eshaq toghyani

Freedom as a normative category has been a discussable subject in different comprehensive aspects in Persian poetry and literature from the past to the present. The more we approach to the present time, the more clearly and extremely fruitful freedom can be seen. Modern Persian poetry and literature of Afghanistan has dealt with the bitter experiences of the USSR colonization of Afghanistan and the devastating civil wars alongside social, cultural, economic and governmental changes. Freedom has been thus considered as a key element in the poetry of Qahar Assi, the famous contemporary Afghan poet, in the field of resistance literature which consists comprehensive aspects of social, political, intellectual, national freedom and women’s freedom. The aim of this paper is thus to discuss and examine the expansion of freedom motifs in Qahar Assi’s poems and to find out other factors involved in his poetry.

Undoubtedly, Khosrow & Shirin, composed by Nizami, is one of Iran’s, and actually, the world’s rich literary masterpieces. As a deep and rich literary work, which offers an artistic pleasure, it has the potential to be contemplated and pondered several times. Therefore through these devices and a close focus on its formal structure, intrinsic content, the rhetoric discourse in its texture, added to all the other concealed structural potentialities within it, the reader can discover valuable points in it. Since the form and structure of a poem develop simultaneously in a horizontal and vertical axis, in the survey of poetic perfectness a researcher should be able to study the form and structure of the created work independently and according to specific principles. For this reason, this article is devoted to surveying the concealed structural and formal potentialities within Khosrow & Shirin. The first part is an attempt for analyzing the structural potentialities which show themselves in the vertical axis of the poem. The second part surveys the formal potentialities in four separate axis. Understanding these two categories of potentialities implies the significance of this poetry; in addition to the significance of its new and even repeated studies.

In all its meaning the term ‘ascension’ has a special place in Muslim’ beliefs. Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, who was at the highest point of purity and piety acquired a unique ascension in its highest and the most complete form. As no one has reached the Prophet’s position after him, no human could experience such kind of divine journey. However, some humans who tried to remove worldly concerns and desires from their souls succeeded in getting spiritual ascensions which did not take place for others. Mystic poets are among those people who spoke of spiritual ascension and heavenly Journey. In the works of distinguished poets like Sanayi, Nezāmi, ‘Attār, Mowlānā, and Hāfedh, there are a lot of poems in which they describe their spiritual ascension. This show the poets’ ascending to the highest stations, wayfaring to the angelic realm and seeing the Cherubim. In this article, this subject is studied is studied according to the works of the mentioned poets.