effat bambaeichi

Aerobic exercises induce adaptations that improve physiological function. However, aerobic exercises, oxidative reproduction may lead to injury and other health issues such as adverse cardiac effects. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercises on protein expression change in the heart left ventricle to determine the advantages and disadvantages related to this mode of exercise.

Male Wistar rats were randomized into two groups; trained (T) and control (C). Animals from T group were trained for 8 weeks, and then 2D LC‑MS/MS iTRAQ method was used for extracting and analyzing the left ventricular proteins. Certain proteins that were highlighted in the special process were selected for further analysis via protein‑protein interaction network (PPI) method. The identified proteins were enriched via gene ontology (GO) to find biological terms.

We identify five overexpressed antioxidant proteins in T group compared with C group including extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu‑Zn], Frataxin, protein kinase C delta type, STE20/SPS1‑related proline‑alanine‑rich protein kinase, and amyloid‑beta A4 protein.

Findings indicate that catalase and insulin are two exercise‑related proteins. However, they were not included in the significant differentially expressed proteins. Finally it was found that enhancement of antioxidative activity is a direct effect of aerobic exercises.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a polygenic endocrine disorder in women of reproductive ages which will lead to infertility. This study is aimed to determine changes in levels of hyperandrogenism, hirsutism and menstrual regulation after a period of aquatic high intensity interval training (AHIIT) in women with PCOS.

Thirty patients with PCOS having age between 20 and 35 and body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 in obstetrics and gynaecology clinics in Isfahan were selected based on Rotterdam Diagnostic Criteria. They were randomly divided into experimental (AHIIT + metformin, N = 15) and control groups (metformin, N = 15). The exercises were done for 12 weeks, three sessions of 20 minutes. Metformin (1500 mg) was taken daily for 3 consecutive days for 12 weeks. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, t‑test, Covariance and Wilcoxon were applied (P value < 0.05).

After 12 weeks, no significant difference was observed in waist‑to‑hip ratio (WHR), but in AHIIT, the BMI and fat mass significantly decreased and levels of follicle‑stimulating hormone (FSH), free testosterone (FT) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) increased compared to control group (P < 0.05). While levels of improvement of total testosterone (TT), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), FT, luteinising hormone (LH) and free androgen index (FAI) were not significant between the two groups (P > 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant decrease in homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‑IR) and hirsutism severity in experimental group (P < 0.05). In both groups, the order of menstrual cycles
improved significantly (P < 0.05).

Doing AHIIT besides drug therapy can be effective for PCOS patients.

The aim of present study was to compare the effects of negative energy balance with food restriction and/or aerobic exercise on the glucose, insulin, and GLUT4 levels in diabetic male rats.

Fifty‑six 10‑week old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to seven groups: a non‑diabetic (ND) group and six diabetic groups. After an infusion of type 2 diabetes, the diabetic groups were given labels as well, namely diabetic control (DC) group, exercise (Ex) group, food restriction with standard diet (FRSD) group, food restriction with low‑carbohydrate diet (FRLCD) group, food restriction with standard diet combination in exercise (FRSDE)group, and food restriction with low‑carbohydrate diet combination in exercise (FRLCDE) group. Further, to induce caloric restriction (CR), food intake was reduced by 20% and given to food restriction consists of both of (FRSD and FRLCD). Hundred percent food consumption for the Ex group was fixed, but instead, 20% of their energy intake in exercise was calculated, and time of daily exercise was determined. Finally, a combination of reduced food intake (10%)and exercise (10%) was applied in each group FRSDE and FRLCDE for 8 weeks.

The results showed that type 2 diabetes inductions had reduced glucose, insulin, and GLUT4 gene expression compared to the ND group (P = 0.001). However, there were significant differences in GLUT4 gene expression between groups after 8 weeks of intervention (P = 0.001). A post hoc least significant difference test show that compared to DC group, GLUT4 gene expression level of Ex, FRSDE, and FRLCDE groups was significantly increased 47% (P = 0.004), 60% (P = 0.001), and 65% (P = 0.001), respectively after 8 week of intervention, but it was not significant or with any other diabetic groups (P > 0.05). Moreover, glucose levels were significantly higher in the FRLCDE, FRLCD, FRSD, FRSDE, Ex groups compared with the DC group in the sameperiod (P = 0.0.01).

It was concluded that FRSD and FRLCD combination in regular exercise was elevated of GLUT4 gene expression in type 2 diabetes. These results may help to develop new methods for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Today, the importance of physical activity as a preventative way for cardiovascular disease has attracted much attention.The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of 6 weeks of interval training with or without extract of Ziziphus jujuba on lipocalcin‑2 (LCN2) and adiponectin levels in heart tissue in male Wistar rats with myocardial infarction. Thirty male Wistar rats (mean weight, 180–220 g and age, 2–3 months) were divided into fve groups, including (1) Healthy control; (2) Isoprenaline‑treated group (ISO); (3) ISO + jujube extracts (JE); (4) Trained ISO rats; and (5) Trained ISO rats + JE. Exercise was performed (5 days/week, for 6 week including 54‑min cycles with speed of 23 m/min and 54‑min cycles with speed of 15 m/min). After 48 h of the last training session, the rats were sacrifced, and their heart tissue was excised. The signifcant level of statistical data was analyzed by one‑way ANOVA
test. LCN2 levels signifcantly decreased in trained ISO rats + JE group after 6 weeks of interval training with JE consumption, compared to ISO group. However, the consumption of jujuba extracts with and without interval training did not show any signifcant changes in adiponectin levels of rat’s heart tissue, compared to ISO (P < 0.05). Because the LCN2 inflammatory factor decreased after 6 weeks of exercise and consumption of the extract, it seems that performing interval training with JE consumption can be an effective method in the cardiac rehabilitation phase after a heart attack.

Postmenopausal estrogen deficiency, disturbance of the antioxidant defense system, and free radical production lead to oxidative stress. This results in metabolic disturbances affecting the liver. Therefore, it is important to properly evaluate the benefits of antioxidant administration and exercise on oxidative stress in the liver. The main purpose of this study was to compare the effects of aerobic training with vitamin C and estradiol on oxidative stress in the liver among ovariectomized and normal rats. In total, sixty-four female rats were divided into two groups of normal (n=32) and ovariectomized (n=32). Each group was subdivided randomly into four subgroups consisting of sham, training, training+vitamin C, and training+estradiol. The experimental protocol was five 60-min running sessions for six weeks on a treadmill with average intensity and 55% Vo2max. Moreover, the rats were subjected to the injection of 250 mg and 0.25 mg/kg vitamin C and estradiol, respectively.  Liver oxidative damage was determined by the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). According to the results, ovariectomy resulted in vaginal atrophy. Moreover, it led to a significant increase in AST and ALT levels. In addition, the administration of estradiol decreased the serum level of these enzymes (P<0.05). However, aerobic training and vitamin C had no effect on the prevention of the increased levels of these enzymes in ovariectomized rats (P<0.05). In conclusion, the obtained results revealed that average intensity training had no effect on the prevention of increased levels of oxidative stress in ovariectomized rats. However, exercise training in combination with estradiol and vitamin C improved oxidative stress conditions in ovariectomized rats.

In this study, the interactive effect of aerobic exercise and the intake of multivitamin-mineral supplementation on men blood lead levels in expose of polluted urban air was studied.
In this study, 46 Subjects with a mean of 25 ± 1.2 voluntarily and with satisfaction in this study were randomly assigned to 4 groups: supplement and exercise (n=11), exercise (n=11), supplement (n=12), control (n=12). Aerobic exercise for the first and second groups and intake of supplementation were taken for the first and third groups of research. The measured variable was measured once before and the end of 12 weeks. ANOVA was used for comparison between groups and the LSD post hoc test was used to compare the pair of groups. A significant level (p <0.05) was considered.
there was a significant decrease in the concentration of lead in the combined and supplementary groups and a significant increase in the exercise group compared with the pre-study (p <0.05). The results of ANOVA showed a significant difference between the groups in the concentration of lead. This difference was significant between the combined group and the training group, while there was no significant difference between the combined and complementary groups.
The results showed that reduced the concentration of lead in air pollution. Therefore, it is recommended that the amount of vitamins and minerals needed for the body be used in order to reduce lead absorption, and in the absence of antioxidant supplements.

Changing the life style is the most successful way for prevention and treatment of type II diabetes and negative energy balance is one of its methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interactive effects of calorie restriction alone and in combination with aerobic exercise on Vaspin and Interlukine-6 (IL-6) in type II diabetic male rats. In an experimental study, 56 male Wistar rats (age: 10 weeks) were randomly classified into seven groups including one healthy control and six diabetic groups as control, aerobic exercise, standard diet, low carb diet, standard diet plus aerobic exercise, and low-carb diet plus aerobic exercise. Twenty percent of negative energy balance was carried out on a daily basis on all groups for eight weeks. Blood samples were collected at the end of protocol and adipokines were analyzed by ELISA method. The results showed that Vaspin levels in diabetic control group were significantly decreased in contrast to healthy control group (p≤0.05). Aerobic exercise in combination with low-carb diet and standard diet also caused a significant increase in the Vaspin level compared to diabetic control group. Also, the results showed that induction of diabetes significantly increased the level of IL-6 compared to healthy control group. However, there was no significant difference in the level of IL-6 between the experimental groups and diabetic control group. This study showed that combination of aerobic exercise with low-carb diet and standard diet can increase pro-Inflammatory adipokines (Vaspin) but does not significantly affect anti-Inflammatory adipokines (IL-6) level

The production of Reaction Oxygen Species (ROS), lowers cellular antioxidant levels, and enhances oxidative stress in many tissues, especially the liver. Efficient liver function is extremely important to the overall health. The key to helping prevent long-term damage is to decrease oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of treadmill training with vitamin C or estradiol on nitric oxide metabolite, oxidative stress marker and liver enzymes levels in female rat.
Thirty two female rats were randomly divided into four groups of 8 rats each; consisting of control (Con), training (Tr), training vitamin C (Tr嘫), and training立歩� (Tr) groups. Vitamin C (250 mg/kg/day) was injected three times a week for 6 weeks, and estradiol (0.25 mg/kg/week) was injected for the two first weeks. Training groups performed aerobic exercise on a treadmill 5 days/week for 6 weeks. Serum and liver tissue levels of nitrite and malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum were determined.
The results showed significant reductions in the serum nitrite in Tr嘫 group (6.33±0.37µmole/l) compared with Con group (9.67± 1.39 µmole/l) and Tr group (9.91± 1.33 µmole/l) groups. While Tr group (0.22±0.02 µmole/l) exhibited lower liver nitrite compared with Con group (0.29±0.01 µmole/l) group. Serum MDA in Tr (6.68±0.31 µmole/l) and Tr嘫 (7.01±0.44 µmole/l) groups was significantly higher than in Con groups (5.20± 0.40 µmole/l).
Our findings indicate that the treadmill training program used in this study was able to attenuate the liver oxidative stress but administration of vitamin C or estradiol couldn’t improve liver status.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIT) prescription by heart rate (HR-based) and running speed (speed-based) methods on natural logarithm of the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals (Ln rMSSD) as a measure of heart rate variability (HRV) in young female student athletes.
Seventeen female student athletes participated in this study and were divided into HR-based (n=9, age: 16.7 years) and speed-based (n=8, age: 16.9 years) HIT groups. 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test was used for the speed-based group to detect the reference maximum speed (VIFT) for prescribing the HIT intensity accordingly. Age predicted maximal HR was used for the HR-based group as the reference value. All subjects performed similar training protocol for 5 weeks, except the method of individualizing HIT sessions (2 weekly sessions of HIT=3 sets of 3 minutes work interspersed with 3 minutes passive recovery with the 15-15 seconds format during each working set); either according to 90%-95% of maximal HR or VIFT.
HR- and speed-based HIT groups showed the most likely large improvements in Ln rMSSD of .9%, 90% confidence limits [CL] (5.9; 10.0); standardized change: .75 (1.32; 2.19) and .5%, (2.8; 8.3); .41 (0.72; 2.09), respectively. In between group analyses, HR-based HIT produced likely a small greater improvement in Ln rMSSD than speed-based HIT (.9%, [-5.0; 4.4]; .50 [-0.14; 1.14], chances for greater/similar/lower values of 79/17/4).
It is concluded that both HIT prescription strategies were effective in Ln rMSSD elevation, but using maximal HR as a reference may elicit higher parasympathetic dominance with small effect in young female student athletes.

The aim of the Present study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on muscle strength in patients with prostate cancer. Twenty-four non-metastatic prostate cancer patients voluntarily participated in the study and randomly assigned into two group of 12; an experimental (mean ±SD, age73 ± 6.1 year, height 172.5 ± 5.2 cm, weight 75.4±8.6 kg) and control groups (mean ±SD, age72 ± 5.3 year, height 171.1 ± 8.3 cm, weight 75.5±6.8 kg). The experimental group performed resistance training for 10 weeks but the control group did not participate in any regular exercise. Before and after resistance exercise, muscle strength of biceps brachial, triceps, quadriceps and hamstring were measured using a hand dynamometer. In addition to this testosterone hormone also was evaluated. Independent and dependent t-test was used for analyzing the data. Significance was set on P

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men which does negative effects on musculoskeletal system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on balance and flexibility of patients with prostate cancer. Twenty-two men with non-metastatic prostate cancer from Isfahan voluntarily participated in this study. Patients were randomly assigned into an intervention group and control groups. Patients in experimental group participated in a resistance exercise program for 10 weeks but control group followed their normal treatment program. Before and after this period static balance (open and close eyes) and flexibility of all patients were evaluated. Results were analyzed using independent and dependent t-test. A significant improvement (P

Balance disorders are major motor complications in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Physical exercise can improve motor complications in patients with this disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of basic gymnastics exercises on the postural stability in children with autism spectrum disorder.
20 boys with autism spectrum disorder participated in a controlled pre-post clinical trial study. Participants were divided in two 10-participant groups of case and control based on their scores in Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-II. The participants in the case group were trained with basic gymnastic exercises for 12 weeks (three sessions per week), each session lasted 45 minutes. The control group did not participate in any exercise during this time. Postural stability was measured using a force plate. Data were analyzed using multivariate ANOVA test while significant level was set at 0.05.
In post-test, less center of pressure oscillation was observed in the case group (657 ± 143 mm) compared to control group (1057 ± 311 mm) (P = 0.013). In the case group, the center of pressure oscillation was significantly reduced after gymnastic exercise (P = 0.001); but the changes were not significant in control group (P > 0.05).
It seems that gymnastic training improves the postural stability through the reduction in the length of postural sway.

High intensity workout provokes damage in muscles with an effect on muscle physiology and function. Today, serum levels of creatine and aspartate aminotransferase are widely used as biochemical markers of muscle damage in order to determine the functional status of muscle tissues in both pathological and physiological conditions. This study investigated the effect of a futsal match on some biochemical markers of muscle damage such as creatine (Cr) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). 20 professional female futsal players (mean ± SD: age 20.9±2.02 yr, height 1.63±0.05 m, weight 59.25±8.92 kg) participated in this study. The subjects were divided into experimental and control groups. 10 participants took part in a futsal match and 10 subjects did not participate in the match as the control group. 10 cc of blood were collected from both groups before, immediately after (first posttest) and 24 hours after the match (second posttest) to measure Cr and AST and were analyzed by biochemical methods. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test were used for data analysis. The results showed a significant increase in AST immediately after the match (P≤0.05). But there was no significant difference between the groups. Cr showed a significant difference immediately after the match between the two groups (P≤0.05), that is to say it increased 21% in the first posttest in the experimental group compared with the control group. It can be concluded that a futsal match can increase serum concentrations of Cr and AST that represents the risk of muscle damage in female futsal players.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Interaction circadian and menstrual rhythm on lactate recovery after a maximal exercise. Twelve physical education female students (Mean ± SD، aged 20. 75±1. 60 yrs، height 164. 75±3. 62 cm، weight 55. 08±5. 45 kg،) participated in this study. All subjects performed Bruce test to exhaustion and then walked for 20 min، with 1. 7 speeds (mph) and 0% grade of slope (%) at recovery period. Blood lactate concentrations were assessed immediately after the test and at 5th، 10th and 20th min of recovery period at two times of day (06:00 h and 18:00 h) and two phases of the menstrual cycle (mid luteal and mid follicular phases). Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance ANOVA was used for analyzing data. No significant menstrual cycle (F=1. 10، P=0. 36)، and interaction effect (menstrual cycle & time of day) was observed for lactate recovery (F=0. 67، P=0. 55). also there was no significant variation for blood lactate concentrations at 5th and 10th min of recovery between 06:00 h and 18:00 h. But a significant decrease was found for blood lactate concentrations at 20th min of recovery between 06:00 h and 18:00 h (F=2. 99، P=0. 04). It can be concluded that lactate recovery in the afternoon occurred faster compared to the morning. But follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle had no any effects on the lactate recovery.

An ankle sprain is the most common injuries which due to damage to the proprioceptive receptors and decrease stability, the risk of re- injury is high. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Star Excursion Balance training on ankle sprain rehabilitation. Sixteen non-professional athletes with history of unilateral ankle sprain which reported no history of neurological or vestibular impairments participated in this study (age: 24.2±2.7 years, weight: 71.6±3.1 kg, height: 177.2±3.4 cm; Means) and participated in 12 sessions physiotherapy. After ensuring walk without pain, Star Excursion Balance Training (SEBT) which reported as more effective program in improving functional stability of the sprained ankle was used for 4 weeks as rehabilitation program. The Single Leg Balance test was used to measure effect of rehabilitation program, and re-injury rate after one year were recorded. Paired sample t-test used for comparison of data mean. Results showed the positive effect of rehabilitation program, which balance ability in post-test was significantly higher than pre- test (t=8.67, P=0.000). After one year, 3 re-injuries were reported. Due to positive effect of SETB on static balance and hence ankle sprain rehabilitation, this study can be a basis to accelerate the rehabilitation and decrease the re injury rate.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the commonest injuries in athletes as about 80% of all surgeries performed on the knee ligaments are allocated to ACL. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a rehabilitation period on muscle torque، proprioception and range of motion after ACL reconstruction. 9 male athletes (mean age 28. 77±5. 2 years) who had ACL reconstruction surgery using a hamstring graft participated in this study as the sample. After physiotherapy، muscle torque and proprioception were measured using the Biodex isokinetic dynamometer (system 3) and range of motion was assessed by manual goniometer. Paired samples t test was used to analyze the data. The results of this study showed that the injured knee of patients had significantly lower mean torque in extensor than the uninjured knee (P≤0. 05). No significant difference was observed in range of motion between the injured and uninjured knee (P≥0. 05). Only one patient had higher error of proprioception in the injured knee than uninjured knee. Although the patients had lower error of proprioception in their injured knee، no significant difference was observed (P≥0. 05). It can be concluded that although rehabilitation after ACL surgery was not able to improve strength in the injured knee، it could improve range of motion and proprioception in knee joint.

The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of regular aerobic activity with moderate intensity on cardiovascular risk factors and risk of incidence cardiovascular disease in menopause females with history of irregular menstrual cycle at young and reproductive ages. In this study 50 menopause females with history of irregular menstrual cycle at reproductive ages (20-35 yr) in two activity (age: 54.9±3.4, BMI: 25.5±3 kg/m2) and inactivity (age: 55.3±3.2, BMI: 28.2±2.3 kg/m2) groups participated. All subject`s last menses had occurred at least 12 months before starting this study. Subjects in activity group had regular walking with intermediate intensity, 3 times per week, 0.5-1 hour in a day, ie; in average 1.5-3 hours per week, at least 18 months before entering in this study. Whilst subjects in control group does not participate in any regular physical activity in own lifestyle. All subject`s rest blood pressure at standard position was measured two times and the mean of that was recorded. Subject` s blood samples was collected after 12 hours fasting in the morning to determine total cholesterol (TC), high density cholesterol (HDL) and low density cholesterol (LDL). Obtained data entered in Framingham table and score, risk of CVD incidence was calculated during future 10 years. Score of cardiovascular disease in inactivity menopause females was more than active menopause females with history of irregular menstrual cycle during reproductive ages. The risk of incidence cardiovascular disease in inactive menopause females with history of irregular menstrual cycle at reproductive ages was 1.5% higher than active group. Statistical analysis of MANOVA showed that BMI, TC and LDL of inactivity group were more than activity group (P<0.05). But HDL in active menopause females with history of irregularly menstrual cycle was higher than inactive group (P<0.05). It is concluded that regular aerobic physical activity has positive effect on cardiovascular risk factors in menopause females with irregular menstrual cycle at reproductive ages. Therefore, weekly regular walking with intermediate intensity exclusively prevent of incidence cardiovascular disease.

Kicking and cutting skills in soccer are clearly unilateral, require asymmetrical motor patterns and lead to the development of asymmetrical adaptations in the musculoskeletal function of the lower limbs. So, the purpose of this study was to compare isometric strength of knee muscles between the preferred and non-preferred leg in youth men professional soccer players. In total 36 young men soccer players (Mean ±SD; age: 18.7 ± 1.6 y, weight: 73.1±6.4 kg, height: 181.3±5.5 cm) with at least 5 years soccer experience from two professional clubs volunteered to participate in this study. The isometric quadriceps and hamstring torques measured at 30°, 60° and 90° of knee extension and flexion by Biodex System 3. T-test and one way ANOVA was used for analysing the data. Results of this study showed that preferred leg had significantly higher peak torque in knee flexors than non-preferred leg torque at 3 angels (P<0.05). Although non-preferred leg had more peak torque in knee extensors than preferred leg but the differences between them was not significant at three angles. There were significance differences in the peak torque of quadriceps muscles of preferred leg in three angles (P<0.05). The non-preferred leg knee extensors peak torque increased significantly as angles degree increased (P<0.05). With increasing degree of knee angles from 30 to 90 in preferred leg hamstring strength also decreased (P<0.05). Level of peak torque of hamstring in non-preferred similar to preferred leg at 30 degree was highest and at 90 degree was lowest (P<0.05). About 88.9% of soccer players had significance musculoskeletal deficits. It can be concluded that playing soccer and use more of one side of body led to musculoskeletal asymmetry. Therefore, it is suggested that soccer players use of training to strengthening both sides of the body.

There is no surprise that the knee is the most common injured joints in soccer players. Also muscles strength is known as one of the most important factors for preventing muscle and ligament injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of FIFA 11+ injury prevention program on knee isometric muscle strength in young professional male soccer players. Isometric knee strength was assessed in twenty four professional soccer players. They classified equally into two experimental and control groups. Parameters were measured by Biodex (version 3) in 30°، 60°، and 90° knee flexion angles. Paired and Independent sample t-test، and two-way repeated measures ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The results showed that the quadriceps’ isometric strength in 90-degree was significantly higher in pre-test than post-test (P ≤ 0. 05). Significant difference was observed in quadriceps’ peak torque in control and experimental groups in 30 degree (P < 0. 001)، 60 degree (P ≤ 0. 05)، and 90 degree knee flexions (P ≤ 0. 05). In experimental group، there is statistically significant between three knee flexion angles in quadriceps peak torque (P < 0. 001)، while maximum peak torque was found in 90 degree (303. 6 N/m). Prominent differences in hamstrings’ peak torque were seen between three knee flexion angles of experimental group (P < 0. 001). Maximum torque produced by the hamstring muscles was discovered in 30 degree knee flexion (155. 1 N/m). It can be concluded that the FIFA 11+ program could be an effective muscle strengthening training in young professional soccer players to improve knee muscles endurance and strength. It is recommended that more exercises program which aimed to increase hamstring strength such as hamstring curl should be added to FIFA 11+ training program.

Triathlon is a popular sport match that combines swimming، cycling، and running into a single event. During each stage، athletes have specific positions which may affect their spinal curvatures. The aim of this study was to compare forward head posture، thoracic kyphosis، and lumbar lordosis in triathlon athletes and non-athletes. This study included 40 Iranian male triathlon athletes and 40 non-athletes. Each athlete had to complete a questionnaire about training procedures and his experience of participation in a triathlon. The degrees of forward head، kyphosis، and lordosis were measured using a goniometer and a flexible ruler. The mean degree of forward head in triathlon athletes (44. 58˚ ± 7. 11˚) was significantly (about 20%) greater than non-athletes (28. 55˚ ± 7. 24˚). A significant difference was observed in mean kyphosis between triathlon athletes and non-athletes (45. 86˚ ± 6. 68˚ vs. 43. 03˚ ± 5. 6˚). However، no significant difference was found between triathlon athletes and non-athletes in mean lordosis (32. 96˚ ± 5. 85˚ vs. 33. 76˚ ± 4. 16˚). It can be concluded that posing specific postures during the 3 stages of a triathlon increases forward head posture and kyphosis among athletes. Therefore، stretching and strengthening exercises are recommended to prevent athletes from developing these abnormalities.

Cardiac biomarkers are factors that are used in the diagnosis of heart tissue damage and acute myocardial infarction. The main purpose of this study was to compare 3 types of endurance, resistance, and combined exercise on cardiac biomarkers, i.e. cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and creatine kinase isoenzymes MB (CK-MB), in active men. A total number of 15 healthy active young men with a mean age of 23 ± 1.60 years, mean height of 173 ± 3.75 cm, mean weight of 69 ± 8.74 kg, and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) of 51.48 ± 1.84 mL/kg.min were selected. Each subject performed the 3 types of exercise with 7-day intervals. Blood samples were obtained before and immediately after exercise and cardiac biomarkers were evaluated. Statistical analyses were conducted using paired t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Our results indicated that CK-MB increased significantly after resistance, endurance, and combined exercise (pretest value = 20.87 ± 2.39; posttest values = 25.98 ± 3.86, 26.34 ± 4.21, and 27± 2.66, respectively; a = 0.01). However, the 3 types of exercise did not result in significantly different CK-MB levels. CTnT levels did not change significantly after resistance, endurance, or combined exercise [pretest value = 0.65 ± 0.11; posttest values = 0.48 ± 0.11, 0.65 ± 0.11, and 0.77 ± 0.11, respectively; a = 0.01). Nevertheless, cTnT levels were higher after endurance and combined exercise compared to resistance exercise. The results indicated that despite the increased amounts of CK-MB which might have been caused by the nature of exercises and muscle damage due to intense muscular activity, none of endurance, resistance, and combined exercises triggered significant changes in cTnT levels in active men. Therefore, these types of exercise cannot be followed by heart damage.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease in which joint pain is considered as the most important problem for those with the disease. Joint pain and stiffness cause low mobility in affected people which eventually will result in reduced quality of their life. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of an 8-week aerobic exercise on the quality of life and the level of pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, patients with rheumatoid arthritis (age range 38 to 65 years) who was referred to and subsequently treated in AL Zahra Hospital (Isfahan-Iran) and their medication did not change during study period were examined. Of this population, those patients who had no experience of attending any sporting activity during the six months prior to the study period and had neither acute and chronic diseases nor mental and psychological problems were selected as the subjects of this study (n = 23). Subjects were randomly assigned to control (n = 12) and experimental (n = 11) groups. Patients in experimental group underwent an 8-week aerobic exercise program while the control group did not receive any exercise program. Quality of life of patients was measured using the short form 36 (SF36) and visual linear scale was used to assess their pain. Quality of life and pain of all patients evaluated before the initiation and after completion of the 8-week program. The results of this study showed that compared to the scores obtained at the beginning of the program, a significant improvement of quality of life scores at the end of intervention in the experimental group (p<0.01), but no such difference was observed in the control group (p>0.05). A significant reduction in pain levels was observed in the experimental group (p<0.05) while there was not any significant reduction of pain in the control group (p>0.05). It can be concluded that aerobic exercise can reduce pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and improve the quality of their life. Therefore it can be considered as an appropriate treatment regimen for such patients.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive disease which influences the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of nervous system and women are diagnosed with the disease 2 to 3 times more frequently than men. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influences of yoga on depression in women with multiple sclerosis. Thirty women with multiple sclerosis from Isfahan multiple sclerosis Association volunteered to participate in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people: control (age: 31.06 ± 9.7 y; height: 159.46 ± 3.83 cm; and weight: 59.1 ± 11.37 kg) and experimental (age: 35.73 ± 8.3 y; height: 161.9 ± 4.46 cm; and weight 59.53 ± 10.48 kg). The experimental group practiced yoga for 8 weeks (two sessions a week) under the supervision of a yoga teacher in class, and also one session a week at home for 60-75 minutes, while the control group performed only their everyday activities. The depressions of all subjects were evaluated at the beginning and in the end of the study using Beck questionnaire. Date was analyzed using student t-test. The depression in the experimental group decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after 8 weeks of yoga. No significant change was observed in the control group (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that yoga can be considered as a useful modality in treatment of the depression disorder in women with multiple sclerosis.

Rate of injuries among female athletes is higher than male. Cyclic sex hormones fluctuation dur-ing the menstrual cycle might play an important role in this respect. The aim of this study was to investigate the rate of female athletes’ injuries in different phases of menstrual cycle. Athletes from twenty clubs participated in Iran league competition (2006-2007) were studied. Infor-mation of menstrual cycle and athlete's injuries was collected using injury report form completed by athletes and team physicians. The rate of injuries, ligament injury and also anterior cruciate ligament injuries were significantly higher in luteal phase, compare to ovulation and follicular phases (P < 0.01). When data were analysed based on the duration of each phase, more injuries were observed in the ovulation phase. There is circamenstrual variation in female athlete's sport injuries. So, for minimising rate of injury, female athletes should avoid from dangerous situations in training and competition during ovulation phase.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks regular corrective exercise on spinal columns deformities, such as kyphosis, scoliosis and lumbar lordosis, in girl students. 150 girl students in Jiroft city, aged 12-14 year, participated in this study. The subjects were examined twice in beginning and after 8 weeks of corrective exercise. Spinal column deformities were measured by grid plane, plumb line and other relevant testes. Co-variation test was used to analysis the data. In 12 year-old subjets the degree of kyphosis and scoliosis in post-test were lower than pre-test and differences were significant (F = 28.5, P < 0.001 and F = 100, P < 0.001, respectively), but in lordosis deformity differences were not significant (F = 3.32, P ≥ 0.05). The differences between pre and post measurents of kyphosis and scoliosis in 13 year-old subjects were significant (F = 39.7, P < 0.001, F= 47.8 and P < 0.001, respectively) but in lordosis deformity differences were not significant (P ≥ 0.05, F = 3.34). Finally in 14 year-old subjects for kyphosis, scoliosis and lumbar lordosis, differences between pre and post measurents were significant (F = 7.9, P < 0.001, F = 112.4, P < 0.001, and F = 16.6, P = 0.009, respectively). It seems that corrective exercise is the safe and valuable method to correct spinal deformities such as kyphosis, scoliosis, and lumbar lordosis and it can decrease the old age problems and disabilities.