فهرست مطالب esmaeil soleimani

The aim of this study was to design, developing and validating an intervention program based on executive functions and evaluate its effectiveness on social interaction in children with high-performance autism spectrum disorders.

The research method is semi-experimental with a post-test pre-test with a control group. The statistical population of the present study of children with autism disorder aged 6 to 12 years in Urmia (274 people) in the academic year of 2019-20 was from the exceptional school for children with autism, out of the target population, 40 high-performance autism were selected using Gilliam Autism Rating Scale(GARS) and randomly assigned to two experimental (20) and control (20) groups. After the pre-test, the experimental group was trained for twenty-four sessions, The post-test was performed again and the pre-test and post-test data were analyzed using covariance analysis.

The results showed that in the post-test stage there was a significant difference between the mean of social interaction between the experimental and control groups at the level (P <01). This means that the intervention program has increased the scores of social interaction of autistic children compared to the pre-test stage.

Findings of this study showed that the intervention program based on executive functions, in addition to having appropriate content validity, has been effective on social interaction in children with high-performance autism spectrum; Due to the effectiveness of the intervention program based on executive functions, it is suggested that this program be used to improve the social skills of children with autism in educational and rehabilitation centers.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) generated profound concerns in public. However, few validated scales measure COVID-related stress. We developed and psychometrically assessed a unique COVID-19 Stress Scale (CSS) in an Iranian non-clinical population. The CSS was developed to evaluate the existing stress measures, specialists' reviews, and interviews with healthy individuals. Experts provided feedback on content validity. The correlation of CSS with the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21) was evaluated to assess convergent validity. Moreover, construct validity and reliability were assessed. Seven items were found acceptable after experts' review. The online method was used to collect information due to the dangerous conditions of COVID-19 and traffic restrictions in Iran. The scale link was shared as an invitation on the virtual social network pages for people to respond. The statistical population of this study included all Iranian people aged 18 - 60. All 755 people, including 511 females and 244 males who completed the questionnaire online, were selected as a sample. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) showed a one-factor structure. Correlations between items were acceptable, with item-total correlations being 0.49 - 0.58. The CFA resulted in acceptable factor loadings and fit statistics. Internal consistency reliability was found as α = 0.74. Regarding convergent validity, CSS had moderate to strong correlations with the depression (r = 0.53), anxiety (r = 0.59), and stress (r = 0.64) subscales of DASS-21 (P < 0.05). The seven-item CSS demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties and can be a useful measure of research and evaluation. There is a need to test the scale's validity in a random sample and other nationalities.

This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness on flexibility and parent-child interactions in mothers of a child with ADHD. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population included all mothers of a child with ADHD in Tehran, from among whom 30 mothers of a child with ADHD were selected by available sampling method as a research sample and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The experimental group received eight sessions of mindfulness-related therapeutic interventions and a 90-minute session per week for two months. The control group did not receive any intervention. At the end of the sessions, post-test was taken from all two groups. Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire (CFI) and Parent-Child Relationship Scale (PCRS) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis Of Covariance (MANCOVA) by SPSS20 software. The results showed that mindfulness led to a significant increase in flexibility (P <0.01) and parent-child interactions (P <0.01) among mothers of a child with ADHD. According to the research findings, the use of mindfulness to promote flexibility and parent-child interactions of mothers of a child with ADHD is recommended to promote their mental health.

The aim of this study was to design a model of factors influencing the tendency of women to addiction in West Azerbaijan province and to provide a solution.

For this purpose, a mixed exploratory design was used and the data were collected in two qualitative and quantitative stages. In the first stage, the theoretical foundations were examined and 16 addiction specialists were individually interviewed using the qualitative method. The main and secondary categories of factors affecting women's tendency to addiction and the relationships between them were obtained during the three stages of coding qualitative data. In the next step, the original questionnaire and model were designed based on the findings of the qualitative research stage, and the model with the participation of 156 substance addicted women was tested. Quantitative data analysis was performed to identify the relationships between the factors and the generalizations of the first stage. Model fit indices were examined to evaluate the optimal fit of the data with the conceptual model that the researcher assumed based on the findings of the qualitative research stage.

The results showed 5 general categories in the paradigmatic model, {it includes cognitive factors (positive attitude towards drugs; lack of knowledge about drugs; lack of psychological health education and lack of knowledge of life skills), Psycho-behavioral factors (psychological, emotional and personality factors), social factors (peers and colleagues; place of residence and study and easy access and social insufficiency), family factors (addiction of family members (parent-sister-brother); family breakdown and family communication-educational factors), and cultural factors (promotion of drug use; culture of recreational consumption; lack of recreational and educational facilities and poor religious beliefs} were reflected factors influencing women's tendency to addiction and the relationships between its various dimensions. In the quantitative part of research model, the results of structural equation modeling showed that the structural model of the research fits with the collected data.

According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that cognitive, psychological, social, family and cultural factors play an important role in women's tendency to addiction, and this requires the presentation of educations and solutions on cognitive, psychological, social, family and cultural domains.

Pregnancy is among the most important events in womenchr('39')s lives that sometimes can lead to abortion and affect the mental health of the mother. This study aimed to compare the basic psychological needs, pregnancy anxiety, and sexual satisfaction in pregnant women with and without a history of abortion in Javanrood city.

This research is a cross-sectional causal-comparative study. The statistical population of the present study includes pregnant women with and without a history of abortion who were referred to Javanrood health centers in the spring and summer of 2019 (N=120). The statistical sample of this study consisted of 50 subjects (two groups of 25) from the statistical population who were selected by available sampling method. Data were collected using the Gardia, Deci & Ryan Psychological Needs Questionnaire, abbreviated form of Wendenburg pregnancy anxiety questionnaire, and Larson sexual satisfaction Questionnaire. The data were analyzed with SPSS software version 22.

The results of analysis by multivariate analysis revealed that there was no significant difference between the basic psychological needs of pregnant women with and without a history of abortion (p>0.05). The result of t-test confirmed that there was a significant difference between pregnancy anxiety and sexual satisfaction in women with and without a history of abortion.

According to the results of the study, the history of abortion affects the psychological health of the mother and it is suggested that regular training and support courses for pregnant women and their families during pregnancy or abortion should be held by psychologists at the level of health centers.

A narcissistic personality disorder is one of the most difficult personality patterns to treat. People with the narcissistic disorder cannot express their weaknesses and understand the impact of their behavior on others. The goal of the study is to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and narcissistic personality characteristics. So, 225 male and female undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral students were selected by availability sampling from the students of Urmia University in the academic year 2019-2020 (N = 17000). All participants filled the Young schema questionnaire and the Ames narcissistic personality questionnaire. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22 using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of data analysis showed, there is a positive and significant correlation between early maladaptive schemas and narcissistic personality characteristics (R = 0.663). In other words, with an increase in early maladaptive schemas, the narcissistic personality characteristic also increases and vice versa (43% of common variance). The findings of the research can help and create a context for further and comprehensive research in this area.

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder that affects both sexes and causes some physiological and psychological disabilities. The present study aimed to examine the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the psychological profile of patients with epilepsy. The design of the present study was a randomized clinical trial with a pretest-posttest and a control group. The statistical population comprised patients with epilepsy, who were referred for treatment to a private health center in Urmia in 2019. The sample consisted of 30 patients with epilepsy selected via the convenience sampling method. Data collection was performed through the use of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) questionnaire. After the pretest, 15 subjects were randomly assigned to the intervention group, and 15 subjects were placed in the control group. The intervention was performed in 10 sessions, and the duration of stimulation was 20 minutes. The anode was placed in the F3 region (left hemisphere), the cathode in the F4 (right hemisphere), and the current intensity was 1.5 mA. After the intervention, the posttest was conducted for both groups, and the data were analyzed using a univariate covariance analysis in the SPSS software, version 23. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results of the ANCOVA analyses revealed significant differences between the intervention and control groups. The tDCS group represented a significant decrease in the scales of depression, anxiety, and stress in the posttest in comparison with the pretest (P≤0.001). The results showed that tDCS could reduce depression, anxiety, and stress with the changes caused in the brain system. Trial Registration Number: IRCT20190803044417N1.

Aging is associated with a decrease in various cognitive functions, including memory, and changes in memory function which are not uniform and vary depending on different aspects of memory. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of rehabilitation of cognitive-metacognitive strategies on visual memory and memory span in the elderly. The present research method was quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. The population included all the elderly who lived in the nursing home of Bukan from May to August 2019 (N = 120). Among these people, 30 elderly people (two groups of 15 people) were selected by convenience sampling according to the inclusion criteria and were placed by random assignment into two groups; experimental and control groups. Kim Karad and Wechsler’s memory span tests were performed on the groups in the pre-test. Then, the rehabilitation of cognitive-metacognitive strategies was performed and in the next stage, the post-test was performed again. The obtained data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance according to its assumptions. The results showed that after performing cognitive-metacognitive rehabilitation in the experimental group, the mean of straight and reverse components of the memory span test and short, medium, and tall components of the visual memory test increased significantly compared to the pretest (p < .001). The results showed that rehabilitation of cognitive-metacognitive strategies can improve visual memory and memory span, and using rehabilitation methods is suggested to improve cognitive functions and memory in the elderly.

This study aims to plan and detect the effectiveness of the educational package of executive functions on improving the empathy in children with a high-performance autism spectrum disorder. In term of purpose, this research is applied, and the research method is semi-experimental with a post-test–pre-test with a control group. The statistical population consists of children with autism disorder aged 6 to 12 years old in Urmia (274 people) in the academic year of 2019–20 from the exceptional school for children with autism. Out of the statistical population, 40 high-performance autism children were selected using Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) and randomly assigned to two experimental (20) and control (20) groups. Then, the Griffith cognitive and emotional empathy scale (GEM) was filled out by the parents of both groups. After the pre-test, the experimental group was trained for twenty-four sessions, and the post-test was performed. The data was analyzed using SPSS software and univariate analysis of covariance. The data showed a significant difference between the control and experimental groups in terms of the post-test scores and empathy scores after adjusting the effect of the pre-test of Empathy (p < 0.01). Based on this study, it can be propposed that improving executive functions can increase the levels of empathy.

The body and concerns about it are one of the most important concerns in the lives of individuals, especially young people. The purpose of this study was to compare feelings of loneliness, self-differentiation, and neurotic symptoms in individuals with and without orthodontic treatment.

The method of this study is causal-comparative in a cross-sectional type. The statistical population of this study included all referrals who were referred to dental centers of Ahvaz from January to March of 2019. The statistical sample of this study consisted of 80 individuals (two groups of 40 persons) from the statistical population who were selected by available single-stage cluster random sampling and their age range was 19 to 40 years. Data were collected using Di Tomassochr('39')s Loneliness Questionnaire, Brennan & Bast, Shortened Self-Differentiation Questionnaire, and Neo-PI-R Revised Short Symptom Inventory.

Findings of multivariate analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between individuals with and without orthodontic demand in loneliness (F=9/6, p<0/001) and its components, differentiation (F=8/9, p<0/001) and its components, and symptoms of neuroticism (F=9/1, p<0/001); but there was no significant difference in social loneliness (F=2/1, p<0/1) and emotional cut-off (F=1/08, p<0/3) between individuals with and without orthodontic demand.

It is recommended that by screening and identifying orthodontic clients, people who are mentally challenged and physically in need are identified as being in need of orthodontic treatment and that they can receive psychological supervision and treatment.

The purpose of this study was to design and determine the effectiveness of educational package of executive functions on improving the levels of theory of Mind in children with high Performance autism spectrum disorder.

The research method is semi-experimental with post-test pre-test with control group. The statistical population of the present study was children with autism disorder aged 6 to 12 years in Urmia (274 people) in the academic year of 2019-20 were from the exceptional school for children with autism, out of the target population, Out of the total target population 40 high-performance autism were selected using Gilliam Autism Rating Scale(Gilliam,1995) and randomly assigned to two experimental (20) and control (20) groups, and the Hutchins Mind Theory Questionnaire(Hutchins et al., 2012) was completed by parents of both groups. After performing the pre-test, the experimental group was trained in the executive functions program. The program was designed by researchers and consisted of 24 sessions in which 4 skills (working memory, inhibition, flexibility and attention training) were taught, At this stage, the children in the control group did not receive any training. The post-test was performed again and the data obtained from the pre-test and post-test were analyzed using analysis of covariance.

The data showed a significant difference(p < 01) between the control and test groups in the post-test of variable theory of Mind scores after adjusting the effect of pre-test of theory of Mind .

Based on this study, it can be suggested that improving the executive functions can increase the levels of theory of Mind.

In recent years, different values of the general prevalence of restless legs syndrome have been reported in various studies and its related factors in Iranian society are not known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with restless legs syndrome in Iran by meta-analysis.

  This study was performed based on PRISMA checklist. There was a time limit from 1st July 2014 to 11th November 2019 for documents obtained from English and Persian databases such as Magiran, Sid, Medilib, Iranmedex, Irandoc, Civilica, ISC, Pubmed, Scopus, Springer, and Google Scholar Engine. Data were searched and extracted independently by two researchers and finally, a group decision was made with the presence of a third observer. All reviewed articles with selection criteria were evaluated qualitatively by the STROBE checklist. Comprehensive Meta analysis (CMA-2) software was used to analyze the data by meta-analysis random effects model.

The prevalence of restless legs syndrome was estimated to be 32.9% (95% CI: 22.9- 44.7) in 24 studies with 26474 Iranian subjects that 65.9% of whom were women. The prevalence of this disorder was 47.6% in Iranian women (95% CI: 28.7-67.2%) and 36.7% in Iranian men (95% CI: 21.4-55.3%). The most and the least prevalence of restless legs syndrome based on geographical region were respectively in east (44.3%) and north of the country (15.5%) and this difference was significant based on meta-regression (p <0.05). The prevalence of this syndrome was 50% in hemodialysis patients, 35% in other diseases, 25.7% in pregnant women, 20.2% in elderly and 13.8% in adults.

The prevalence of restless legs syndrome in Iran is higher than other parts of the world based on different studies. Therefore, early detection, prevention and treatment of this disorder in adults, especially women, is essential.

The present study aimed to compare the effects of tDCS and MBCT on forward and backward memory span in patients with epilepsy.The sample consisted of 45 patients with epilepsy who were selected by convenience sampling and assigned to two experimental and one control groups. In data collection phase, a pretest was administered using Wechsler Scale, tDCS and MBCT interventions were applied, and then posttest was performed.The findings from MANCOVA analyses showed that there were significant differences between experimental and control groups. Both experimental groups demonstrated significant improvements in posttest in terms of the components of working memory.The results showed that tDCS and MBCT can enhance working memory in patients with epilepsy; however, theeffect of tDCS was more significant.

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neurological-motor disorder in which most patients tend to shake their legs during sleep and describe it as an unpleasant feeling. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of RLS, its relationship with demographic characteristics, depression, and insomnia and comparison of the mentioned variables in the group with and without RLS.

This was a case-control analytic study. The sample consisted of 429 adults aged 17-70 years who had referred all the psychiatric and neurological clinics of Yazd (center of Iran) in 2019. Participants were selected by cluster sampling method. Research tools included a demographic questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and an International Restless Legs Syndrome Questionnaire (IRLSQ). The data were analyzed by SPSS-21, chi-square, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, and linear regression. Significant level was considered 0.05.

The mean and standard deviation of the age of participants was 34.43± 10.82. Furthermore, the mean and standard deviation of the age group with RLS was 36.07± 10.95 while in group without RLS was 33.92± 10.75. Prevalence of RLS in adults was 23.5% (n= 101), in women was 32% (n= 66) and in men was 28.7% (n= 35). The t-test showed patients with RLS had a higher degree of depression and insomnia than those without RLS (p<0.05). Multiple linear regression also showed that insomnia (β= 0.36), age (β= 0.13), and depression (β= 0.15) had a significant effect on RLS score. 

The prevalence of RLS among adults in Yazd is high. Severe insomnia, depressed mood, and aging are considered as important factors in predicting this disease. According to what was mentioned early detection, prevention, and treatment of this disorder in adults is necessary.

Foreign language class anxiety is one of the most important emotional elements in language learning. Experiencing the emotions that occur frequently throughout the classroom shapes the process of learning a foreign language. Foreign language anxiety affects the level of English language learning success, so high levels of anxiety can play a deterrent role for learners in the language acquisition device. Foreign language anxiety is influenced by factors such as learners, instructors, and teaching practice, and occurs when students have several negative experiences in foreign language contexts. Six potential reasons for foreign language anxiety are involved in language learners' learning, including individual and interpersonal factors, learner's beliefs about language learning, teacher's beliefs about language teaching, the interaction between learner and teacher, classroom methods, and language tests. Learning a foreign language is influenced by a variety of factors. The tool by which a foreign language is learned, and limitations such as the lack of a social environment, the skill limitation of a foreign language, the classroom atmosphere, and the anxiety of learners, put it in front of the first language, which is usually effortless and spontaneous. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of social avoidance and distress, academic motivation and academic self-efficacy as variables predicting anxiety in foreign language classroom anxiety. The present study is based on the goals of descriptive research and in terms of data analysis method of correlation studies. The statistical population of the study included all students studying at Urmia University, which includes 16,750 students. Sampling was performed by multi-stage clustering. At first, among the faculties of Urmia University, according to the extensive volume of the research community and observing the principle of saving, the multi-stage sampling method should be used. Accordingly, in the first stage, three faculties of Economics and Management, Literature and Humanities, Technical and Engineering were randomly selected from different faculties, and then two faculties of Mechanics and Mining, Persian Literature and History and Economics and Business Management were randomly selected from each faculty. Were selected. At this stage, after each session, randomly and independently from the male and female students, a class was randomly selected and the subjects were examined. The criteria for entering the study in each group included at least two semesters of study so that in the current semester they have chosen the English language unit and are taking an English language course. The first language of these students was Persian, Turkish and Kurdish. Finally, 223 undergraduate students were selected, and after ensuring that the English language course was chosen in the current semester, the research questionnaires were provided to the students. The following tools were used to collect information. The following measures were used to collect data. They were then analyzed using SPSS version 22 using statistical methods of Pearson correlation and stepwise regression. The measures in this research include the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety (FLCA) Questionnaire, Watson and Friend's Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SAD), Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (ASES), and Academic Motivation Scale (AMS). The study involved 223 people, three of whom were excluded from the analysis, so the data of 148 women and 72 men were analyzed. The age range of students was 18 to 32 years, with a mean of 19.84 years and a standard deviation of 2.19. To determine the share of distress and social avoidance variables with a mean of 6.69 and standard deviation of 4.62, academic motivation including internal motivation with a mean of 56.22 and standard deviation of 12.84, external motivation with a mean of 62.15 and standard deviation of 14.60 And motivation with a mean of 9.12 and standard deviation of 5.17, as well as academic self-efficacy with a mean of 29.51 and standard deviation of 6.72, in predicting foreign language class anxiety with a mean of 1.06 and standard deviation of 23.70 of correlation statistical methods. Pearson and step-by-step regression analysis were used with SPSS statistical software version 22, the results of which are presented below. The results indicated that the correlations between social avoidance and distress and academic self-efficacy with foreign language anxiety were 0.36 and 0.32, respectively. Among the variables, social avoidance and distress and academic self-efficacy can predict the variance of English language class anxiety. Also, the share of predictor variables of distress and social avoidance and also self-efficacy in explanation of English language classroom anxiety were 0.134 and 0.108 respectively. In this research, the academic motivation variable did not get any explicit contribution. The research findings suggest a relationship model with self-efficacy, social avoidance, and distress that affects the anxiety of the foreign language class. When self-efficacy is low, there is a risk of negative self-assessment, often accompanied by concerns about the consequences of performance on the exam or concerns about exam anxiety, which can cause physiological-emotional arousal during class or exam, and vice versa when students Assess the ability to perform a variety of educational tasks and advance the goals they have set for themselves. They are successful in controlling anxiety states in the face of test anxiety and communication comprehension and fear of negative evaluation by others. Self-efficacy helps organize the mental space and can predict changes in language class anxiety. Research has shown that more encouragement and training opportunities by the instructor can help the student's self-efficacy and reduce language class anxiety levels, thus creating a negative relationship between self-efficacy and anxiety, which is consistent with the study's findings. Foreign language classroom anxiety is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon, and its study requires consideration of various environmental and internal dimensions. Given that distress and social avoidance, as well as self-efficacy, were able to explain changes in language class anxiety, it is suggested that the manifestation of foreign language classroom anxiety, students' performance and their scores on foreign language exams must be evaluated.

Breast cancer can lead to different levels of anxiety and be affected by lifestyle. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy and Couples Coping Enhancement Training on Health Anxiety and Health Promoting Lifestyles in Women with Breast Cancer. This study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test, and control groups with 3 months follow-up. The study population consisted of female patients with breast cancer who were referred to Isfahan's Seyed Alshohada Hospital in 2017. Among them, 45 volunteers were selected through Purposive sampling after checking the inclusion criteria and they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Experimental groups were investigated for 90 minutes in 9 sessions. The data were collected using Salkovskis et al. Health Anxiety Inventory (2002) and Walker et al. Health-promoting lifestyle Inventory (1990) and data were analyzed using repeated measurements analysis. The results showed that there was a significant difference in health anxiety and Health Promoting Lifestyles between experimental groups and control group (p=0.000 and p=0.002). Moreover, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy was more effective on variables such as Responsibility for health (p<0.05). Based on the findings, it can be concluded that interventions are effective strategies to reduce the symptoms of health anxiety and also to improve the psychological indicators of Health Promoting Lifestyles in women with breast cancer.

Drug addiction is one of the most important health issues due to the difficulty of achieving sustainable treatment and the presence of high relapse rates despite detoxification and psychological interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of neurofeedback in the rate of craving and attentional bias to drug-related stimulants among substance abusers. A quasi-experimental research design with random assignment in experimental and control groups with pre-test and post-test was employed in this study. A total of 40 opiate-dependent patients who had presented to methadone treatment centers were selected as participants through random sampling. After responding to Desires for Drug Questionnaire (DDQ) and Stroop Selective Attention Test, the participants were randomly assigned to two groups, namely experimental group (20 subjects) and control group (20 subjects). Neurofeedback treatment sessions consisted of 20 sessions where each session lasted 30 minutes. Then both groups responded to the above questionnaires again. Data analysis was conducted by running covariance analysis and it was shown that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups regarding the amount of craving and attentional bias in the post-test phase. According to the current research findings, it seems that neurofeedback can reduce the rate of craving and attentional bias to substance symptoms among substance abusers. Therefore, it is recommended that therapists use neurofeedback as an intervention method for the treatment of addicts.

Breast cancer and its surgery can lead to conflicting psychological conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of Acceptance and Commitment training and Groups Training of Couples Coping Skills Enhancement on body dysmorphic and Subjective Well-Being in women with breast cancer. This study was a semi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and control groups with 3 months follow-up. The study population consisted of female patients with breast cancer who referred to Isfahan's Seyed Alshohada Hospital in 2017. Among them, 45 volunteers were selected through Purposive sampling after checking the inclusion criteria and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Experimental groups were treated for 90 minutes in 9 sessions while the control group did not reseive any treatment. The data were collected using Littleton et al Body Image Concern Inventory (2005) and Keez and Magharmo Subject Well-Being Scale (2003). The results of repeated measurements analysis showed that there was a significant difference in body dysmorphic and subjective Well-Being between experimental groups and control group. Moreover Acceptance and Commitment training was more effective than Training of Couples Coping Skills Enhancement on mental well-being (p<0.05). Findings indicate that Acceptance and Commitment training results in achievement of effective strategies for management of emotions, negative emotions, and committed action, and Training couple skills can lead to the improvement of the ability to manage disease-caused stress. The mentioned interventions not only could reduce body dysmorphic symptoms, but also could improve the Subjective Well-Being in women with breast cancer.

AbstractOne of the most crucial mystical concepts known as perfection and humanvirtue, and achieved at the highest levels of servitude and spiritual conduct,is "freedom" and spiritual freedom. This character contrary to the concept offreedom in political and social terminologies is the sincere worship and theabandonment of the wrongful servitude. Once a person reaches spiritualityand spiritual liberty it is worth passing through the highest levels of conduct.In the meanwhile, the material possessions are completely abandoned. Inthe present paper, the researchers aimed at studying this concept from areligious and mystical point of view so as to express the semantic range andspiritual value of it in mysticism and the language of the knowledgeablepeople. To that end, the concept of freedom is known in terms of word and itsrelation to other concepts such as worship, and perfect human beings. It hasalso been analyzed from the language of Seyyed Alaherar Ali Morteza (AlaheSalam). This paper has been bene%ted by some of the great scholars ofmysticism and the owners of mystical thought and wisdom as well. In theend, the results of this study are subject to the use of the religiousadvocates, freedom-seekers and proponents of free-living servants.Keywords: Freedom, Servitude, Free Human–being, Perfect Human–being

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive-metacognitive strategies on information processing speed based on the result of Stroop test on students with specific learning difficulties. The research method was pre and post-test experimental plan with control group. The target population of the research included all fourth, fifth and sixth grade students with specific learning disabilities in specific learning school of Omid in the academic year of 2016-17.(N=76). Sample for the research was 36 students (both genders) with math learning disability, which were selected using systematic random sampling. Tools used for gathering data included: Researcher-made questionnaire, Raven's IQ test, Iranian Keymath test and Stroop test. Experimental group received 10 sessions of cognitive-metacognitive strategies and control group did not. The results of multivariate analysis of variance (MACNOVA) showed that automatic and controlled information processing (response time index, number of correct responses and error response) is different in experimental group after cognitive- metacognitive intervention(P≥0/001). According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that cognitive-metacognitive strategies based intervention was effective in improving information processing. These interventions are recommended to be exploited

Taking individual's cognitive abilities into consideration can play an important role in the initial stages of learning motor skills. So, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of cognitive functions on feedback request strategy and learning of a perceptual motor task. A number of 60 university male students with a mean age of 22/4 years (SD = 1/99) were selected through convenience sampling and were assigned to 6 groups according to their intelligence quotient, memory quotient and attention scores. All participants performed 100 badminton long services during the practice phase, and 20 services, during the retention and transfer phases. Wechsler Revised Intelligence Test, Wechsler memory scale, Toulouse and Pieron Test, and Scott and Fax Badminton Long Service were used to collect the data on intelligence quotient, memory quotient, attention, and badminton long service performance, respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures and Independent t-test (α=0/05) were used to analyze the collected data. The analyses demonstrated that intelligence quotient, memory quotient, and attention had a significant effect on decreasing feedback request frequency during the acquisition phase, and increasing badminton long service scores during the acquisition, retention and transfer phases. Therefore, it can be concluded that bearing individual's cognitive abilities in mind during motor skills training can be beneficial.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Social Problem solving training on adjustment and self-efficacy of bullying students. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design and a control group. The population included all bullying students in Parsabad city schools during 2015-2016 academic year. By using random multi-step cluster randomization, 32 students were selected and randomly assigned to the experimental group (16 individuals) and control group (16 individuals). Revised scale Olwis bullying, students adjustment questionnaire and self-efficacy scale was used to collect the data. The experimental group had received 8 session of social problem Solving Training and during these meetings, no teaching was given to the control group. The data were analyzed by multivariate covariance. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that there is a significant difference among bullying students in the experimental and control group in adjustment (academic, social and emotional) and self-efficacy (academic, social and emotional). In other words, is different average components adjustment and self-efficacy experimental group after learning social problem solving training. These results indicate that social problem solving training can modify the adjustment and self-efficacy in bully students.

In present research, the structural equation modeling of the relationship between cognitive avoidance and rumination with clinical symptoms of OCD with mediating role of cognitive failure was studied.
In a descriptive correlational study, 220 patients with OCD were selected from Urmia psychological clinics and completed YBOCS, RRS, CAQ, and CFQ questionnaires. For data analysis, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used.
The results showed that the modified final model is best fitted with present research data and cognitive avoidance, rumination, and cognitive failure paths with OCD and cognitive avoidance, and rumination paths with cognitive failure were significant. Also, indirect paths such as cognitive avoidance and rumination to OCD were significant.
According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that in addition to the direct relationship, cognitive failure can adjust the relationship between cognitive avoidance and rumination with OCD.

The concept of man in the different religious scriptures gives somewhat a diverse understanding towards what is the true nature of man. Due to the vastness of the topic, this paper would like to limit the paper in discussing what human nature is all about from Imam Ali’s perspective. In doing so, it will refer to the most important source, namely the Nahj al-Balagha. According to the teachings of Nahj al Balagha man is the highest creature and the center of the visible universe. Man is the epitome of creation. He comes at the end of creation. Among all creations in the heaven and earth, only man has been bestowed with many distinctive qualities. Human being has two dimensions. Along with the material he has a divine dimension as well. Excellence of human being to other creatures returns to the same dimension. Man’s God-given nature and colour are like seeds and potentials which are hidden in him at the beginning of creation and will flourish when man follows the right path. The great position of human being is to take the responsibility in all major and minor works, overt and covert activities. Every human being is born free from subjugation, sin, inherited inferiority, and an­cestral hindrance. His right of freedom is sacred as long as he does not deliberately violate the law of God or desecrate the right of others. All human beings are brothers to one another. The superiority of one individual over another is only on the basis of his piety and dutifulness to Him.

The main objective of this study was to compare happiness¡ love style and alexithymia in individuals who marry early and late. From all couples who were living in Ardabil city¡ two groups of 50 early married (25 females and 25 males) and 50 late married (25 females and 25 males) individuals were selected through available sampling method. The Oxford Happiness Inventory¡ the Hendricks Love Attitudes Scale and the Alexithymia Scale were used as tools of investigation. The method of study was causal-comparative and multivariate analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficient tests were used for analyzing data. The results showed that there are significant differences between happiness¡ love style and alexithymia mean scores in individuals who married early and late. Generally¡ mean scores of happiness¡ practical love¡ and friendship love styles were higher in the late married than the early married group. While¡ early married individuals gained significantly higher scores in passionate love¡ possessive-dependent love¡ difficulty of identifying and describing the feelings and concrete thinking in comparison to the late married individuals. Based on these results¡ it is suggested that family experts take into account the love styles of clients in family therapy.