esfahany

The East Atlantic-West Russia (EA–WR) teleconnection pattern is one of the low-frequency atmospheric phenomena that affects Europe and Asia, especially in the cold season. In this study, the effects of EA–WR on the climate of Southwest Asia are investigated using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset from 1950 to 2012 for winter months (Dec. to Feb.) and the monthly indices taken from the Climate Prediction Center (CPC). Because of the large zonal extension of the EA–WR teleconnection pattern, all data north of 20°N are taken into account for the analysis. In this paper, the method of composite maps is employed. Considering the critical positive and negative months, the average state of the troposphere is studied for each of the two phases from the synoptic viewpoint. To this end, a month is considered to be a critical positive (negative) month, if the monthly index of EA–WR is higher (lower) than the long-term mean value of EA–WR index plus (minus) its standard deviation. In this way, among 189 winter months during the 63-year period from 1950 to 2012, 26 positive critical months and 29 negative critical months are identified. For the part of analysis based on outgoing longwave radiation for which the data is available from 1974 onwards, there exist 20 positive critical months and 18 negative critical months. The composite map analyses include 500 hPa geopotential height and its anomaly, mean sea level pressure, 300 hPa wind field, 1000-500 hPa thickness, the outgoing longwave radiation and the Eady's parameter for the growth rate of baroclinic eddies: whereis the Coriolis parameter or inertial frequency, is the buoyancy frequency, and is the magnitude of the vertical wind shear. The growth rate is evaluated and compared between the two phases at 800 hPa. In the critical positive months of EA–WR, in 500 hPa geopotential height field, there is a trough from the western part of Russia to the Middle East and a ridge over the eastern part of the North Atlantic. In critical negative months of EA–WR, however, there is a ridge over the western part of Russia, a trough over Europe and a dominantly zonal flow is observed over the Middle East. In the critical positive months, the subtropical jet stream over the southwest of Asia is stronger, and at the same time, the exit region of the polar front is extended to the border between Europe and Asia, which together with the wind field anomaly result in significant cold air advection to the northwest of Iran. Furthermore, the stronger subtropical jet over the Southwest of Asia, the southwest of Iran, and Saudi Arabia in the critical positive months is associated with increased amounts of Eady's parameter for the growth rate and thus baroclinic instability. Overall, results point to a significant effect of EA–WR on the climate of the southwest Asia. Compared with the negative phase, the presence of a mid-tropospheric trough of geopotential height as well as the upper-tropospheric wind anomaly in the form of a stronger subtropical jet stream provide a better ground for the development and organization of synoptic systems and their impact on the climate of Iran in the positive phase. The dynamical effects mentioned are also helped by a more suitable lower-tropospheric moisture transport in the positive phase.

With regard to the importance of the Mediterranean region as a highly active region in the Northern Hemisphere winter, many studies have been devoted to the weather and climate of this region in general and the impact it receives from the North Atlantic storm track in particular. In 2014, Ahmadi-Givi et al. studied the interaction between the North Atlantic and Mediterranean storm tracks in winter 2005–2004 from the perspective of Rossby-wave propagation and introduced two different kinds of interaction which are referred to as the first and second kind of interaction in what follows. In this paper, based on the latter two kinds of interaction, we aim to identify and better understand the mechanisms of the impact of the North Atlantic storm track by investigating the way Rossby wave-packets are transferred to the Mediterranean region in the extended winter of 2012–2011. To this end, the Hovmoller diagrams, the wave envelope detection, wave activity diagnostics and the energetics are employed. For this extended winter, in total, five marked cases of wave-packet propagation from the North Atlantic to the Mediterranean region are detected. Results show that these five cases can be put into three categories. In the first category, there are two cases in which the wave packets reach Europe, in the upstream of the Mediterranean storm track and penetrate to lower latitudes and the southern branch mentioned in the work by Lee in 2000 and the first track mentioned in the work by Hoskins and Hodges in 2002. Therefore, these cases behave in the same manner of the first kind of interaction. In the second category, there are two cases in which the wave packets pass through the northern part of Europe, then propagate southeastward and join the southern branch along the second track introduced by Hoskins and Hodges in 2002, farther downstream from the first category. Therefore, the cases of the second category behave in the same manner of the second kind of interaction. In the third category, there is only one case in which the wave packet enters the upstream of the Mediterranean storm track and the southern branch in the west of Mediterranean region. However, wave activity diagnostics show that most of the wave activity propagates eastward in the Northern Europe along the second track with little penetration to the lower latitudes. Having signatures of both the first and second kind of interaction, the third category thus exhibits a mixed behavior. Detailed diagnostics are presented for two cases, one from each of the first and second categories. Overall, the fact that four of five cases are compatible with the two kinds of interaction adds to the credibility of this classification. It is also significant that on average, there is monthly one case of wave-packet propagation from the North Atlantic to the Mediterranean region. Finally, it is hoped that this work can be applied to the long-term data sets available, like that of NCEP/NCAR, in order to determine the statistical behavior of the wave packets and the interaction of the two storm tracks.

Iran is a vast land of geographically specific features and the climate is quite different. Each year a number of times, short intense rains caused flooding in various parts of the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and river flood malicious conduct is falling. The rainfall intensity is greater and more destructive floods caused heavy damage. Severe flooding during the brutal summer precipitation in the region, notably Iran, which sometimes lead to large losses of life and property. Having the proper depth of the Caspian Sea and the north-south strain and temperature is relatively constant during the period of two to three days, thus having the potential to heat and high humidity, high impact weather system is feeding. Another factor influencing the occurrence of floods in Golestan province Alborz mountain range and its effect on the flow of the atmosphere and therefore the issue is complex. Factors such as height and width roughness, and the interaction of the Alborz mountains to heavy rainfall in the region and how the agent is effective. Here a summer torrential rainfall in Golestan province is simulated using the WRF model toinvestigate the effective factors. 30 vertical sigma levels are used in the network. To run the model horizontal resolution of 3 nesting range of 90, 30 and 10 km in length and latitude is used. During geographically considered the center latitude 54,15 and 35,51 respectively. Model of internal networks and the highest point is 27 × 27, 31 × 43 and 34 × 45 grid points are. Depending on the selected physical model microphysics scheme WSM5, longwave radiation scheme RRTM, shortwave radiation scheme Dudhia, cumulus parameterization scheme and Kian-Fritsch are YUS boundary layer.To investigate the role of vertical surface fluxes and effects of the Alborz mountains on rainfall intensity in the selected system, four experiments were conducted to test the model simulation with control (CTL), the physical model was used. In a second experiment was to delete the Elburz Mountains (NTO), in the third experiment, the vertical flux of moisture and temperature of the Caspian Sea has been removed (NFL) and the fourth test of the Elburz Mountains and vertical flux of moisture and temperature simultaneously removed the Caspian Sea (BOT) and the results of the first experiment (control) were compared. Using the output of the model, some parameters such as the effective rainfall floods the advection of temperature, convective available potential energy, vorticity advection in the simulations were calculated and analyzed. The results show that the mechanisms of rainfall in the Golestan province depend to position of phenomena. So that the horizontal convergence of heat and humidity fluxes are the main causes of rainfall along the coastline of the Caspian Seawhile the rainfall over Northern part of Alborz mountains range is caused by the forcing ascent over the mountain. The heavy rains in the South East of the Caspian Sea occurred due to the horizontal convergence of heat flux, intense upward vertical flux and significant amount of CAPE.Convective instability in this area is due to the warm advection in surface and cold advection in middle troposphere. Upward motion and precipitation start with positive vorticity advection in 500-hPa level which is affected by Alborz Mountain strongly.

Similar to the Southern Oscillation which is the most evident teleconnection pattern in the Southern Hemisphere, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the most significant teleconnection pattern in the Northern Hemisphere. The NAO is known as one of the most important factors effective on the seasonal and annual variability of the atmospheric general circulation in the Northern Hemisphere. The NAO is a meridional large-scale oscillation in the sea level pressure of the subtropical Atlantic high pressure (Azores high pressure) and subarctic Icelandic low. In this study, Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) technique is used to investigate variability of the geopotential heights at 1000-hPa and 500-hPa levels. The data used covers the winter months (December to February) between 1948 and 2005 in the Mediterranean region and the south-west of Asia obtained from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data set. EOF is a statistical method to calculate the variability of meteorological quantities. Meteorology and climatology scientists are faced with large amount of data (time series) which are obtained from meteorological stations or a regular network. Recently, EOF techniques have been used to reduce all known and unknown factors effective on the atmospheric variability to several new factors. These new factors (patterns of variation) are independent statistically and explain the major part of the total variance in the primary data. The advantage of this method is to describe the spatial and temporal variability of the meteorological quantity using just a few modes. Usually, most of the variance of a time series is distributed in the first few EOFs which can tell us about the undelying dynamical mechanisms working in the atmosphere. This method is described as an experimental method because the EOF patterns are computed using the covariance analysis of a specific data set.Results show that 32.8 and 16.2 percent of the total variance of geopotential height at 1000-hPa level are due to the first and second EOF modes, respectively. Therefore, the first mode indicates an Arctic Oscillation (AO) pattern. The AO is a simultaneous anomaly in the Sea Level Pressure (SLP) between polar and mid-latitude regions in the Northern Hemisphere. This anomaly has been indicated as positive and negative phases. The first two modes of the geopotential height variability at 500-hPa level explain 24 and 21.4 percent of the total variance, respectively. At this level, the first mode indicates the East-Atlantic/West-Russia Oscillation. In the next stage, all winter months are classified to critical positive and negative months based on their NAO indices, and EOF modes are separately extracted for the two groups. The critical negative months included 33 months. Their first two extracted modes for the 1000-hPa geopotential height explain 35 and 20 percent of the total variance, respectively in the whole Northern Hemisphere. The first two modes for the Mediterranean region show 31.5 and 17 percent of the total variance, respectively. The critical positive group included 29 months and the first two extracted modes for the 1000- and 500-hPa geopotential height show 31.4, 23.5 and 29, 17 percent of the total variance, respectively. It is also found that modes of the critical positive phase of the NAO correspond to the EOF modes of all the data used. However, they show more variability. In the critical positive phase of the NAO, the geopotential height variability at the 500- hPa level is noticeably greater than the critical negative phase in the Eastern Mediterranean and in Iran.

In this research a nanocomposite coating with a Nickel background at the presence of nano alumina and at the presence of ultrasonic stirrer during coating were carried out by pulse electroplating. The coating morphology was then examined by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The wear behavior of the coating was first evaluated by Pin on Plate method and then its corrosion behavior was evaluated by electrochemical impedance (EIS). Results showed that the highest weight neutral particles in the coating when using ultrasonic mixer and fully connected with the intensity 63 w/cm،2 by using ultrasonic mixer during the development of coated lump would will preveuted wearing and mechanism type is scratched. The results showed that it was possible to attain a nano composite coating with a better quality with regard to its morphology، wear، and mechanical properties in an optimal state with better severity of the ultrasonic stirring as compared with the severity of other ultrasonic stirrers as well as a magnetic stirrer.

The effects of water deficit on grain yield, yield components and the physiological characteristics of barley (Hordeu1Il vulgare L.) varieties were studied in a split plot design during the 1999-2000 growing season in Karaj, Iran. Five irrigation levels [0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% crop water requirements (CWR)] and six barley varieties KaroonxKavir, Reihani(drought tolerant), Torkman, C-74-9 (intermediate), KavirxBadia and Gorgan-4 (2 rowed type, drought sensitive) were arranged in the main plots and sub plots respectively. Results showed that water deficit induced stress and this decreased the grain yield and yield components. Water deficit increased the canopy temperature and those varieties showed a higher canopy temperature undel. non-stress conditions, performed bettel. under drought conditions. Severe stress reduced the chlorophyll content (SPAD values) considerably, but the differences were not significant between the 50, 75 and 100% CWR treatments. In addition, no significant differences were observed in the chlorophyll content of barley varieties under drought conditions. The effect of irrigation on the photochemical efficiency of photosystemll (Fv/Fm)and the other fluorescence parameters for all varieties were significant. Although the FvfFm values were not significant in barley varieties at any level of irrigation, in general Karoon x Kavir and Reihani varieties showed a better performance under water deficit conditions. Proline content was significantly different in various irrigation treatments, but its accumulation at any level of irrigation did not differ significantly in barley varieties. It was concluded that the higher canopy temperature (less negative ~T) under well irrigated conditions and higher grain yield, 1000- grain weight, FvfFmvalues under water stress conditions could possibly be the proper criteria for screening the drought tolerant barley genotypes under field or laboratory conditions.

Marangoni convection experiments have been conducted with 5 cSt silicone oil liquid bridges to investigate the effect of random g-jitter on the transition from steady to oscillatory convection at various aspect ratios in a half floating zone. A liquid bridge of 5 cSt silicone oil was suspended between two circular-coaxial disks both 7 mm in diameter and placed on a moving table which produced random g-jitter in all three directions. The g-jitter produced by the table was less than 12 mg simulating the g-jitter in the spacecraft enviroment. The effect of g-jitter was studied on critical temperature difference for different aspect ratios. It was concluded that g-jitter does not change the critical temperature difference in a half floating zone.