فهرست مطالب elham bakhtiarimanesh

This research is a study on physical factors effective in reinforcing appropriate interaction among house residents. An appropriate interaction is a relationship whose zone could be controlled by individuals; in other words, non-compulsory relationships. These kinds of relationships are related to two essential psychological needs in human beings, namely, the need to communicate with others and the need for selectivity. A house ought to be capable of setting the scene for its residents’ non-compulsory relationship. In that regard, the question is that “which physical patterns of a house are capable of laying a foundation for an appropriate interaction among its residents?”Since addressing this question requires a simultaneous study on both behaviors and spaces, some samples of houses in which a real-life goes on should be selected for this purpose. Study cases have been chosen among houses in middle urban fabrics in Kermanshah, since not only do people still live in them but also they have a yard adding appropriate spatial diversity (in comparison to the old fabrics of the city). So the question has been adapted in this way: “which physical patterns of houses in middle urban fabrics in Kermanshah can provide appropriate interaction among their residents?”objective is to provide patterns for better house design by extracting efficient physical generalities related to one of the aspects of the house sector quality.The research paradigm is qualitative and its strategy is employing case studies, as well as qualitative methods At first, three neighborhoods have been chosen among the middle urban fabrics of Kermanshah. Then three or four houses have been chosen randomly among these three neighborhoods using the field research method in response to triangulation and increasing research validity. The method of collecting data from residents is qualitative, who have been interviewed, observing the behaviors, as well as surveying spaces; the analyzing method is also qualitative by using grounded theory techniques such az "waving red flag" and "asking Wh-questions" methods.Results show that there are different types of spaces inside the mentioned houses including taking a shelter to be alone, having company with the others and finally the experience of feeling alone, along with the residents. So it can be said these houses support desirable interaction between their residents. Efficient patterns in these houses are related to subjects such as the hierarchy of the house’s spaces, mass and space organization, spaces variety, spaces adjacency, edges and borders, and inner space components. The most important result is that; the more semi-private spaces are there in houses as a separation barrier for private zones, and simultaneously, comprising the public space as well as having a good grasp of it, there will be a proper interaction for residents. The results are also very similar to patterns expressed by C.Alexander and can confirm them. At the same time it will be very helpful that similar researches test this results in other contexts to reach more durable patterns related to house quality. Keyword: house, home, physical patterns, appropriate interaction, middle urban fabric of Kermanshah

Preserving the inside of a building is an obvious characteristic of Iranian architecture. On the other hand, experts have introduced the continuity between adjacent spaces as another distinctive characteristic of this architecture. However, few studies have investigated how to respond to the two characteristics in the inside-outside relationship of buildings where they are against each other. In order to perform such an assessment, samples of Iranian architecture should be studied. As an important use in the society of Iranian Muslims, a mosque can be a proper sample for this assessment. Therefore, the current study has evaluated the inside-outside relationship in the architecture of Iranian mosques from the beginning to the Safavid era.The goal is to discover the evolutionary procedure of mosques in Iran to create a balanced relationship between the inside and outside. In other words, employing the solutions completed in a historical process, Iranian architects have sought to link a mosque's building to its spatial and outside background and provide spatial continuity between the inside and outside by preserving the mosque's privacy.The research strategy is a combination of logical reasoning and a case study. At first, by reviewing the existing theories, the criteria determining the relationship between the inside and outside of buildings were classified. Since the classification was performed with a critical and supplementary approach, the study is classified as secondary research in the logical reasoning method. The obtained theoretical basis paves the way to evaluate the hypothesis, i.e., assess the inside-outside relationship of mosques in Iran. In order to examine the hypothesis, samples of Jameh Mosques, as buildings allocating the highest power of societies to their construction, and thus, representing the Iranian architecture more than any other sample, were chosen based on priorities. The samples were analyzed according to the library documents, including photos and maps of buildings, as well as their variations in the historical eras.It was found that in initial mosques, the inside-outside relationship was in the form of maximum separation of the two fields, while in the next eras, solutions were employed in designing mosques that directed the inside-outside relationship toward a stronger link between the two fields. Through strengthening the visual relationship, motion relationship, and shape-structural relationship, these solutions made more continuity of the mosques to their outsides so that in the Shah Esfahan mosque, in designing which the whole solutions were used, the building has such a link with its background that makes it hard to distinguish them.

The present research studies the use of Grounded Theory methods in architectural education. The question here is whether the application of these methods can improve students’ comprehension of the design subject. The study is based on analysing an exercise based on these methods and focused on the ‘eivan’. It pursues an applied objective using a descriptive analytical method. It starts with analysing contents of the literature extracting their relevant aspects, and then moves on to present and analyse an exercise designed to use Grounded Theories methods. A comparison is then made between students’ initial perceptions about the eivan with their post-exercise perceptions to measure potentials of the application of Grounded Theories in architectural education. The results show that this method help students expand, correct and make accurate their perceptions, thereby approaching more key aspects of the subjects.

People’s presence, moving, and voluntary stops in urban spaces are some of the most important indicators of the vitality of these environments. According to these indicators, Nobahar Street is one of the most vital streets in the city of Kermanshah. However, it seems that people’s presence in this environment, more than anything, is due to economic, social, and cultural factors, and the current architecture of the street has little importance in the matter. Therefore, the current study attempted to prepare the background for using the capacity of this factor to make this important urban hangout more vital by evaluating the architectural strengths and weaknesses of Nobahar Street based on the users’ demands and opinions. The current study aimed to evaluate the Nobahar Street’s physical strengths and weaknesses according to the required factors to create and strengthen the vitality of environment and to prioritize and balance this evaluation based on the users’ opinions in order to provide the context to improve the environmental qualities according to the users’ demands of this street. The study’s approach was descriptive-analytical and the data collection method was a combination of written sources and field survey; in the first part, the architecture of Nobahar Street was evaluated using the vitality factors extracted from written sources. The results of this evaluation were examined according to the users’ opinions using the in-depth interview and a questionnaire. For this, questions in 7 different areas were asked of 38 randomly chosen users. The repetition or verification of factors was the criterion for testing the hypothesis and prioritizing the physical strengths and weaknesses of the street according to the users’ opinions. The results showed that the most important architectural strength of Nobahar Street was due to its geometry on macro-scale, whereas its weaknesses generally were in medium and micro scales. The users of this street considered the use of trees, soft and penetrable edges, and eventually its proper and observable width to be its most important architectural strengths while they recognized the architectural weaknesses to be associated with its unrecognizable inner parts, lack of awning windows above the ground floor, and eventually non-uniformity among the facades. Thus, according to users’ opinion, improving the quality of architectural factors can be realized by considering medium and micro scales.

Environment is one of the most useful terms in various issues such as architecture. Since the ultimate goal of architecture is to design the environment, explaining the existential-semantic nature of environment (which has turned out to be discussed less, having become a problem) can play a significant role in making the path of design and criticism purposeful. Hence in its highest level, the present paper scans the nature of environment in Iranian Islamic architecture. Conducted with rational arguments and relying on existence rating of phenomena in Iranian Islamic wisdom, the present article intends to study the meaning of the term “environment” as well as its equivalents in Persian, Arabic, and English, and extract some aspects of its nature. In addition, referring to Iranian-Islamic wisdom (and above that Quranic teachings), the scanning of semantic implications of environment will continue. Afterwards, the paper extracts the meanings of yard in Persian language, Islamic view, and Iranian Islamic architecture. Results show that material confinement is the first level of environment, wherein environment is an object that surrounds an emptiness, keeping other objects in itself. In this level, environment appears as a material position. The second level of environment is awareness of it as an area, distinct from the surrounding areas, whose audience are human minds, and lifestyle, events, and distinct behaviors along with distinguishing natural elements are contributory factors in distinguishing this area from its surrounding ones. Since life and awareness are considered two semantic layers of this level, environment reveals as a behavioral perceptual foundation. The third and highest level of environment is realized through acquaintance with surrounding of a better existence. Realized through symbols’ role, environment implies a spiritual settlement that consoles human soul. Obviously, these levels have been determined credibly and in reality, one can imagine a continuous spectrum of environment levels. In addition, results show that semantic implications of yard are closely related to those of environment. This confirms that the yard is like a synonym of environment, as a man-made space, being a sample or pattern of an Iranian-Islamic environment, in which all three levels have been epitomized.

Although architecture is perceived by all five human senses, modern architectural education reserves a dominating role for visual perception.
This is reflected in the wide range of visual documents the students are obliged to prepare in the course of design and presentation of their projects. Nevertheless, students other sensory capacities have to be developed in the course of a balanced architectural training program.
This paper recounts the results of three experimental exercises designed to develop senses other than visual perception. First-year Students participating in the Environmental Understanding and Expression workshops undertook all these exercises. The exercises included: (i) a visit to the fruit market; (ii) describing the experience of entering a tranquil mosque from a bustling bazaar; and (iii) listening to the musical score of thee animation films without seeing them. These exercises proved to have a lasting impact on the cognition of students as the students continued to refer to them even in their later years of study. This indicates the importance of inclusion of such exercises in architectural education.

This paper is a comparative study of words referring to the external appearance in English and Persian languages as representatives of occidental and oriental thinking. Three types of words are distinguished: (i) those referring to external appearance with no reference to meaning; (ii) those referring to an appearance containing meaning; and (iii) those that refer to meaning in addition to appearance. This study demonstrates that in both studied languages there is virtually no word, which refers exclusively to appearance. Another significant point is that in English, words denotative of a range of meanings are used solely in a single sense. While in Persian, a single word is used to simultaneously signify a range of meanings from material to extramundane. This could be attributed to the occidental preference for exactitude of speech versus the oriental predilection for multifaceted expression. Nevertheless, this difference between languages necessitates an inevitable obliteration of meaning in translation between oriental and occidental languages.