فهرست مطالب ehsan ghaemmaghami

The effects of long-term rearing of Trichogramma brassicae (Bezdenko) on host preference and switching behavior was examined when parasitizing two common factitious hosts, including Mediterranean flour moth (MFM), Ephestia kuehniella Zeller and Angoumois grain moth (AGM), Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) over 45 generations. Both host species eggs were offered to the parasitoid over 24 h. Significantly more MFM eggs were parasitized in all generations, but a distinct negative switching behavior was found in all experiments. The parasitoid negatively switched from MFM when they became abundant compared to AGM and vice versa. The preference coefficient (c) estimated using Murdoch's index ranged from 2.056 (in G5) to 1.734 (in G45) for MFM and 0.486 (in G5) to 0.577 (in G45) for AGM. The linear regression indicated that despite preferring MFM, the intensity of the preference decreased over 45 generations. Negative switching behavior in T. brassicae may be advantageous for this species in controlling pests in given situations.

The purpose of this study was to design a quantitative model of Influential Factors on the national and international development of Iranian chess. The method of this study was correlational which was applied (in terms of purpose) and exploratory (in terms of nature). The statistical population consisted of all scientific, executive, and sports experts in the field of chess, and using the available sampling method, 82 people entered the study. The research instrument was a 55-item researcher-made questionnaire with total reliability of 0.876. In order to analyze data, we used descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, frequency percentage, etc.) and inferential statistics (exploratory factor analysis tests using, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation model by least squaresnal development of Iranian chess. These factors are the desired model of development (β= 0.811), globalization (β= 0.802), management and planning factors (β= 0.796), talent identification and education (β= 0.782), development of coaches and human resources (β= 0.731), hardware equipment (β= 0.707), motivation and support of human resources (β= 0.686), climatic conditions (β= 0.679), competitions and Sports camps (β = 0.664), budget and financial resources (β= 0.655), sports diplomacy (β= 0,568), coordination and communication (β= 0.516), and technology (β= 0.508). According to the results, relevant managers and organizations such as the Chess Federation can take operational steps to develop chess in Iran. Due to the gap in the research background, we can use these results to complete the theoretical foundations of Chess.

Understanding issues and problems of sport requires a scientific, experimental and developmental viewpoint. The study is to explore the effective factors in the development of chess in Iran with international approach. The used research method was survey and exploratory and the required information was obtained using documentary studies and interviews with experts. The statistical population of the study contained university professors with specialization in chess in different levels and national and international levels. The sampling method was theoretical and the interview protocol tool was used to reach the theoretical saturation with experts (17 interviews with 14 people). Also, the reliability of the interviews was obtained by re-test method (0/83). In total, the data were identified and categorized using open, pivot and selective coding, which includes 22 open codes, 7 pivot codes and 4 selective codes. In general, there were 4 main concepts of development of chess in Iran with international approach including implementing a desirable model of development, globalization, technology and sport diplomacy which attention to the above factors would lead to the development of chess in international level.

The present research surveyed the effect of advertisement color and environmental guidance marks on Tabriz simultaneous chess players

The research was descriptive-survey and data were collected on field. The instrument was an author-made questionnaire approved by professors and experts. The statistical population was all 700 players of Tabriz simultaneous chess competition and sample population was 248 according to Morgan sampling chart. The face reliability of the author-made questionnaire was approved by sport management and chess professors and the validity was 0.783 using Cronbach Alpha Coefficient test.

The findings showed that all of the colors including warm and cold colors had effect on player’s attention. Also, the pink, turquois, yellow, red, green, blue silver and orange colors have effect on attention, respectively. The results showed that different colors had effect on “Attention”, “Interest”, “Desire” and “Action”.

For best performance, it should be better to pay attention of the environmental colors in chess competitions.

The aim of the present study was to identify the effective dimensions of national chess development in Iran. The research method was exploratory and the required information was obtained through documentary studies and interviews with experts. The statistical population consisted of university professors specializing in country chess in different ranks and national and international levels. The sampling method was theoretical and the research instrument was the interview protocol with experts until theoretical saturation (17 interviews with 14 people) was done by three second-time experts. The reliability of the interviews was obtained by the test-retest method (0.83). Overall, the data were identified and categorized using open, axial, and selective coding, comprising 27 axial codes, generally in the form of 9 main concepts of national chess development in Iran, including Athletes' Talent and Education, Inter-organizational coordination and communication, management and planning factors, budgeting and funding, coaching and human resources development, hardware, competitions and camps, motivation and support for human resources and climatic conditions. According to the research findings considering the above factors will lead to the development of chess at the national level.

The aim of this study was to analyze strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threatens, determining the strategic position and formulating the strategies of Islamic republic of Iran Chess Federation.
The research method is descriptive in the field of the strategic studies. In this study, a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used. For gathering data, in addition to research meetings and interviews with members of the strategic committee, SWOT questionnaire with open questions, the strategic positioning questionnaire, and TOWS questionnaire were used. Statistical population of this study includes chess federation executive board, heads of federation committees, heads of provincial board, the elite of sport and management (N=59). 32 members were selected for Statistical sample. Sample members were selected using theoretical sampling. For the analysis of data, descriptive statistics, internal and external factors evaluation matrix, SWOT matrix, and TOWS matrix were used.
Findings of the research showed that chess federation had 10 strengths, 12 weaknesses, 10 opportunities, and 8 threaten. Efficient management of the federation and full-time employees in federation were the main strengths. Poor public relations of federation were the main weaknesses. Plenty of talent in the children and teenagers was the main opportunity. Lack of media attention, especially TV and radio, was the main threaten. Based upon the internal factors evaluation matrix (2.25) and external factors evaluation matrix (2.36), it was shown that the strategic position of chess federation was in WT area.
Finally, based upon the research results, developing the marketing plan, the use of available opportunities to attract sponsors, and developing legal - executive system were identified as the most important strategies of chess federation.

In this research، the effects of Sunn pest feeding in different densities were studied on root uptake of NPK in Falat wheat variety. For this purpose، densities of 0 (as control)، 1، 2 and 3 adult per plant released on wheat at both tillering and stem elongation stages. Plants were grown in hydroponic culture and then were fed by overwintering adults for 10 days. The results indicated that the uptake of nitrogen is affected with wheat phonological stages (p<0. 001)، interaction effects of adults sex and densities (p<0. 001)، interaction effects of wheat phenological stages and adults sex (p<0. 05). More decreasing in N uptake observed in stem elongation with 2 males. Phosphor uptake was significantly affected by interaction effects of wheat phonological stages، adults sex and densitiesa (p<0. 05). More decreasing in P uptake observed in stem elongation with 2 females. K uptake was not affected with no interaction effects. In attention to wide variations of N uptake، its appear that nitrogen to be better index to evaluate the indirect effects of E. integriceps feeding on wheat nutrient uptake، at least in short period.