فهرست مطالب esmaeil jafari

Due to the importance of the "type of orientation of the educational system" and the "components used in the design of its educational models" in terms of compliance with authentic religious criteria and the fulfillment of the goals of this intellectual system, the present research is based on the above-mentioned goal and using the "analytical-interpretative" method, has collected and presented Mohammad Ghazali's educational system as a purely religious system. The findings indicate that in the section of educational foundations, emphasis on the inherent and divine dignity as well as the spiritual and soul dimension of human existence, God's centrality and activeness in the world, the existence of two dimensions of matter and heaven in the universe, Focus on the conditions that create the behavior rather than the behavior itself, opposition to the eradication of instincts from human existence, and also the explanation of the possibility and method of acquiring knowledge, the ultimate goal of ethical conduct, the manner of moral judgment and motivation, methods of acquiring moral virtues, the role of reason and will in shaping human behavior, and the criterion and goal of moderation of powers based on religious injunctions, constitute Ghazali's most important beliefs in this field. In the field of educational principles, Ghazali's explanatory principles have a five-faceted structure, which includes "the possibility of education", "the bases of education", "the requirements and necessities of education", "the preparations during education" and "the content and substance of education". These principles explain his beliefs in this field through eighteen educational principles. Ghazali also bases his educational system on three pillars: soul, ethics and knowledge. Based on these pillars, he organizes the relationships between teachers, students, and parents, curriculum, stages of education, and methods of education.

The analysis of higher education is considered as an important historical research and it has been discussed in most countries, but in Afghanistan, it seems that higher education has been less analyzed. Therefore, this research was conducted to analyze the evolution of higher education in Afghanistan. The study used a qualitative research method with a historical lens. The researcher tried to use documents related to historical periods, available resolutions, and in-depth semi-structured interviews with key experts in the field of higher education using a "targeted approach" based on the pattern of qualitative interviews and theoretical saturation, with 14 people and show the evolution of higher education with an analytical perspective. The results of the findings show the evolution of Afghanistan's higher education in five periods of pragmatism, Isolation and exclusivity, stagnation, and transformation. The fifth period, which is the ritualization of universities based on Islamic teachings, begins after 2021. Higher education has had different orientations since 1932-2021. The common feature of these orientations in most periods has been ideological orientations.

The purpose of this study was to identify the behavioral components related to effective teaching from the students' point of view. For this purpose, critical incident technique has been used as a research method. The location of the research was Tehran and the participants of the research included 50 students of educational sciences of Tehran state universities who were selected through purposeful sampling and random sampling method. Based on the analysis of research findings, 7 main behavioral components of effective teaching were identified, which included choosing a teaching and training strategy, job discipline, fairness and justice, communication and interaction with students, preparation and having a lesson plan, dedication Time to students outside the classroom and classroom management and control. Finally, it is recommended that paying attention to these behavioral components and using them in the development and improvement of teachers' competencies, evaluation of teaching effectiveness, recruitment and hiring of uuniversity professors will be a way forward.

This Study aims to look into the evolution and revision of higher education curricula Post September 11, 2001. The study used a qualitative research method with an historical lens. The investigator shows the evolution of reviewing higher education curricula in 21st century from an analytical perspective. The study uses archival analysis primarily research publications and  documents related to higher education curricula available online and printed in digital sources.The finding show that the higher education curriculum in Afghanistan has gone through different phases. The data suggest that the curriculum experience show a transition from a relatively irregular curriculum planning system before September 11 to a centralized curriculum system post September 11 leading towards opinion polls and the delegation of some autonomy for curriculum to prestigious universities.The study found that 165 majors were identified that needed to be reviewed;among them, the curriculum of 71 fields of study have been revised to date

The purpose of the research is to identify the position of information technology and innovation in the Undergraduate Biology Curriculum at Kabul Education University. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and exploratory Grounded theory method in the spring of 1401. To collect data, a semi-structured interview tool was used with two groups of biology professors and students who participated in 19. To analyze the data, the systematic approach of Strauss and Corbin was used. Findings show that three important components include (the position of technology and innovation in the beauty of nature and environmental protection, the position of information technology and innovation in human and animal genetics and plant, the position of information technology and innovation in virtual education and augmented reality) were identified. The findings indicate that information technology and innovation in the field of biology are facing a deficiency of modern tools for conducting advanced experiments and using teaching-learning activities. To reduce the challenges, the officials and policymakers of information technology and innovation should pay attention to equipping modern laboratory materials and tools, building the capacity of human resources, and being aware of innovations.

The main purpose of present study was to investigate the state of technology in leadership from leaders’ and followers’ point of view. This study in purpose was applied and from methodology point of view was based on mixture of exploratory-sequential (qualitative-quantitative). The community of the study were educational experts and principals of governmental girl’s elementary schools in Tehran. The qualitative sampling method was purposeful and criterion-oriented, and 9 people were selected; and in the quantitative stage, the sample size was estimated to be 369 people based on the "Cochran" formula, of which 340 people were the final sample using the stratified and cluster sampling method. The data collection tool in the qualitative part was a semi-structured interview, whose reliability was confirmed by the agreement coefficient (75%). The data was collected in the quantitative section using a researcher-made questionnaire, the reliability of which was estimated with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.95. In the qualitative data analysis part of this research, grounded theory coding method based on Strauss and Corbin's approach was used, and in the quantitative stage, one-sample t, independent groups t, and analysis of variance were used. The findings of this research showed that technology has been able to have a positive effect on the activities of leaders and by identifying their most important challenges when using technology and the effective factors of virtual teams, leaders and followers can greatly better use technologies and increase their efficiency during daily activities.

To identify challenging concepts and determine their difficulty level in the content of specialized courses in the biology curriculum of Kabul Education University.

This research was conducted in terms of practical purpose, in terms of information with a quantitative approach and in terms of data collection, descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of this research included 10 professors and 136 students (72 girls and 64 boys), which was conducted in the spring of 1401. A structured researcher questionnaire was used to collect data. After collecting the data, it was analyzed in 2 levels of descriptive statistics including tables and frequency of concepts and inferential statistics for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and in the non-parametric method using the two-tailed significance level test.

In the descriptive analysis, the content of specialized biology courses was recognized by receiving 53.03 percent of challenging answers compared to 46.97 percent of comprehensible answers. Among the hundred concepts, 10 concepts have been recognized as challenging by the professors.

The findings using the test of the significance level of a sequence indicate that 18 concepts with a 95% confidence interval have a significant difference with the number 3 (higher difficulty level), 21 concepts (moderate difficulty) and other concepts within the comprehensible level.

The present study sought to validate a technological and initiative pedagogy: a teaching model called Flipped Inquiry-Based Learning (Fibal). In terms of purpose, this study was applied. In terms of how to collect the data to examine and answer the two proposed research questions, it is classified in quantitative research method designs. Four pre-formed classes available in one of the national universities in Tehran were used. The semi-experimental comparison between learning groups (semi-experimental designs of the unequal control group: pre-test and post-test) have been implemented. In order to validate the research data collection tools, content validity and Cronbach's alpha reliability estimation test were used. Several statistical tests such as one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Welchs, Tamhane's T2 and Dunnett's test were used in order to examine the statistical data related to learning and students' reaction in four classes (146 students in total). The results showed that with 99% confidence, the learning rate of Fibal class students is more and meaningful than the learning of students of "non-flipped traditional" and "simple flipped" classes. At the same time, despite the superiority of the average learning scores of Fibal class students over the "non-flipped inquiry" class, this superiority was not statistically significant. Also, with a 99% confidence level, the reaction rate of students trained through the Fibal approach is better than the reaction rate of students trained through the "non-flipped traditional" and the "simple flipped" and the "non-flipped inquiry" approaches.

Learning and practical activities in biology is an important element of the curriculum, which has faced challenges and opportunities in the distance education process in the conditions of the coronavirus. The aim of the research was to identify the learning challenges and practical activities of biology professors and undergraduate students of Kabul Education University -Afghanistan in virtual classes under the Covid-19 conditions. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach and grounded theory method. The research population was 36 professors and students who participated in targeted interviews of 20 men and 16 women. The results showed that (limited access to the Internet, non-implementation of practical and laboratory activities, evaluation challenges and changes in the time and place of teaching) are the things that have affected the quality of education, learning and practical activities' of biology in the Corona conditions. By creating a balanced e-learning infrastructure in all regions of the country and investing more in educational technology, can be reduced learning challenges and practical activities.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of emerging applications in the flipped classroom. The approach used in this research was a qualitative approach and the method of studying thematic content analysis (TCA). Therefore, in this study, using purposive sampling method and semi-structured interview tool, 13 experts and teachers of educational institutions were interviewed. The results showed that applications to enhance and facilitate educational interactions form five categories of communication enhancement applications, interactive-graphic applications, audiovisual facilitating applications, text-digital information applications and educational evaluation applications can be used in flipped classrooms. Based on the research results, the benefits of using these applications can be divided into two categories: educational functions of emerging applications and interactive functions of emerging applications. Barriers to the use of emerging applications in flipped classrooms can also be divided into two categories: technical barriers of emerging applications and human barriers of emerging applications.

Academic dishonesty is a common problem in higher education, which has become more widespread with the outbreak of coronavirus. To tackle the problem, it seems necessary to identify specific areas and forms that cause dishonesty. In this regard, in this study, the reasons (motives) of students in medical universities and forms of academic dishonesty were scrutinized.

 The research approach was qualitative. Accordingly, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 samples from two groups of faculty members and students during the academic years 2020 and 2021, and the interviews were conducted till theoretical saturation. Thematic content analysis method was used to analyze the qualitative data.

 The results revealed that students' reasons for moving towards academic dishonesty in the midst of the crisis can be divided into three categories: individual factors, social pressure, and academic issues. Besides, the forms of academic dishonesty were manifested in three forms of cheat, cooperation, and plagiarism.

 Relieving the pressures of family, social, academic, and cultural life as well as workload and other individual activities to reduce cheat and the phenomenon of academic dishonesty in medical universities requires the adoption of appropriate preventive strategies and policies, including the formation of values and guidelines.

Teaching and learning is one of the main activities of universities and institutes of higher education, which takes place either in formal environments or with non-formal education. In order to present an innovative approach in academic teaching and learning, the present study sought to introduce a design model for blended teaching. The pedagogical model that is called "Flipped Inquiry-Based Technological Learning" or Fibtel.

In terms of purpose, this study was applied and in terms of how to collect the data needed to answer the two research questions, it is classified in exploratory mixed method designs. A systematic review and inductive content analysis of 59 articles with Q1 and Q2 scientific validity, a purposeful survey of the views of 30 higher education specialists, and an interactive management (IM) session with the purposeful presence of 13 experts were used to identify the Fibtel driving forces and their sub-elements. In order to interpretive-structural modelling (ISM) of the mentioned drives, data related to the views of 22 purposefully selected specialists were collected through a structural self-interaction matrix questionnaire and analyzed through cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) technique. The statistical samples of the study were selected through the favorable informants’ method. In addition, interpretive validity has been used to increase the accuracy and agreement between the findings.

The results showed that the Fibtel interpretive-structural model with three levels of interaction has 9 causal driving forces and 76 sub-elements, which are generally constructivism type; Includes: learning context, instructional plan designing, technological requirements, learners' competencies, learning content and resources, facilitation, learning activities, interaction opportunities and learning assessment and feedback. With the exception of the one-way interaction of learning context driver, the interaction mechanism of other driving forces is two-way and linkage. This type of interaction mechanism suggests: 1. The organizational context and culture in Iranian university settings is very important and it influential on other factors affecting learning. Therefore, without modifying and changing the organizational context and culture, changes in other factors that affect on learning promotion will not have much effect practically. 2. To make major changes to the academic classroom system, there is not need to design extensive programs or a variety of technologies; Rather, it is necessary to identify and find the critical, sensitive and determine points of students' learning (drivers and their elements). Then, by applying a small and intelligent change in the interaction between each of them, steer academic learning and research toward greater change.

The present study seeks to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of augmented reality technology for higher education curriculum. This research is of qualitative type and the phenomenological approach were employed. In this study, using purposive sampling method and semi-structured interview tools, 14 samples from three groups (educational technology specialists, curriculum specialists and experienced managers) who participated in the study were interviewed. The thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the most important strengths include the immersion and simulation in the learning environment, diversity and flexibility in the curriculum and visualization of educational phenomena and event, while the most important weaknesses include the ignoring interpersonal interactions, inability to interactively manipulate designed environment, and lack of monitoring and control over learning activities. The most important opportunities could be mentioned as innovation and creativity in the field of curriculum, the application of practical areas of curriculum knowledge and the reinforcement of scientific knowledge in the field of curriculum, and the most important threats include the dependence on technology, external risks and teachers' missions being diminished.

In the educational policies of the intelligence-security organizations of the country in recent years, learner-oriented educational environments have been considered valuable. The purpose of the current research is to explain and analyze one of these types of learning environments that are designed based on the characteristics of active technological learning. This new approach, known as reverse learning, has been increasingly popular among education professionals; but until now, at the international level, no qualitative research has been presented in this regard in intelligence-security organizations; Therefore, knowing the processes, achievements and challenges in this innovation will help the trainers and beneficiaries of in-service training in these organizations to apply it properly.

This research in the form of three research questions and using the phenomenological research plan and inductive content analysis of 59 Q1 and Q2 English articles indexed in the Web of Science scientific database between 2012 and 2021, to study, categorize and interpret learning environments designed based on The innovation of reverse learning has paid off.

The results show that the reverse classroom processes have positive results for employees, instructors, curriculum and in general for educational centers and can promote and improve learning skills and 21st century competencies of employees as well as the development of learning technologies. And their information literacy is effective. At the same time, the existence of technological and non-technological challenges in these learning environments can make these classes ineffective. Meanwhile, the results of this research highlight the need to do more in-depth research to solve the problems of employees, trainers and training centers of intelligence organizations when applying reverse learning; Based on this, research suggestions for future researches have also been presented.

Nanoparticles are comprised from dozens or hundreds of atoms or molecules with different sizes and morphologies are being applied widely due to their unique properties in chemistry, physic, and biology. Multiferroic compounds have been considered significantly owing to their applications arising from their ferromagnetic, ferroelectric, and fibroelastic properties. Among all multiferroic compounds, ferrite bismuth (BiFeO3) has attracted remarkable attentions which is a weak pad-ferromagnetic in the magnetic points of view. Of the best impressive approaches for improving its properties is the substitution of the metals including La, Ba, Pd, Sr, and Ca in A positions or Ti, Cr, and Mn in B positions through BiFeO3 scaffold. In this work, Bi1-XLaxFeO3 and Bi0.9-YLa0.1BaYFeO3 nanoparticles were synthesized and the structural and magnetic properties of synthesized nanoparticles were also studied.BiFeO3 particles were synthesized by mixing the Bi(NO3)3.5H2O, La(NO3)2.6H2O, Ba(NO3)2.4H2O, and Fe(NO3)3.9H2O precursors in nitric acid in the presence of surfactants Saponin, Triton CG-100, Crocin, or N-octyl-beta-D-glucoside and tetraethylenepentamine as base.

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is based on the nuclear reaction, such that B-10 irradiated with low-energy thermal neutrons produces alpha particles with high linear energy transfer and lithium-7. Clinically, BNCT is used primarily for treatment of high-grade glioma or brain metastases from melanoma and, more recently, head, neck and liver cancers. Since reactors have long been used to produce high intensity neutron beams, nuclear reactors have also been used to produce BNCT. Accelerators can also be used to generate quasi-thermal neutrons, but none of them are currently used for BNCT. Boron medications with low molecular weight used in clinic include sodium borocaptate (BSH) and a phenylalanine derivative called boronophenyl alanine (BPA). The main challenge in the development of boron tracers is the selective targeting to reach a sufficient concentration of boron (F 20 Ag / g tumor) so that the tumor receives a sufficient dose of radiation and normal tissues receive minimal radiation. Clinical trials of BNCT are being conducted or have been conducted in various countries. Most patients undergoing BNCT were patients with high-grade brain tumors. The patients underwent surgery for complete or partial removal of the tumor and then received BNCT at various time intervals after surgery. BNCT in combination with other treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and external beam radiotherapy can also be used as an adjuvant therapy for treatment of other tumors. This concomitant use may lead to improvements in patient survival. According to clinical studies, BNCT is a targeted therapy with promising results and acceptable toxicity. Important issues in this treatment include the need for more selective and effective agents for boron delivery carriers, development of methods for estimating semi-quantitative amounts of boron content in the tumor before treatment, clinical progress of BNCT and the need for randomized clinical trials with known therapeutic efficacy. If these issues are addressed enough, BNCT can develop as a treatment method. Further research is needed to determine the role of BNCT in clinical medicine.

The purpose of this study is to identify the influence of different concentrations of heat-stable salts (oxalate, acetate, formate, succinate, glycolate) on the carbon steel corrosion in MDEA solution. Natural gas usually contains acidic gases like CO2 and H2S along with other sulphur components. These acidic gases have to be scrubbed off from the gas for environmental, operational, and economic reasons. A long-term experiment was conducted to investigate the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in HSS+MDEA solutions and surface analysis techniques (SEM, EDS) were carried out to characterize the morphologies and compositions of the surface layers. To obtain the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in different concentrations of HSS+MDEA solutions the potentiodynamic polarization tests were used. The result showed that the acetate had less corrosion effect and the oxalate had the greatest impact on corrosion of the carbon steel. According to the electrochemical results, these five heat stable salts didn’t have a significant corrosion effect on carbon steel till 5000 ppm concentration.

The purpose of this study was to measuring the effectiveness of chemistry augmented reality software on students' learning with a focus on the concept of catalysts. the statistical population was all ninth grade students in Tehran. In order to determine the sample size from the multi-stage random cluster sampling method, class A of the ninth grade of Mesbah Alam School in District 3 was selected. Students' learning was then assessed based on Bloom's cognitive pyramid at six levels using a fixed group and a pre-test and post-test design. The results showed that the use of augmented reality in six levels of learning by Bloom increased the learning rate of students. This increase in the last two levels of Bloom's classification, which includes evaluation (pre-test 3.43 and post-test 4.56) and creation (pre-test 3.40 and post-test 4.60), is greater than the other four levels of knowledge (pre-test 4.50 and post-test 4.90), Learning (pre-test 4.13 and post-test 4.83), application (pre-test 3.76 and post-test 4.43) and analysis (pre-test 3.96 and post-test 4.56). Therefore, augmented reality as a new technology can be used to enhance students' learning at higher cognitive levels in chemistry and its use is recommended.

In order to determine the outcome and evaluate the effectiveness of training programs in the NAJA, it is necessary to evaluate its behavioral performance in order to correct possible deviations on the program objectives. The best way to perform an indigenous evaluation is measuring the changes have occurred in the behavioral indicators and psychological empowerment of employees after the training course. Accordingly, this study, with three questions and research hypotheses, sought to design and implement a process of evaluating behavioral effectiveness by identifying and formulating indicators of "behavioral effectiveness" and "psychological empowerment" based on Kirkpatrick and Spreitzer theory. In terms of purpose, this research is research and development type, and in terms of how to collect the data it is classified in exploratory mixed method designs. In addition, three research methods of systematic review of scientific resources, content analysis of semi-structured interviews and survey of three post-event attitude questionnaires were used in two statistical samples with 360 people in each of them. After determining the indicators and their cross-sectional survey in the statistical cluster, the results confirmed all research hypotheses and showed that from the point of view of employees and managers, FSTs had significant behavioral effectiveness in three components of knowledge behavior, attitude behavior and skill behavior. These trainings had a good effect on the psychological empowerment of employees, which also increase managers' satisfaction and organizational productivity.

The high strength carbon steels such as API X65 is widely used to build the pipelines. In this study, the corrosion behavior welds region of the gas pipeline was studied. For this purpose, Shield Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) was used to evaluate the proposed method. The welding processes were performed with E6010, E6013, and ER70S-6 electrodes as filler metal and welding carried out in 3 passes by a single butt welded method. The corrosion behavior was determined in the gas fluid solution at environment temperature using potentiodynamic polarization test. The microstructure of the base metal, weld zone, and heat-affected zone were investigated with optical microscopy. Results show that the microstructure changes that formed during the welding process were correlated with electrochemical results. And the corrosion performance of the weld joints was influenced by the type of filler metal. As the welded sample with ER70S-6 has high corrosion resistance in comparison to other electrodes.

The tube desalination package is one of the most important equipments for supplying water in refineries. The corrosion causes of aluminum- brass alloy tubes in desalination package were studied in this research. For this purpose, chemical analysis of water To identify the composition of water and X-ray diffraction analysis in order to identify deposits layer, which was formed on the tube surface, was performed. Also to investigate the microstructure of the metal and surface layer and identify the type of corrosion, the samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pitting corrosion of the samples, with and without deposition, were evaluated. For this purpose, cyclic polarization tests were used. Furthermore, the alloy characterization and the results of inspections during construction, and in compliance with the relevant standards were investigated. The results were shown that the pitting corrosion was the main factor of tube failure which was happened under the carbonate layer

CK45 steel is a suitable material for the manufacturing of forging dies. This paper investigates the influence of electrical discharge machining (EDM) parameters including voltage, current, on-time and off-time on the microstructure of the machined surface of this material. The process induces thermal stresses that in turn result in the generation of widespread micro-cracks on the surface of the part subjected to spark EDM. The influence of EDM parameters on the quality of the machined surface is explored by performing an extensive experimental program. The impact of EDM parameters on the surface roughness and the intensity of micro-cracks have been evaluated quantitatively using the test results and regression analysis. Predicting the relationship between EMD parameters and the surface quality provides practical means to appropriately decide on the adjustment of process control parameters to their optimum values and hence to achieve the desired surface quality at reasonable manufacturing times and cost.

The destructive corrosion phenomenon has been identified as one of the major problems in the Iranian gas refineries, which is often found in the amine regenerator tower and the steam condensate regions of carbon dioxide. One of the most important causes of this problem is the lowering of the amine temperature below the safe operating temperature range. According to the simulation of the process performed using ProMax software, in the event of a drop in the temperature of the amine entering to the regenerator tower, mainly at the bottom of the tower, as well as the reboiler, which according to the body (carbon steel 516), the corrosion is likely to occur. Examining the corrosion coupon installed in this gas sweetening indicates an increase in the corrosion rate, which can increase up to 1.27 mm/year if the process conditions in the amine cycle are not controlled. Stereo microscope images and identification corrosion product by x-ray diffraction used in this study confirm the above item. Finally, different strategies for controlling the temperature of the amine to the tower in the operational safe area are presented in accordance with the strategies of each refinery, as well as considering the cost of the life cycle. The above solution may include designing and adding a new heat exchanger or periodic cleaning to identify the sediment formed in the amine-amine plate converter.

The present research endeavors to present an exploratory model for the tendency of young researchers to study and work abroad applying a grounded method and qualitative approach. The required data were collected through in-depth interviews and then analyzed using Glaser method. The 16 participants selected for the interviews were chosen using purposeful sampling. The results of the research identified 67 indicators, 12 concepts, and 6 categories from the interviews which were fit into paradigm model including economic conditions as  the central phenomenon, domestic problems and destination country attractions as the causal conditions, problems in the destination country as the intervening conditions, the immigration process occurrences as  the strategies, and personal benefit and social forfeitures as the consequences, making up the basic tenets of this model.

One of the important parameters to increase the corrosion resistance of base metal is the selection of an appropriate primer. This is an important factor for increasing the adhesion and durability of the coating. In this study, the effect of two different primers on the corrosion resistance of the painted low carbon steel has been investigated. For this purpose, zinc phosphate (which is normally used as a paint primer) and Ni-P nano-structured coating were used. The corrosion resistance was evaluated by potentiodynamic and cyclic polarization tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt spray tests. The Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) were used to characterize the morphology and composition of the coatings. And adhesion of the paint was investigated by pull off test. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of the painted low carbon steel with Ni-P nano-structured primer was more than that of the zinc phosphate primer. So that the polarization resistance increased by about 79.1 kΩ.cm2 and the pitting potential increased to 0.49V for nano-structured coating samples compared to zinc phosphate samples. Also, the results of the paint adhesion test indicated a high adhesion to nano-nickel-phosphorus primer compared to the phosphate-zinc primer.