ehsan hasanvand

Every year, wheat is affected by various fungal diseases, including Fusarium blight. Seed inoculation with native PGPR is a suitable approach in health management, improving productions and their quality.

To evaluate the bioinhibition ability and activity of antioxidant enzymes peroxidase and catalase by endophytic bacteria in resistant and sensitive genotypes of wheat infected with FHB, a factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized design was conducted in spring, 2022 at the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University. The experimental treatments included four strains of Pseudomonas brassicacearum, Pseudomonas sp., Exiguobacterium sp., Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and their combination.

Results showed that among the four isolates the highest percentage of growth inhibition of fungi was related to the P. brassicacearum isolate with a value of 49.33%. The activity of antioxidant enzymes both in the infected resistant and susceptible cultivars at different times after inoculation with fungus increased significantly compared to the control. The combined treatment of bacteria+ resistant cultivar+ infected showed the highest average activity of catalase with an average of 12.41 and the treatment B3+ sensitive cultivar+ control showed the lowest average catalase activity with an average of 3.59. Also, the combined treatment of bacteria+ resistant cultivar+ infected showed the highest average of 1.93 and the B3+ sensitive cultivar+ control treatment showed the lowest average of peroxidase enzyme activity with an average of 0.58.

Considering the high efficiency of the bacterial strains used in increasing the activity antioxidant enzymes and also their antifungal activity, they can be considered as a suitable option in producing healthy plants.

Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) is a destructive Begomovirus from the family of Geminiviridae with a bipartite genome including similar-sized circular, single-stranded DNA (DNA-A and DNA-B) which has recently developed dangerously in many countries in the Middle East. WmCSV is transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a persistent and circulative manner. In order to detect this virus, in the summer of 2023, samples of watermelon with symptoms of yellowing and severe leaf curl, leathery and blistering of the young leaves surface, chlorotic spots, and dwarf were collected from watermelon fields in the north of Khouzestan province (Dezful, Shoush, and Andimeshk). PCR was performed using two primer pairs of Begomovirus related to AV1 and also AV2 genomic region. The sequencing results confirmed WmCSV infection in the samples. In the phylogenetic tree drawn based on the coat protein gene (AV1), Khouzestan isolates were placed in a group next to other Iranian isolates and they had most similarities to Noorabad isolate from Fars province. Also, results of two by two comparisons of nucleotide sequences of the AV1 genomic region using SDT v1.2 software showed the sequences of three Khouzestan isolates are highly similar (99.40%) and had the most identity (99.60%) with Noorabad Mamassani isolate from Fars province and the greatest genetic distance with Saudi Arabia isolates (95.80%) and Lebanon isolate (96.50%). This is the first report of WmCSV occurrence in Khouzestan province’s watermelon fields. WmCSV is rapidly advancing on their host crops in Iran, especially in the southern regions of the country.

Wheat is one of the most important strategic products in providing food security for the growing world population. The purpose of this research is to isolate and identify plant growth-promoting bacteria from the wheat rhizosphere and their inhibitory effect on the growth of the pathogenic fungus Fusarium sp. isolated from wheat. The initial screening of 100 bacterial strains isolated from wheat roots was done based on their ability to dissolve phosphate. The effective factors in plant growth and inhibition of fungal pathogens, such as the ability to produce IAA, siderophores, protease, biofilm, bacterial swarming motility, tolerance to salt, seed germination, and seed vigor tests, were investigated. In the initial screening, four bacterial isolates with the highest amount of phosphate dissolution were identified based on morphological and biochemical characteristics as well as the sequence of 16S rRNA region belonging to Curtobacterium sp., Arthrobacter sp., Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, and Cellulosimicrobium sp.; Curtobacterium sp. had the highest amount of IAA (6.14μg/ml), siderophore (2.25cm), protease (1.4cm), and the highest tolerance to salinity (20%) and phosphate dissolution (375.3mg/ml). In the swarming motility test, the highest values were related to Arthrobacter sp. and Curtobacterium sp. at 2.7 and 2.2cm, respectively. The highest amount of biofilm formation was associated with Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Curtobacterium sp. with an average absorption coefficient of 0.153 and 0.139, respectively. The highest and lowest average values of percentage inhibition of pathogenic fungus colony growth were evaluated in Curtobacterium sp. isolate with a value of 57.3%, and Cellulosimicrobium sp. isolate with 33%, respectively.

Fusarium species are among the important factors in bean contamination worldwide, some of which cause wilting and rotting of crowns and roots in beans. Identifying Fusarium species is necessary to prevent wilting and root and crown rot diseases in bean fields. In this study, 60 fungal isolates showing disease symptoms were collected from the bean samples. The rhizosphere, including the Fusarium species complex of Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, F. equiseti, F. acuminatum, and F. clamydosporum species with frequencies 41.6, 31.3, 16.6, 6.6, and 3.3%, respectively, were isolated from the bean fields of Selseleh County, Lorestan province. The isolates were morphologically identified using Leslie and Summerell’s identification key. In this study, 13 isolates of three Fusarium species, including F. oxysporum, F. solani, and F. equiseti were used to identify more precise with both morphological and molecular methods and also investigate their phylogenetic relationship with each other and with the reference species registered in the gene bank and ISTH. TEF-1α gene region was amplified using PCR, and the amplified fragments were sequenced. Nucleotide sequences were entered in Fusarium ID database for molecular identification of isolates based on the TEF-1α gene, and a phylogenetic tree was drawn. F. solani and F. oxysporum species were reported to be the most abundant and harmful Fusarium species causing bean root rot, which can be considered a limiting factor in bean cultivation in Selseleh County. Furthermore, the other species, which have low frequency and poor distribution, did not have a significant role in bean root rot in these fields.

Fusarium head blight disease of wheat causes economic damage on this strategic crop. This disease reduces crop yield and quality by lowering the grain yield and pose health risks to consumers via production of fungal toxins such as nivalenol and deoxynivalenol on the seeds. In this study the reaction of 25 commonly cultivated wheat genotypes were evaluated to Fusarium head blight disease under greenhouse conditions.The genotypes were inoculated twice at the time of spike formation and flowering, and after ten days, the disease incidence and the disease severity were calculated. Analytical results of data related to disease incidence, disease severity and seed contamination rate (thousand seed weight and number of seeds per spike) in greenhouse conditions showed that there is a significant difference between genotypes regarding the mentioned characteristics. Also, Irana, Niknejad, Gahar, Morvarid and Zagros were resistant genotypes, Wa-82-9 and Akbari genotypes were semi-resistant, Chamran, Karvan, Pastor, Chamran 2, Chenab, weebile 264 and Spring BC Roushan were semi-susceptible genotypes, S-90-5, Mehregan, Sholah, Flat, Hirmand, Alvand, Darab, Sistan, Zarin and Star genotypes were sensitive and also Bazh was recognized as very sensitive genotype. With the evaluation of resistance and semi resistance genotypes designated in this study, against this disease under field conditions, it will possible to recommend these genotypes for wheat production programs in different parts of Iran.

Seed inoculation with endemic plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) is a suitable approach in health management, improving the production and quality of agricultural products. The purpose of this research is to isolate and identify plant growth enhancing bacteria from the rhizosphere of wheat plants in Selseleh city (Iran) and to evaluate the beneficial characteristics of bacterial isolates.  The screening of PGPR isolates was done using tests of the ability to produce indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore, protease, bacterial swarming  motility, biofilm formation, phosphate solubility and investigating the effect of bacterial isolates on wheat seeds germination in laboratory conditions. Among the 100 bacterial isolates extracted from the soil around the rhizosphere of wheat, the best four isolates were selected. The superior isolates were identified based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics as well as the nucleotide sequence of the 16sDNA region as Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas brassicacearum, Exiguobacterium sp and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. In this research, Pseudomonas sp. strain has the highest IAA production (5.59 µg ml-1), siderophore production (2.35 cm), protease production (1.7 cm) and phosphate dissolution (390 µg ml-1) among four bacterial isolates. The highest percentage of inhibiting the growth of pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum, the cause of Fusarium blight disease of wheat spike, was related to P. brassicacearum isolate, which was evaluated as 49.33%.

Fusarium wilt (yellow) that caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. phaseoli, is an important disease and can cause severe damage to bean products world wide and cause reduced functional. Since farming techniques to control the disease is not completely effective, cultivars with genetic resistance to the disease are recommended. In order to identify resistant cultivars experiment in that randomized complete block design with three replications and 12 trkeatments, including different cultivars of beans. By method at a concentration suspension inoculation of root drench were inoculated. In root drench method suspension spores of pathogen because of healthy roots a lower percentage of spores could penetrating in roots. So it was far less severe symptoms and can say all cultivars has same statistical group and were resistant and infected cultivars tolerant. Considering the fact that the disease causes yellowing and wilting the factors concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid concentrations and chlorophyll total concentrations were measured with evaluating resistant and tolerant cultivars were identified. Accordingly, cultivars Sayad and E9 respectively than other cultivars showed more resistant to the disease. Then the reaction is different bean cultivars to fungal F. oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli were evaluated using specific marker SCAR. According to cultivars Akhtar, Naz, Sadri, Sayad, E9 and WA with primer pairs SU20 have a band of 750 bp and A55 are resistant gene but cultivars Talash, Shekofa, Jegari, Aje, Khomeyn and capsules with specific primer pairs SU20 did not produce band.

Viruses are the amazing particles in nature that is designed to reproduce with a minimal genetic set. This vital process is very complex and requires the time and coordinated activities of a number of virus and host proteins. In order to the genome packaging, the virus protein subunits interact with each other and with viral nucleic acids. The general principle in packaging is the interaction between the structure of coat protein and a specific signal in RNA. Replication of +ssRNA viruses and their nucleocapsid assembly occurs in the cytoplasm and requires Pro-Pro and Pro-RNA interactions. The packaging process in them is spontaneous and does not require ATP. The interaction between the coat protein subunits and the genomic RNA is controlled by a unique structure in the sequence that is highly desired to interaction with the coat protein. The presence of these unique structures in the viral nucleic acid, called the packaging signal or OAS (origin of assembly sequence), causes viral nucleic acid to be distinguished from other cellular RNA molecules in the region which assembly takes place. General knowledge of the precise mechanisms of viruses, the configuration and aggregation of viruses, and the packing of their genomes that lead to the formation of stable viral structures is an important prerequisite for understanding the overall biology of viruses.

The use of antifungal compounds such as essential oils for the preservation of natural fruits during the storage period has dramatically been rising. In this study, the individual essential oils of Marjoram (Origamum marjorana), wild mint (Mentha longifolia) and Summer savory (Satureja khuzistanica) were employed for the control of corruption of fruits during the storage period. In this study, the antifungal activity of essential oils was investigated on growth a specie of plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea on PDA medium and fruit tissues. Antifungal activities on PDA medium were measured by disk diffusion and volatile essential oil methods. To evaluate the effects of the essential oils on fungal growth in fruit tissue, the Kiwi were inoculated with 30 µl of spore suspension (106 spore/ml), and then fruits were sprayed with 4 and 20 µl/ml of the essential oils. Seven days after inoculation, fruits were evaluated in terms of pollution. To calculate the percentage of infected fruit was divided into eight parts and the number of infected fruit fungus pathogen contamination in 12.5% multiplication and percentages were calculated. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with three replications. Essential oils have showed significant inhibitory effect on fungus growth. The results showed that most inhibition of growth in a paper disk method was in order for fungus B. cinerea related to the essential oil of Summer savory 56.54 percent respectively and volatile essential oil methods was related to the essential oil of Summer savory was 55.97 percent respectively. The results inoculated of the fruit tissue with a spore suspension B. cinerea showed that respectively treatment (20µl/ml) of Marjoram (with 35.42% of disease) had the inhibitoriest effect against the pathogen.

In recent years, the essential oils have been used for controlmicrobial contamination of foods. In this study, we have examined the essential oil composition and antifungal activity of three species: Satureja hortensis, Origanum majorana and Mentha pulegium, which were collected from the Garin and Sefidkooh in Lorestan in spring 2015 to control black mold on tomato(Alternaria solani) in storage conditions. The essential oils of plants were obtained by using steam-distillation method (Clevenger apparatus) and were analysed by GC/MS. The antifungal effect were obtained by using inhibit growth of A. solani in two methods of paper disc and volatile matter on PDA medium, and alsofor determination the MIC and MFC in the concentrations 1.5, 1.7, 2, 2.3, 7, 8.5, 9, and 9.5 µ/ml were used in the medium PDB. To evaluate the effect of these essential oil on the percentage of tomato fruit contamination 4 and 20 μl/ml of essential oils were sprayed on fruit infected with fungus. After seven days, percentage of infection rate on the fruit was assessed in terms of statistical design. Results were showed that the carvacrol (88.65%), thymol (46.19%) and pulegon (47.66%) were the most components of Satureja khuzestanica, Origanummajorana and Menthapulegium essential oils , respectively and then showed that these essential oils were inhibited the A. solani growth by 48.96, 45.93, and 49.94 percent in disc method and 44.85, 51.01, and 48.96 percent in volatile method, respectively. Also, the concentration of 4 µ/ml and 20 µ/ml 40, 57.78, 35.56, and 100, 66.67, and 40% significantly reduced fungal contamination on fruit tissue. These species with thymol, carvacrol and pulegon had antifungal effects, which could prevent the growth of A. solani and also them canbe suitable alternative of fungicides to control of plant pathogens.

A phenomenon observed in recent years that has attracted the attention of social scholars is the change that has taken place in the values and attitudes that the society has undergone regarding girls and boys premarital relationships and friendships. Today, the societies jouvenals have come to know and experienced new values regarding sexual issues and behaviors. Despite the fact that friendships and advanced sexual relations with the opposite sex is against traditional, religious and cultural norms, it is a field of study and yet it is strictly prohibited. Based on the existing evidence however, in recent years, a few of the jouveniles have had secret relations with their opposite sex. So the main question of the study will be on the jouveniles’ premarital sexual relationships and how they understand and express it.
Theoretical framework: Based on the philosophical – paradigmic differences, in qualitative analysis, instead of using a theoretical framework to test and codify the assumptions, a conceptual framework was used to extract the questions of this study. Instead of challenging existing theories in hypothetical forms, I have analyzed and codified a new conceptual framework. In this part of the paper, some known theories in regarding the subjects of change, action change, attitude, and behavior will be reviewed. As this study was conducted based on a method of rebuilding the society, hence, these theories were used as foundamental guiding theories for further explanations and interpretations regarding the scope of the subject understudy, or in other words, they were used to increase the theoretical sensitivity of this investigation. In this study, some of the most important relevant theories were discussed to reach the objectives of this study.
Bauman's liquid love
Bauman has borrowed the idea of liquid love from Giddens and has attempted to signify technological relations like the internet in this love as well. According to Bauman, the relations between the humans has undergone changes regarding quality and the most important factor causing this change is the modern life development and all its rational and calculated features, additional to its urbanization and technological relations and public network tools.This vulerbility and liquidity of modern life has effected human relatiosn in many ways and has made them fragile and temporary too. Bauman has placed human relations at the center of its work and believes that moving from solid modernity to a liquid modernity has made "love" which is one of the quite humane and personal features of human history, to a liquid and regular entity.
Reflexivity in modernity
In terms of Giddens, tradition and modernity have always been in conflict. Previously in traditional cultures, emphasis was on past and more honor and respect was involved. Reflection and reflexivitypreviously and traditionally meant knowing action in the context in which the action emerged, but in modern era, reflexivityfound another meaning, and it became a basis for the reproduction of system. One feature of modernism is not to look for new things but to rethink everything even rethinking itself.reflexivityhas four types: First is "Power". A researcher puts knowledge at the service of some group interests; Second is the role of "value". There is no rational basis for, values affects any changes based on reflection and rethinking. Third is unintended consequences. Rethinking in the modern world has obliterated the possibility to block undesired consequences,and they are likely to happen anytime. Fourth is the " socialknowledge circulation". The knowledge that is reflexively used in system reproduction condition.
The research method is qualitative using grounded theory as the method for research operation. The qualitative data in this study were collected using in-depth interview technique. To analyze the data and to produce the final theory, grounded theory was used. According to snowball sampling and theoretical saturation criterion, 32 young citizens of Selsele City (Alshtar) participated in this study, and their understanding of sexual relationships before marriage was reviewed and analyzed.
The findings were gathered by use of the "grounded theory" which contains 8 general subjects as followes: new tools of communication, pressure of friendship groups, casual behaviors, seeking sexual identity, emotional need (romantic relationships), relations based on liquid love, chance and the possibility to communicate, substituting goals. The main objective of this study was the values of liberal sexuality which contains other categories as well.
Discussion and In the process of making grounded theory, the abovementioned findings have shown changes in the values of the urban juveniles (Alshtar) regarding sexual issues and premarital relationships. Based on values of sexual liberty, the Alshtar juveniles had act based on the thoughts and actions of their previous generations about "premarital sexual behaviors". The participants, had acted against the values and the socio-cultural cultivations and also traditional beliefs about sexual relations and have developed a new attitude towards it

This research seeks to examine sociological factors influencing crime reduction. As a survey study it has benefited from structured questionnaires to collect data. The representative sample consists of 382 people. Descriptive findings related to the independent variables show that the level of social control and social support in the community is relatively high. Social cohesion, social disorder and feeling of anomy are evaluated moderately. Also, the research findings have suggested that the variables of social control, social support, social cohesion, social disorder and feeling of anomy are correlated with crime reduction. In a regression analysis also 5 variables were put into the model and 47 percent of the total variance of the dependent variable was explained by the independent variables.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the feasibility of rural tourism in Kahman region, to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of tourism and to investigate its economic, environmental and social effects in this region. In the present study, the SWAT model and the survey method has been used. The findings of the study have shown that the benefits and limitations of tourism development in the region are almost identical. Moreover, it was found that although tourism has brought about very low income growth, it has been very effective in increasing construction and price of land in the village. Tourism, from a social dimension, has had very little effect on clothing types, types of ceremonies, the pattern of food consumption and improvement of education condition, but it has led to the expansion of external relations with neighboring areas and an increase in some problems. From a physical dimension, tourism has made some problems for the environment and reduced the diversity of plants and animals and also polluted the environment. But at the same time, it has increased the green spaces in the villages.

This research examines effective social and family factors toward delinquent behavior. It is a survey research and uses structured questionnaire for gathering the data. A representative sample is 350 students. The result shows that there is a reverse and significant relation among religiousness, the level of parents control of children, family engagement, socio-economic status and school engagement with delinquent behavior. Also the result shows that the relation between Interaction with delinquent friends and students delinquency is positive and significant. The regression analysis shows 6 variables are concerned and 65/5 percent of variance of dependent variable has been explained by independence variable.

Increasing of social damage in modern time, expose women to dangger more than men. Increasing the degree of participation has greateffects in reproduction and promotion of Social Trust in the framewwork of Honesty, Loyalty, Good faith, Responsiveness, Troth and Constancy in thinking and deeds. This in effect would lead to the increase of social security. The study aims to clarify the relationship between Participation and the Impression of Social Security. In thissurvey the statistical population is consisted of all women aged (15- 65) years and above in Selseleh City, from which 244 persons were chosen according to a random sampling. Results show that formaland informal participation has meaningful influence on identity seccurity impression thought security and welfare security. In addition there are positive and meaningful relationships between education, socio-economic position, married position and impression of social security, while there was no meaningful relationship between age.and social security.