects on the function of these components. Therefore, it might be concluded that hyperthyroidism has no considerable effects on the seminiferous tubules.

Musculoskeletal discomfort is one of the most important causes of occupational disabilities in many work communities which cause high costs for the economies of countries. Studies signifies the importance of implementation of programs to control these discomforts. In this regard, the ranking of occupational and work-related diseases provided by the World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that musculoskeletal disorders had second place after work-related respiratory diseases in 2013. Agricultural workers are at high risk of musculoskeletal disorders due to the nature of their intense physical activities and high level of manual labor. Indeed, farmers experience a variety of physical pressures due to repetitive lifting and carrying heavy loads, working with inappropriate tools, working in undesirable conditions with awkward postures (bended and/or deviated trunk, abducted arms, working at height higher than shoulders, etc). They usually work with vibrating tools and are exposed with other hazards such as falling or slipping. Many observational ergonomic assessment tools are designed for evaluating the postural risk of different job tasks. Some examples include the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA), Quick Exposure Checklist (QEC), and so on. Agriculture is an occupation that depends highly on working methods and equipments. As a result, workers can adopt different postures as a function of their tasks and situations. It is assumed that their working postures would be more or less different from industrial workers. The majority of previous researchers applied typical existed methods to evaluate farmer’s working postures, since there was no specialized evaluation method. This lack of a proper agricultural evaluation method has recently been resolved by Kong et al. (2015), who introduced a methodology entitled “Agricultural Whole-Body Assessment” (AWBA) for this purpose. This approach covers a wide variety of body postures which are especially existed in agricultural tasks. Agricultural workers and their ergonomic conditions are rarely investigated in Iran. To our knowledge, no study has yet paid attention to the working posture of Iranian agricultures using AWBA. Considering the high number of workers in this section, and the lack of required information in order to decide appropriate interventions, the present study is conducted to assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort and the evaluation of working postures among fruit picker in Iran. 

A total of 135 fruit picker working in Damavand apple gardens voluntarily participated in this study. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and the written consent form was signed by each participant before starting. The inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study were having at least one year of working experience in the fruit picking job, and lack of any specific work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Also, individuals who experienced acute musculoskeletal injuries due to non-occupational reasons during the study, and those who declined to continue their participation for any reason were excluded from the study. In this study, only fruit pickers who picked fruit from short trees without needing to ladder were entered. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to identify the demographic and occupational characteristics of the employees. Accordingly, factors including age, sex, height, weight, and work experience were collected. The prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort was recorded by a body map questionnaire during the study period. The body map questionnaire attempts to identify body regions involved with musculoskeletal disorders. The body map questionnaire classifies whole human body into nine anatomical areas. Workers were asked to mark each area in which they feel discomfort. AWBA was used to evaluate working postures and to determine the ergonomic risk level. This tool provides the risk levels for the upper (AULA) and the lower (ALLA) limbs, taking into account the different postures of the body during the work as well as the working duration in each posture. Finally, using a 4x4 matrix, the overall risk level of the whole body is determined. The final risk levels can range from 1 (low) to 4 (extremely high).  Data was analyzed with SPSS software version 16, using t-test and Mann-Whitney test. 

The prevalence of musculoskeletal discomfort among the studied fruit pickers was 31.9%, 22.2%, 20.7% and 14.8% in lower back, knees, legs/foots and shoulders respectively. In total, 88 out of 135 workers (65.2%) experienced musculoskeletal discomfort in at least one region of ​​the body while 47 workers (34.8%) reported no discomfort. The age of participants ranged from 12 to 73 years (mean = 35.9 ± 15.7). The history of work ranged from 2 to 50 years with an average of 12.8 ± 11.4. Individual characteristics including age, height, weight, work experience and body mass index were not related with the presence of musculoskeletal discomfort among studied workers (P >0.05). According to the results obtained from the Agricultural Whole-Body Assessment method, the risk score of three was calculated for the upper limbs (AULA), lower limbs (ALLA) as well as whole body (AWBA); indicating high risk of musculoskeletal disorders in fruit pickers due to their excessive exposure to physical ergonomics hazards. 

Fruit pickers are at high risk of musculoskeletal disorders. Awkward working postures in manual fruit harvesting may be considered as the main cause for the incidence of MSDs in this working group. Although the lower limbs (foot, legs, knees) of fruit pickers seem more painful than other body parts, it is important to consider their whole body (including lower and upper limbs) in the case of designing any ergonomic improvements, since both lower and upper limbs are at high risk of MSDs in traditional apple harvesting. Therefore, appropriate yet prompt ergonomic interventions should be implemented. In this regard, moving to the mechanized agriculture seems to have the highest priority among all possible interventions. However, until it could be realized, other ergonomic improvements should be adopted. These include all changes resulting in reducing repetitive movements, modifying working postures (i.e. avoiding excessive bending, twisting, deviating, abducting arms, working over the shoulder height, reaching beyond the natural working zone envelope, etc), decreasing prolonged standing, and reducing exposure to the biomechanical risk factors such as force and prolonged working hours. It is also recommended to improve the traditional methods of fruit handling and carrying by designing ergonomic baskets dedicated for this purpose.

The aim of this study was to determine the protective role of ascorbic acid on apoptosis and proliferation of spermatogonia and primary spermatocyte cells after malathion administration as an organophosphate pesticide in rat testis.

Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of 6 rats each, including control (no intervention), sham (normal saline 0.09%), malathion (50 mg/kg), malathion plus ascorbic acid (50 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg, respectively), and ascorbic acid (200 mg/kg) groups. Malathion and ascorbic acid were administrated via intraperitoneal injection once per day and seven times per week. After 6 weeks, animals were sacrificed, and testis tissue was used for evaluation of apoptosis and proliferation of germinal epithelium cells using the TUNEL and PCNA staining techniques.

The results of TUNEL staining showed that the numbers of apoptotic cells in spermatogonia and primary spermatocyte cells were significantly increased in the malathion 50 mg/kg group vs control group (P<0.001). Co-administration of malathion 50 mg/kg and ascorbic acid 200 mg/kg significantly decreased the apoptotic cells in both cell types in comparison with malathion 50 mg/kg group (P<0.001). The results of PCNA staining revealed that the proliferation of these cells was significantly decreased in malathion 50 mg/kg group vs control group (P<0.001), and malathion 50 mg/kg plus ascorbic acid 200 mg/kg administration increased the proliferation of cells compared with malathion 50 mg/kg group (P<0.001).

The results provide evidence that ascorbic acid showed preventive effects on malathion-induced toxicity in male rat testis.

In the Holy Quran, the verse 22 of the chapter Muddathir, there is found the two synonyms-like words of "abasa" and "basara". The terminologists and commentators have stated the meanings of these two words, three meanings for the former and eleven for the latter, the fact which shows their divergences. In this article, in order to clarify the meaning of these words, while referring to the lexical sources and obtaining the correct meanings of the words, the commentators' views regarding the verse are discussed. The findings of the study indicate that the most appropriate interpretation in this context for the former is to frown and for the latter is to pause and stand while thinking. The view given here, in addition to its being in agreement with context and views of some terminologists and commentators, may be taken as an argument against their being taken as synonymous.

Hyperthyroidism is one of the disorders of the thyroid gland, an organ that controls the cellular and molecular behaviors of the seminiferous tubule basement membrane (BM), and ultimately, influences its evolutionary process. We aimed to investigate the effects of hyperthyroidism on immunohistochemical characteristics and gene expression levels of collagen IV and laminin-α5 in seminiferous tubules BM of Balb/C mice.

Twenty male Balb/C mice were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 500 mg/l of levothyroxine (L-thyroxine) diluted in drinking water for two months to inducing hyperthyroidism, which was confirmed by radioimmunoassay. At the end of the study, the mice were sacrificed, and their testes were extracted for immunohistochemistry and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays.

Although a weak reaction was observed in the experimental specimens, no significant enhancement was noted in color intensity of type IV collagen in the seminiferous tubules BM of the experimental group as compared to the control group (P>0.05). Collagen IV gene expression results in the experimental group were not significantly different from the controls (P>0.05). Thus, there was a significant increase in laminin α5 gene expression compared to the control group (P=0.016).

Considering the key role of collagen IV and laminin-α5 in the seminiferous tubule BM in the testes, the results of this study indicated that hyperthyroidism has important effects on both structures and functions of these two components.

A broadband circularly polarized MIMO antenna array with a 2×4 feed network was proposed for C-band application. Different unique techniques were utilized in the proposed array to enhance the antenna characteristics, such as gain, 3dB Axial Ratio Bandwidth (ARBW), impedance tuning, and ruinous mutual coupling effects. For a better improvement of circular polarization features, a 2*4 MIMO Sequentially Rotated (MIMO-SR) feed network was used to achieve broader 3dB ARBW. Besides, the MIMO feature of the feed network could control the left- and right-handed CP, respectively. Moreover, electromagnetic band-gap structure was applied to enhance the overall performance of antenna array. Ultimately, specific forms of slot and slit structures were applied onto the top layer of MIMO feed network that provided a high isolation between the radiating elements and array network. The extracted measured results illustrated an impedance bandwidth of 4.6-7.3 GHz at port 1 and 4.25-7.2 GHz at port 2 for VWSR

Evidence shows that chemical fertilizers used for agricultural purposes have high levels of nitrate. These agricultural products consumed by livestock are the most important sources of nitrate. Type-IV collagen, found primarily in the base membrane, is significantly vital for the performance of glomerular base membrane in the kidney. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of nitrate and vitamin C on the expression of type-IV collagen in rat kidney. This empirical research was conducted on 49 Wistar rats in Iran from 2017 to 2018. The sample size was determined using Morgan Table Samples were randomly divided into seven groups: (1) no nitrate (control), (2) nitrate at 10 mg/L, (3) nitrate at 45 mg/L, (4) nitrate at 200 mg/L, (5) nitrate (10 mg/L) + vitamin C (20 mg per 100 g of body weight), (6) nitrate (45 mg/L) + vitamin C (similar amount), and (7) nitrate (200 mg/L) + vitamin C (similar amount). After 91 days, the content of type-IV collagen in the kidney tissue was determined using the immunohistochemistry (IHC) protocol. The expression of type-IV collagen gene was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in all groups. There was no significant difference among the groups of 1-3 (4.55 ± 0.51, 4.7 ± 0.47, 3.6 ± 0.5, P > 0.05) in terms of type-IV collagen. However, the obtained results of group 4 indicated a significant reduction in the content of type-IV collagen (1.25 ± 0.44), compared to the control group (4.55 ± 0.51, P = 0.000). In terms of vitamin C consumption, the groups of 5 (3.45 ± 0.51) and 6 (3.4 ± 0.5) did not differ significantly from the control group (4.55 ± 0.51, P > 0.05). Nonetheless, the severity of response to anti-type-IV collagen antibody significantly increased in group 7 (3.55 ± 0.6) compared to group 4 (1.25 ± 0.44, P < 0.05). The investigated doses of nitrate in drinking water (up to 45 mg/L) had no significant effect on the content of type-IV collagen. On the other hand, the excessive concentrations of nitrate limited the distribution of type-IV collagen and led to potential side effects on the glomerular base membrane. Moreover, vitamin C had no significant effect on 10 and 45 mg/L doses of nitrate. Nevertheless, 200 mg/L dose of nitrate improved the destructive effects of type-IV collagen on the kidney.

Malathion is one of organophosphate pesticides that is widely used in agriculture and crops to control insects. Malathion affects body organs such as the reproductive system by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity and induction of oxidative stress. This study is aimed to investigate the effects of malathion on glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in testis of male rats, as well as to study the protective role of Ascorbic Acid. In this study, 30 adult male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200–250 g were divided into 5 groups of 6 rats each. These groups include a control group (no intervention), sham (normal saline 0.9%), experimental Group 1 (malathion 50 mg/kg), experimental Group 2 (Malathion 50 mg/kg + Ascorbic Acid 200 mg/kg), and experimental Group 3 (Ascorbic Acid 200 mg/kg). Malathion, solvents, and ascorbic acid were injected intraperitoneally. After 6 weeks, all groups were anesthetized, and the right testis was used to measure levels of MDA and GSH. MDA as a marker of lipid peroxidation and GSH content was used. The results showed that malathion increased MDA level and decreased GSH level compared with the control group (P < 0.001). It was also found that administration of malathion in combination with ascorbic acid reduced MDA level and increased the GSH level. Malathion‑induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in the testis of rats. In addition, it seems that ascorbic acid, due to its antioxidant capabilities, can improve malathion‑induced poisonous changes.

Iran is a country with an ethnic diversity that these people have had diverse relationships with each other throughout the history. National solidarity is seen as a prerequisite for the development of the country. The city of Miandoab is one of the areas with two ethnic groups where the Azeri Turkic and Kurdish people live in the region together. Knowing that the Azeri Turkic and Kurdish people emphasize on which type of their identity can increase the understanding of the issue. In the present research, the main question of the research was suggested as follows: Will the weak ties between two people increase the national solidarity? Given the background of the research and available theories, the hypothesis was made as follows: There is a significant relationship between the weak ties between the two ethnic groups and the national / ethnic identity. The research methodology was a surveying one using randomized sampling method. The research findings revealed that the national identity increases with the increased weak ties between the two ethnic groups. Also, as the level of communication of a nation’s people with the people of another nation decreases, their ethnic identity rate will increase as a result. The result of the study indicated that one of the most important factors in strengthening national identity is the extent of communication and relationship between the people of ethnic groups. With the increased relationships between ethnic groups, the national identity, and consequently, the national solidarity will also be strengthened.

A review of the study of narrators (‘ilm al-rijāl) and the course of development of the science of adaptation (‘ilm-i jarḥ wa ta‘dīl) talks about the evaluation of hadith in terms of critiquing the narrators mentioned in the chain of transmitters. To this end, they have created special terms and phrases for authentication of each of the transmitters so that to determine the validity of the transmitter’s tradition by their employment. However, the rijāl experts were divided over the meaning and the signification of some of them which have prompted to turn the semantic study and reappraisal of the meaning and evidential analysis of these terms into an efficient procedure with a new glance at sanad studies. The main approach of this research is to study and evaluate the rank and rate of the term “shaykh”. As for the evidential aspects regarding validation or praise among theoreticians, various viewpoints have been presented concerning its evidential aspects, so that while bringing various opinions close together, we can explain the limits of its evidential meaning in various ranks and rates of adaptation and uncover and delineate the weakness of its meaning.

Liver cells or hepatocytes facilitate different hepatic functions. The liver reportedly accounts for up to 500 separate functions, alongside other systems and organs. The high consumption of the food containing high levels of nitrate in the community and the presence of this harmful substance in water endanger the health of many people. N-nitroso compounds, as potential free radicals, can damage the tissues through oxidative stress. The current study was targeted toward examining the impact of drinking water nitrate and vitamin C on hepatic enzymes and oxidative markers in rats. The present experimental study was performed on 49 rats in Mashhad, Iran, during 2017 - 2018. The subjects were assigned into seven groups. Group one received water without nitrates (control) while groups two, three, and four received different concentration of nitrates (10, 45, 200 mg/L). Groups five, six, and seven received the same concentration of nitrates and vitamin C (20 mg/100g body weight). After 91 days, blood samples were obtained to determine hepatic enzymes (namely, ALT/SGPT: alanine aminotransferase, AST/SGOT: aspartate aminotransferase, and ALP: alkaline phosphatase). Furthermore, an autopsy was carried out to examine the liver tissue regarding the markers of oxidation (namely, MDA: Malondialdehyde, SOD: Superoxide-dismutase, CAT: Catalase enzyme, and GSH: Glutathione), according to the protocol. The results revealed a significant elevation in ALP (P = 0.034), AST (P = 0.018), and ALT (155.14 ± 25.67, 92 ± 17.72, P = 0.000), compared to those in the control group. In addition, the fourth group demonstrated a significant enhancement in MDA level, collated to the group one (P = 0.44), while there was a significant drop in CAT (P = 0.025), SOD (P = 0.002), and GSH levels (P = 0.000). Furthermore, use of vitamin C led to a significant drop in the levels of ALP, AST, ALT, and MDA, as well as a significant elevation in GSH, SOD, and CAT in the seventh group in comparison to the fourth group (P < 0.05). As the findings indicated, drinking water nitrate and Vitamin C exerted a non-significant effect on the doses of nitrate (10 and 45 mg/L). Nonetheless, a nitrate dose of 200 mg/L had a significant impact on ALT, ALP, AST, and oxidative stress indicators leading to hepatic diseases.

Air conditioning systems are the main source of background low frequency noise in administrative buildings, restaurants, classrooms, and hotels. There are different ways to reduce the low frequency noise. Silencers are generic tools which are utilized for controlling noise produced by air conditioning systems. Sound assessment and frequency analysis were performed in accordance with standard methods to evaluate the exposure of workers in separate work stations. In the next step, an absorptive- dissipative silencer which its inner side was covered by convoluted acoustical foam was implemented in the ventilation system. The exposure of employees was re-evaluated. Moreover, Preferred Noise Criterion (PNC) and Speech Interference Level (SIL) were two acoustic indices used for assessing the effectiveness of the silencer. Before implementing the silencer, the sound pressure level in the rooms was between 57.8 and 61.1dBA with a peak frequency at 125Hz. The implemented silencer with dimensions of 1.4 ×1×1m, and inlet and outlet area of 0.45×0.45m was able to reduce the sound pressure level of about 13 to 14.2dB. Further, the PNC and the SIL indices were reduced to 14.33 and 15.31dB, respectively. The implemented absorptive- dissipative silencer reduced the sound pressure level of about 13.6dBA. Moreover, PNC and SIL indices are two important indices which can be used for assessing the level of comfort in office buildings.

The commentators have come up with different interpretation because of the disagreement in the meaning of "caliph" in Q2:30. Their interpretive thoughts are diverse in Exemplified exterior of the caliph and "Mustakhlafun 'anh" (predecessor). This paper attempts to clarify, based on the verbal texture of the verses and Arabic literature and signs such as rational proofs, authentic traditions, prays, and the history of Islam, clarify the meaning of the caliph, and has shown that the status of caliphate only for prophets and household of Prophet, not all person of Adam. On the other hand, this paper explains that "Mustakhlafun 'anh" not refer to God, but refer to prophets and household of Prophet that are one after the other, and the dignity of the caliph due to the successor and giver and also due to scientific superiority to the angels, and the limited use of the caliph of Allah in traditions is the spiritual added that have hidden preposition "Min" and "Li".