فهرست مطالب esmaeil salarvand

Drought affects a wide range of climates and ecosystems. Meanwhile, the effect radius of the drought phenomenon is more in rural areas than other areas, because rural economy and life rely relatively heavily on natural resources and agricultural activities. The present study was carried out with the aim of grouping and prioritizing the villages of Qorveh and Dehgolan counties in order to show the difference in the severity of drought and the degree of vulnerability caused by it. The data obtained from calculating the severity of drought showed that the counties of Qorveh and Dehgolan had a mild drought during the studied years. Also, in the discussion of drought vulnerability in the studied settlements, 13 villages were selected as samples and their vulnerability was measured using certain variables. 100% of the surveyed villages in Qorveh and Dehgolan counties have drought experience. The results of Tuki's grouping show that the sample villages are different in terms of vulnerability in the level of indicators of income from the main and secondary livelihoods of the household, exploitation of agricultural water, diversity of household livelihoods and reduction of the area under water cultivation. The biggest difference between villages is the level of access to agricultural water sources. Finally, using the spline interpolation method in the GIS system, the studied villages were zoned in terms of drought severity and degree of vulnerability.Key words: vulnerability of villages, water shortage crisis, zoning, drought

Quality of life is a determining factor in the progress of a society and reflects the way people live and their personal welfare in a community. Improving the quality of life is one of the most important goals of public policies in any society. For centuries, people have pursued a good life, and humans have continuously strived to improve their living conditions and make the best use of their environmental capabilities and potential. However, the main question is: what is a desirable life? This research seeks to answer the question of how much the villages in Deygolan County are enjoying the indicators of desirable quality of life. To evaluate the quality of life in this study, objective indicators (44 items in 4 economic, social, infrastructure, and policy-making dimensions, including agriculture and rural construction) and subjective indicators (23 items in 6 domains of education, health and safety, social, leisure time, residential environment, and occupation and income) were used. Each of the research indicators was examined in two dimensions, and after applying the final weights using the weighted arithmetic mean approximation method, they were combined using the VIKOR method. The results showed that, from the local community's perspective, the indicators related to the infrastructure and policy-making dimensions were of higher importance in the objective dimension of quality of life. Furthermore, the examination of the subjective indicators of development from the local people's perspective showed that the indicators related to health, safety, income, and occupation were of greater importance.

Rural sustainable housing can be one of important indexes in development of rural. Compiling a program in rural sustainable housing district needs identify and analysis of the dimensions and various components of that and this indexes as a plan and essential tool for expression and sustainable of the different dimensions of social، economic and physical housing sustainable have a special place in rural house planning. The quantitative and qualitative status indexes show rural housing and improvement of house planning for a long term horizon. Therefore، identify the most important indexes and the viewing of specify and assessment of indexes and its viewing in rural different centers is an issue this study has raised to answer in its. Housing is something more than an alone physical shelter and all services and necessary public facilities، including for human welfare and must prepared a lien somewhat long and confident for its users. Housing is like physical facilities unit or similar an economic commodity and high durability that also has social role or group and in addition to these، including to resolving of financial needs as status views and also is socio - economic condition of individuals. One of the issues that the attention had shifted to its housing and sustainable development and consistent with its human development. In such the strategy for use of resources and facilities، without destruction are considering. The important that has been consider in the documents of second of meeting human settlements، importance of sustainable settlements and providing adequate housing is for people in the development process. Sustainable housing is housing that is economical appropriate، socially acceptable، Possible in terms of technical and physical and strong and consistent is with environment. The type of housing that the biological needs of current generations based on natural resources، energy efficiency meet and condition attractive neigh borhoods and safe for attention to ecological issues، cultural and economic to require is sustainable housing. The research method in the study is descriptive –analytical and also measurable. The goal of this research is an application research that has been compound. For data collection two methods of library and documentary and also was used the field method and direct observation. The main tool of this research is a questionnaire which its content validity finally has been approved and reform by the university professor and experts of foundation housing. The statistical society of the research is the heads of households housing units in Ravansar township Central district rural area (2351 people)، thus access to the logical volume of the sample of the Cochran،s formula was used that volume of statiscal society in Ravansar township Central district rural area، it was determined 200 the head of households to answer the questions of questionnaire. In the research for sampling in rurals were used class randomly method. Complex issues of sustainable development، requires an integrated set and together of recommender (indexes) is in the form of indexes. The indexes should be integrated in the set are made of recommender. The indexes are designed with the global experiences، internal experiences، and proportional to area conditions (localization indexes). After determining indicators and the primary indicators of rural sustainable housing in the study area، to identify the primary the factors infrastructure of the primary indicators of the research was used factorial model. After determining the nature of the factors، for the sustainability of rural housing for the study area is determined; the primary indicators in each factor were combined and each factor as separate in one sample T test were analyzed. The results from factorial model show that five factors of economic، welfare، the strength of foundation، compatible with the environment and utilization of effective factors are in sustainability of rural housing. The study of five factors show that economic factor، welfare and the strength of foundation are in somewhat stable condition while the compatible with environment and utilization factors are in unstable condition. Suggestions: More attentions to economic dimension of housing by facilitating qualifications for housing loans، reducing missionary payments for all of the villagers and paying grants to needy villagers. - Education and promotion of rural subsistence actualities such as carpet weaving، dairy productions and etc to increase revenue and enhancing inscription of housing in rural livelihoods. - Use of suitable endemic materials for reducing the cost of housing. - Providing conductor design for villages to building new constructions in the framework of this project and causing no destruction in natural resources (jungles، grasslands and …). - Trash placed in proper locations in studied villages as for unstable index of sensation of residential units in not producing waste materials and application of garbage collection machineries.

Optimization of locating fire stations is one of the most important considerations for public sector and its services. The importance of this issue is increased significantly not only because of the social attention to emergency and safety services but also regarding to new preventive measures for fire disasters and emergency management in the cities. Providing effective and on-time services depends on efficient and suitable locating of fire stations. It helps fire stations provide fast services without encountering obstacles and constraints of urban environment. Moreover، this optimization minimizes the negative effects on residential lifestyle. The metropolis of Tehran with a population of more than eight million is the largest city in Iran. Due to the parallel development of the urban environment of the city and its population، the likelihood of fire incidents has been increased. This study is aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of fire stations and their operational distance (radius) for fire stations in the region sixth of Tehran. This study used descriptive-analytical method with the aid of collaboration of network analysis and multi criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques integrated in geographical information system (GIS). Research results have shown that the pattern of spatial distribution of fire stations in area of study was not appropriate. Current stations are failed to cover their whole service area in the standard time (3 minutes). Thus، two new stations have been proposed by using analytical methods (MCDM) collaborated with hierarchical model (AHP) and integrating it with the capabilities of GIS. These two stations are added to cover urban areas which are out of current coverage plan of existing stations. It helps fire vehicle and emergency teams reach the incident area within standard time.

Development of new irrigation technologies is one of the most important solutions for agricultural development and increasing production which is discussed as an important issue of country due to serious constraint on water resources. Thus the main objective of this research is to study the development constraints of pressurize irrigation systems in Rural regions which are induced as a case study in Azna village. The research method in this study is analytic-descriptive and interrelated which its data collection was through field methods. The family parents who did not use under pressure irrigation systems constitute the statistical social of current study and from them a sample of 212 individuals were collected using tier sampling and the required data was collected using valid questioner as the main data collection device. Also, the scout test was conducted in order to obtain validity coefficient in which the validity coefficient of Cronbach Alpha was more that 0.91. The results from statistical analysis in SPSS software show that sectioning and separation of agricultural lands, is the main obstacle in pressurize irrigation systems. Also findings show that three elements of constitutional, economics and sociality and nature account for 66/10 percent of variables variance which in this regard the quantity and quality development of training programs and improving awareness and knowledge of agricultures, training aware instructors about under pressure irrigation systems and inspiring regional agricultures using financial support and providing more facilitation for bank services are in order to increase participation in integrating lands, including suggestions that are based on research results.