فهرست مطالب e abdollahi

Substance Abuse Subjects after drinking and entering Rehabilitation Therapies, reuse drugs in a short period of time.

Determination of factors associated with drug abuse recurrence in Drug AbuseTreatment Centers Patients.

This is a cross-sectional study with control group selection. The population under study consisted of those referred to the Drug Abuse Treatment Centers in Shafa Hospital of Rasht in 2016-2017. 82 subjects (41 cases and 41 controls) were selected by available sampling method and completed researcher-made questionnaires containing demographic data and factors related to the recurrence of drug abuse from one's point of view, as well as GHQ 28. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software.

There was a significant relationship between consumption recurrence with job type (p = 0.031), low income (p = 0.036), opium type (p = 0.020), cannabis (p <0.0001) and glass (P = 0.008).  The odds of relapse were significantly lower amongst consumers in the food way (p = 0.026). There was a significant relationship between total score of mental health and relapse of substance abuse and a unit of mental health score reduction increased the odds of recurrence of drug abuse by 1.15 times. Among the components of mental health, social dimension has a significant relationship with the recurrence of substance use

The results showed that multiple economic, individual, familial, social and psychological factor sare predictive of the recurrence of drug abuse.
Conflict of interest: non declared

The use of herbal medicines dates back to the beginning of the human history. Today, herbal medicines still play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of disease in many cultures and communities. There are few reports about adverse effects of herbal medicines. This is why many people around the world believe that herbal medicines can't cause adverse effects. They believe plants are safe, even if they're not efficient. This idea is wrong, regardless of how common it might be considered. Plants can be dangerous and even lethal in some cases. It is not just plant chemicals that might cause adverse effects. The role of environmental pollutants and the presence of fraud in form of alternation and adulteration in herbal preparations is another factor that might contribute to harmful effects on various organs of the body, including the kidneys. Kidneys are vital organs that filter blood, remove wastes and excrete the wastes in the urine. They are susceptible to injury because of their high exposure to different chemical substances including chemicals from the herbs. This is why studying the possible adverse effects of herbal medicines on kidney structure and function gets important. This issue highlights the role of regulatory and legislator organizations in providing up-to-date laws to help maintain a better regulation on the production and consumption of herbal products. This article reviews the findings on this case. We used papers published between 1990 and January 2018 in pubmed and google scholar databases.

30 to 60% of patients admitted to non-psychiatric wards have at least one significant psychiatric illness. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, causes, and quality of psychiatric counseling requested. This descriptive study was carried out on all patients admitted to educational hospitals in Rasht, Iran from 2012 to 2014, for which psychiatric consultation was requested and their counseling sheets were available. Data were extracted based on the checklist. Assessment of the quality of the consultation request and the response quality of the counseling were done. Data were analyzed by SPSS21. The frequency of psychiatric counseling application in this study was calculated to be 0/3%. A total of 905 counseling papers were reviewed. According to the data, 51/1% of patients were female and 48/9% were male, with the mean age of 45/7 years. For 54/7% of the patients, emergency counseling and for 45/3%, of them non-emergency counseling was requested. The most requesting counseling departments were surgery and internal medicine (14/6% and 12%, respectively). The lowest frequency of consultation requests was for anesthesiology department (0/1%). The most common reason for requesting psychiatric counseling was restlessness (26/75%) and then medication setting (14/45%). The most common diagnostic suspicion in response to counseling was delirium and the average duration for requesting counseling was 2.9 days after admission. Considering the relatively low frequency and quality of counseling in this study, more attention to the use of psychiatric counseling in medical patients and coherent training of assistants to improve the quality of counseling seem necessary.
Conflict of interest: non declared

Torture, in the penal system of many countries, as well as at regional and international level, is considered a crime and many strategies have been suggested in order to find solutions to prevent it. These strategies can be studied and evaluated from three aspects: legislative, judicial, and administrative. In any discussion on torture, it seems necessary to first provide a clear-cut definition which indicates the structure and framework of torture. Various definitions have been proposed in the international documents, however, the most comprehensive one is the one appeared in the Convention Against Torture proposed in1984. Article 1 states that, ’’Torture consists of causing, deliberately, any severe or mental pain or suffering to a person by the government officials or someone who operates in an official post, or when he permits someone to gain information by force or causes him or a third party to admit and punish him because of the action he or a third party has committed, or is suspected of committing, or to intimidate or force him or a third party to do something by any reason and based on any kind of discrimination.” However, pain or suffering which is caused as a result of legal penalties or is integral part of penalties is not considered torture. In Iran’s criminal law, there is no definition of torture. However, article Thirty Eight of the Iranian Constitution has prohibited any kind of torture and admitted no reason whatsoever for torture. The present study is descriptive and analytical in nature. The data were collected through note-taking while making use of computer databases and networks. As the study is qualitative and done through library research, the bases of reasoning is inference and comparison. The researcher, examining the prevailing literature on torture at national and international level, concludes that due to lack of guarantee for implementation as well as incompetency of the prevailing strategies we are still very far from preventing this global issue. However, the researchers made some suggestions.

A victim is an essential element in the criminal process, however, he has not been given due attention in the criminal policy and criminology researches in our country. The necessity to support a victim requires global, regional and local strategies, so that the victim can gain his lost rights. Supporting a victim necessitates a special criminal or non-criminal method or mechanism. The present study is descriptive and analytical in nature and makes use of library research. The required data were collected via computer databases and networks. The base or criterion of analysis is reasoning, inference, and comparison. The strategies were studied and analyzed from three aspects: legislative, judicial, and administrative. At legislative level the issues analyzed were the documents of UN Draft Convention about justice and support for those who have been victims of power abuses, UN convention against organized crimes as well as UN convention against corruption, to name but a few. At judicial and administrative levels, the role of the victim in international criminal court and the way to support him in initial preliminary researches were discussed and analyzed.