فهرست مطالب esmat abdi

Family history of gastric cancer (GC) in first-degree relatives may increase the risk of GC. This study aimed to assess how family history of GC in first-degree relatives really affects the risk of GC in an extremely high-risk population.

A large population-based case-control study was carried out on 1222 incident GC cases and 1235 controls in Ardabil Province-a high-risk area in North-West Iran-to assess the associations of GC family history in first-degree relatives with the risk of GC (2003-2017).

GC family history did not significantly associate with the risk of GC overall (ORadj=1.09, 95% CI: 0.80–1.47, P=0.589). It found no significant association of GC family history in a parent, and in a fa-ther, mother, and sister separately, with the risk of GC. However, GC risk was significantly associated with a history of GC in a sibling (ORadj=1.61, 95% CI: 1.11–2.35, P=0.013), especially brother (ORadj=2.24, 95% CI: 1.41–3.64, P=0.0008). The risk was greatly increased in subjects with two or more affected brothers (ORadj =5.56, 95% CI: 2.33–14.20, P=0.0002).

We did not find a familial tendency to cardia GC and non-cardia GC as well as histopatho-logic features. Determining the type of first-degree relationships with GC may, therefore, be more im-portant than assessing family history alone for predicting the risk of GC in this high-risk area.

Gastric adenocarcinoma is the fourth most common type of cancers and it is the third leading cause of cancer-related death globally. Unfortunately, more than 40% of patients with gastric cancer (GC) have no response to chemotherapy. The rest resist chemotherapy, which leads to low survival and limited therapeutic options. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are originated from the primary tumor and are present in the blood stream. In recent years, CTCs have been discussed as a primary diagnostic marker for metastasis; therefore, it may act as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for GC. These cells have the ability of self-renewal and can replicate and grow in a manner similar to that of stem cells. To date, the CellSearch system is the only CTC diagnostic technique approved by U.S FDA. The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the methods for detection of CTCs as well as an insight into the clinical significance of CTCs in relation to GC and recent technical advances in identifying and isolating them.

CagA, a 120- to 145-kD Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) protein, increases the risk of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer (GC). The pathogenic CagA contains a highly polymorphic Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala (EPIYA) repeat region in the C-terminal portion of the protein. The aim of this study was to determine the number and type of EPIYA (glutamine–proline–isoleucine–tyrosine–alanine) motifs within the cagA 3' variable region among H. pylori isolates and their association with GC. The total number of 206 individuals (170 controls and 36 patients with GC) referring to the endoscopy units of several cities in Iran (2008-2014) were recruited. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was performed to determine the presence of H. pylori, cagA gene, and EPIYA motifs. In this study, 81 (47.6%) and 22 (61.1%) of the controls and patients with GC were carriers of cagA+ strains, respectively. The overall frequency of EPIYA-AB, EPIYA-ABC, EPIYA-ABCC, and EPIYA-ABCCC in patients with GC were 0%, 59%, 9%, and 31.8%, respectively. The results of regression analysis showed a significant association between EPIYA-ABCCC motif and the risk of GC [OR = 9.99 (95%CI: 2.17-45.88), p = 0.003]. We propose that patients infected with H. pylori strains harboring more than one CagA EPIYA C motif (EPIYA-ABCCC) have an increased risk of GC, thus, testing for this genotype may have clinical usefulness.

Gastric cancer (GC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It has been proposed that the specific genotypes of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are the causative agents in the development of gastroduodenal diseases, such as chronic atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcerations, and GC. However, disease progression to GC occurs in only a small proportion of infected patients. Recently, we identified a novel polymorphic site in the 3ʹ-end region of H. pylori vacA gene. The vacA c1 genotype increased the risk of GC. This association was independent of and larger than the associations of the m-, i-, and d-type of vacA or cagA status with GC. Therefore, treatment of H. pylori infection may be an effective way to prevent GC. Expression of cytokines and their associations with inflammatory responses has been shown. Several cytokine polymorphisms, such as IL-1B, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α have been considered as risk factors for GC. It has been shown that the interaction of bacterial genotypes and host factors plays an essential role in developing GC. Several altered molecular pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of GC. Micro-RNAs are small, non-coding RNAs of 18-25 nucleotides in length that regulate the expression of target mRNAs. Expression pattern of cancer cells is different compared with the normal cells. Micro-RNAs plays a critical role in apoptosis and classified in two groups: pro- and anti-apoptotic agents. Recent studies have confirmed the oncogenic or tumor suppression role of micro-RNAs in cancer cells. They play a significant role in the GC cell physiology and tumor progression, by translational suppression of target genes. These small RNAs have therefore emerged as a new type of GC biomarker with immeasurable clinical potential. Generally, a variety of micro-RNAs involved in different stages of cancer, including tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Considering to this issue more than 50% of cancers can be cured, if they were diagnosed in the early stages. Hence, identifying the biomarkers of GC could play an important role in prevention, early diagnosis and rapid treatment of patients. In this review article, we have reviewed the latest findings about bacterial and tissue biomarkers of GC

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common disease worldwide and approximately one million people are diagnosed as having gastric adenocarcinoma. Each year, nearly 700,000 people lose their lives because of GC. Several altered molecular pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of GC, which can be targeted by specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In recent years, the use of mAbs has provided considerable success in the treatment of cancer. Such mAbs are laboratory-produced molecules that incur changes to precisely bind to specific sites. These drugs are similar to naturally produced antibodies as part of our immune system’s response. They play an important role in the treatment of many diseases, such as the different types of cancer. In cancer therapy, bispecific antibodies are used for targeting immune effector cells to destruct tumor cells (cancer immunotherapy) or neutralize two different pathways through inactivation on the level of either receptors or ligands. It seems that the development of this type of therapeutic agents to effectively treat a variety of cancers such as GC, is inevitable. The aim of the present study was to describe molecular-targeted therapy by using new-generation mAbs and inhibitors for the treatment of GC.

Gastric cancer )GC( is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Long non-coding RNAs )LncRNAs(, a small class of molecules that are transcribed as non-coding RNAs with lengths ranging from 200 nt to 100 kb have no protein coding capacity. Ectopic expression of LncRNAs, plays an important role in the development of GC. These molecules are involved in physiological cellular processes such as genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, maintenance of pluripotency and organogenesis through making changes in chromatin, transcription, translation, and processing. It has been known that LncRNAs act as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. Some studies show that LncRNAs could interact with miRNA and block miRNA access to their mRNA targets. Recent studies have shown that LncRNAs involve in tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, proliferation, migration and differentiation, and apoptosis. They can be used as novel biomarkers for the early detection of GC as well as therapeutic targets. In this study we aimed to describe the latest findings about the role of LncRNAs in the development of GC.