فهرست مطالب esmat jafarbegloo

The death of a loved one is one of the most difficult and stressful life events in the world. The effects of death caused by COVID-19 on the mental health of individuals and families are of great importance. This study aims to elucidate the experience of grief in bereaved women following the death of their husbands due to COVID-19 in Qom, Iran.

In this phenomenological study, 12 bereaved women were selected using a purposive sampling method. The information was collected using semi-structured interviews until reaching data saturation.

The data analysis led to the extraction of 3 main themes and 10 sub-themes: Complicated grief (ambiguous loss, farewell with no embrace, grieving alone), unconventional grief (strange death, deviation from religious burial customs, virtual mourning), and grief outcome (spiritual experiences, moral panic, social stigma, distrust in healthcare providers).

The grief of bereaved women due to the death of their husbands by COVID-19 differs from their mourning for the death caused by other diseases in two aspects. Firstly, according to the majority of women, the cause of death was unclear. This situation intensified their grieving and mourning. Secondly, due to the specific nature of COVID-19 and the necessity of quarantine, they were restricted from having funeral and religious mourning rituals according to the prevalent culture, which resulted in an incomplete mourning process. Gaining spiritual experiences is one positive aspect of grief in women. It is recommended to provide support and care by the healthcare system during pandemics for families, especially bereaved women, to reduce the negative effects of grief.

Cesarean section (CS) results in about twice the blood loss as vaginal delivery. Blood loss can cause decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit. Few studies have been done on the effect of tranexamic acid on hemoglobin and hematocrit levels after delivery with controversial results. This study was therefore designed to determine the effect of intravenous tranexamic acid on hemoglobin and hematocrit after CS in women at low risk for postpartum hemorrhage.

This randomized controlled trial was performed on 50 pregnant women referred to Izadi hospital, Qom, Iran, from August 15, 2016 to April 30, 2017. Subjects were randomly assigned into two groups of 25 using block randomization. The intervention group received 1 gr tranexamic acid 10 minutes before CS, while the control group received 1 gr distilled water. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were measured before and 12-24 hours after delivery. Also, the volume of blood loss from placental delivery was measured 2 hours after delivery. T-test was used to compare the differences between the two groups.

There was no significant difference in pre-operative and 12-24 h postoperative hemoglobin (12.17±1.21 vs 11.72±0.99 mg/dl) and hematocrit (37.73±2.38 vs 36.22±2.41mg/dl) in the two groups (P>0.05). However, Tranexamic acid significantly reduced the volume of total blood loss from placental delivery in the first 2 hours after delivery (616.32±176.87 vs 731.45±178.79mg/dl, P=0.028).

Reduced blood loss after tranexamic acid was not associated with improvement of post-operative hemoglobin and hematocrit. Therefore, tranexamic acid should be prescribed according to the clinical condition and possible complications.

Post-partum haemorrhage (PPH) is a major cause of maternal mortality worldwide. Tranexamic acid, an anti-fibrinolytic agent, is a novel approach in an attempt to prevent this dreadful complication. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss during and after cesarean section (CS). In this prospective randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial, 50 pregnant women were randomized into two groups. In the study group, 25 women received tranexamic acid 10 minutes before CS, whereas in the control group 25 women received distilled water. Blood was collected during two periods. The first time was from placental delivery to the end of CS and the second was from the end of CS to 2 h postpartum. The volume of blood was measured and compared between the two groups. Tranexamic acid significantly reduced the quantity of blood from the end of CS to 2 h postpartum, which was 65.15±31.97 mL and 101.14±44.94 mL in the study and control groups, respectively (P =0.002). It also significantly reduced the volume of total blood from placental delivery to 2 h postpartum, which was 616.32±176.87 mL and 731.45±178.79 mL in the study and control groups (P =0.028). Total blood loss in the study group was 18.7% less than the control group. No complications or side effects were reported in the groups. Tranexamic acid statistically reduces the volume of blood loss from placental delivery to 2 h postpartum and its use was not associated with any side effects or complications. Therefore, tranexamic acid can be used as a safe and effective approach to reducing bleeding resulting from CS.

Test anxiety (TA) can hinder students’ academic achievement and cause them educational decline and psychological problems.

The effect of inhalation aromatherapy with lavender essential oil on nursing students’ test anxiety was investigated.

This was a quasi-experimental study was conducted on 33 nursing students who had taken the Community Health Nursing II course and were going to take its final exam. Before taking the exam of the course, the students were allocated to the aromatherapy (n = 16) and the control groups (n = 17). For the aromatherapy group, ten drops of lavender essential oil was added to one liter of water and the solution was distributed in the room space for fifteen minutes by using a humidifier. However, the humidifier which was used for the control group included of only pure water without any essential oil. The students’ test anxiety was measured both before and after the study intervention by employing the Test Anxiety Inventory.

There was no significant difference between the study groups regarding the participating students’ demographic characteristics as well as the pretest and the posttest values of test anxiety. However, within-group comparisons indicated that in the aromatherapy group, the posttest value of test anxiety was significantly lower than the pretest value.

The findings indicated that inhalation aromatherapy with lavender essential oil had no positive effects on students’ test anxiety. However, as the level of test anxiety in the aromatherapy group decreased significantly after the intervention and the students in this group reported that aromatherapy was pleasant to them. Aromatherapy is probably insignificant in alleviating acute or state anxieties.

 Assessing educational needs and planning can be a positive step towards improving the quality of midwifery services. This study was conducted to determine the educational needs of midwives in line with responsive midwifery education in Qom, Iran.

 This exploratory mixed-method study consisted of two parts, a qualitative study (content analysis) with the aim of determining educational needs, and a quantitative study (description cross sectional method) with the aim of prioritize educational needs. Initially, the educational needs of midwifery students were determined based on experiences and views of midwives, instructors, and midwifery faculty members. In the same vein, participants were selected by purposeful sampling method. To collect data, a semi-structured questionnaire was used. Educational needs were extracted and categorized through qualitative content analysis. Then, using Delphi technique and relying on the opinions of the faculty members of the midwifery department, educational needs were prioritized. MAXQDA was used to manage data in qualitative section. Data description (mean scores and agreement rate) in quantitative study was conducted manually.

 Thirty nine midwives responded questions in qualitative section. Views of experts were analyzed by content analysis method and categorized in 289 codes, 73 categories, and 13 main categories. In quantitative section, the highest priority (score 5) were devoted to these subjects: requesting and interpreting practical midwifery tests, fetal health assessment, prescription, perinatal care, hemorrhage, preeclampsia, neonatal examination, physiological delivery, client communication, peer communication, patient communication, professional ethics, and patient safety. The expertschr('39') agreement ratio was 84 percent in second round of Delphi.

 Findings of the study revealed that due to various educational needs of midwives, to enable midwifery student to response to social expectations attention to these subjects during student training and holding workshop with supplementary courses are suggested.

Educational evaluation is an official activity to determine the quality of the effectiveness and/or the value of a program, product, project, process, goal, or curriculum, and is the best indicator that shows the amount of achievement of educational goals and analyzes the educational activities carried out in the academic system, and results in rational and conventional results. The purpose of this study was internal evaluation of the Department of Midwifery in the School of Nursing and Midwifery of Qom University of Medical Sciences.
 
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with the aim of internal evaluation of the Department of Midwifery in the School of Nursing and Midwifery of Qom University of Medical Sciences, 2017. The data collection tool was a questionnaire provided by Study Center of Qom University of Medical Sciences. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics.
 
In this study, the department of midwifery of Qom University of Medical Sciences, with a score of over 75 in 6 areas, was in a desirable status, with a score of over 50 in two areas was in a relatively desirable status, and with a score of less than 50 in one area was in an undesirable status. In the overall assessment, the Department of Midwifery obtained a score of 70.20 and was ranked as relatively desirable.
 
The findings of this study showed that despite some deficiencies, the Department of Midwifery is in a relatively desirable status. Therefore, developing precise, scientific, and applied strategies, seem to be necessary in order to eliminate existing deficiencies

The prevalence of sexual dysfunction among women increases with menopause. Thus, menopausal women may get worried about marital dissatisfaction due to sexual dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between sexual function and marital satisfaction among postmenopausal women. This correlational study was carried out on 119 postmenopausal women conveniently recruited from two healthcare centers in Qom, Iran. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Female Sexual Function Index, and ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire. The SPSS software (v. 18.0) was used to test the correlations among study variables through Pearson’s correlation analysis at a significance level of less than 0.05. The total score of marital satisfaction had no significant correlations with the scores of sexual function and its different dimensions (P > 0.05). This study suggests that sexual dysfunction does no significantly affect marital satisfaction among postmenopausal women. Thus, it seems that postmenopausal women need not to be worried about marital conflicts due to sexual dysfunction. Yet, they need counseling services in order to understand the effects of sexual dysfunction on different aspects of life. Further studies are needed to determine factors contributing to marital satisfaction among postmenopausal women.

The incidence of sexual dysfunction increases during the menopause period. Some menopause women are worried about the reduction of their marital satisfaction due to sexual dysfunction. Regarding this, the present study aimed to compare the marital satisfaction among the menopause women with and without sexual dysfunction.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 80 menopause women, using the convenience sampling method. Based on the Female Sexual Function Index, the women with a score of less than 23 were considered as suffering from sexual dysfunction (n=40). Additionally, those who scored 23 or more did not have any sexual dysfunction (n=40). Then, we compared the marital satisfaction of the two groups using the ENRICH marital satisfaction questionnaire. The data were analyzed by the independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test in the SPSS version 18. The P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of such variables as the participant's and their husband's age, height, weight, body mass index, number of children, and the age of menopause (P>0.05). In addition, the two groups showed no statistically significant difference regarding the total score of marital satisfaction (t=-1.19, P=0.526).
As the findings of this study indicated, the marital satisfaction of the menopause women was probably not influenced by sexual dysfunction. It seems that it is unreasonable for the menopause women to worry about the marital conflicts and disruption of family relationship due to sexual dysfunction.

Moral intelligence is one of the dimensions of intelligence that can provide a framework for the proper functioning of human beings and as a predictor of their behavior. In the meantime, the performance of nursing and midwifery students is of high importance due to their human nature and their professional ethics. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate moral intelligence of nursing and midwifery students of Qom University of Medical Sciences.
Material & In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 210 nursing and midwifery students of Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2012 participated through the census sampling. The questionnaires used included Lnick & Kiel Moral Intelligence Questionnaire and demographic information. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statistics and SPSS version 18 was used for statistical significance level of p The findings of this study showed that the mean score of the student's moral intelligence score was 73.2 ± 8.2, which, according to the average (100), is upper than the average. The results showed that there is no significant relationship between student's job, income status, parent's job, marital status and parent's education with moral intelligence (p> 0.05). But there was a significant statistical relationship between age, gender, student's marital status, field of study, and average student's mean score with moral intelligence (p Nursing and midwifery students of Qom University of Medical Sciences had a fairly high moral intelligence, which could help them to provide their patients with health Nursing and midwifery students of Qom University of Medical Sciences had a fairly high moral intelligence, which could help them to provide their patients with health.

Some pregnant women discontinue iron supplements consumption due to Gastrointestinal (GI) complications, whereas pregnancy induces the same complications physiologically.. The aim of the present study was to assess GI complications of ferrous sulfate in pregnant women..Patients and This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed on 176 pregnant women referred to prenatal care clinic of Maryam Hospital from April 2011 to February 2012. Pregnant women with Hb ≥ 13.2 gr/dL at 13th - 18th weeks of gestation were selected based on the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to the ferrous sulfate and placebo groups. The ferrous sulfate group (n = 90) received a 50-mg ferrous sulfate tablet daily from the 20th week to the end of pregnancy and the placebo group (n = 89) received one placebo tablet in the same way. All participants were visited twice at 24th - 28th and 32nd - 36th weeks to assess the GI complications as well as Hb level to determine the Hb changes in two groups. Chi-square test, t-test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to analyze the data. P value of < 0.05 and confidence level of 95% were considered as statistically significant.. None of the GI complications were significantly different between the ferrous sulfate and placebo groups at 24th - 28th and 32nd - 36th weeks. Hemoglobin drop lower than 10.5 gr/dL at 24th - 28th weeks or lower than 11 g/dL at 32nd - 36th weeks was not observed in any cases.. It can be concluded that GI complications in pregnant women using ferrous sulfate are mostly caused by physiologic changes of pregnancy rather than ferrous sulfate; therefore, it is not reasonable to stop using ferrous sulfate due to GI complications.

Examination score is important for destination of students due to educational and occupational issues. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of inhaling the vapor of lavender on summative examination scores in nursing students. This single-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 33 nursing students at summative examination session of public health course. The intervention group (n=16) breathed vapor of lavender and the control group (n=17) breathed water vapor for 30 minutes just before the exam and after intervention, the examination scores (0-20) were compared. To analyze the findings, the SPSS software 18 and statistical tests including Spearman’s correlation coefficient, Pearson correlation coefficient, Mann–Whitney U test and independent sample t-test were used. The demographic variables as well as the mean of examination scores were not significantly different between two groups (P>0.05). There were no correlations between examination score and age, sleep time, gender, marital status, and parents’ education level of the students. Although aromatherapy with lavender, as administered in this study, does not affect examination score of students, regarding that the students reported aromatherapy as pleasant; It suggests it is used in examination session as an easy method to apply.

Prayer is one of the most important religious ordinances and is one of the necessities of Islam. In spite of the progression of medicine science, it is sometimes seen that the mundane subjects become hopeless in curing physical diseases and this time, the hopeless man appeals to the Lord God. This review study was conducted to examine the positive and negative views regarding effectsof prayer on physical pains.
This review article was carried on by studying about 30 related original articles and different scientific texts.
In various studies, it is demonstrated that Islamic worships especially prayer are effective in treating most acute and chronic pains. But despite this, some studies indicate that there is no effectiveness or even there are negative effects of prayer on some physical pains.
With regard to the above mentioned results,most studies support the positive effects of prayer on physical pains. So the medical staffs should alsopay attention to this besides medicinal remedies. In addition, by emphasizing on and advertising aboutthe advantages of practices likeprayer in the treatment of chronic pains, it would be possible to prevent people, especially the youth, from taking inadmissible drugs such as alcohol, narcotics or other illegal drugs. Further studies are recommended to explore the effects of prayer on different acute and chronic physical pains.

Satisfactory sexual performance is an important factor for strengthening families and is the source of many innovations in human life that can be affected by many factors. Obesity as a recent epidemic has influenced the global population. Researches have shown that sexual dysfunction is associated with obesity in men, but this association is unclear in women. This study aimed to investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and sexual dysfunction in women. In this case-control study of women who referred to the selected health centers of Qom city, 77 persons with sexual dysfunction (score≤28) were compared with 64 healthy and without sexual dysfunction women (score>28) by a standardized questionnaire of sexual function. To determine BMI, height, and weight, and distribution of body fat, waist and hip circumferences were measured. Data were analyzed using statistical tests, such as t-test, chi-square and multiple regression, on the significance level (p<0.05). The mean BMI in case group was 34.1±5.4 and 26±4.4 in the control group, that statistical test showed a significant relationship between BMI and sexual dysfunction (p<0.05). Also, the most dysfunction was observed in the arousal phase in the case group and in the sexual pain phase in the control group (p<0.05). According to the results of this study, obesity affects some aspects of sexual performance in women. Therefore, interventional studies on weight loss in obese women with sexual dysfunction are necessary to reveal the association of obesity with sexual dysfunction.

Test anxiety is a common problem in students. With regard to contradictory effects of test anxiety on students’ performances، the aim of this study was to determine the test anxiety and it’s relation with clinical performances of midwifery students This analytic study was conducted on 30 senior midwifery students participated in graduating final exam. Standard “Spielberger test anxiety” questionnaire was used to gathering the data. In addition، during evaluation، three checklists of clinical performances in clinic of gynecology، delivering room and Maternal and Child Health (MCH) clinic were filled by teachers. The data were analyzed in SPSS (version 18) by chi-square، pearson and independent t test at p ≥ 0. 05. The findings showed that in delivery room and clinic of gynecology، the more test anxiety، the better performance (p<0. 001). But in MCH clinic، the less test anxiety، the better performance (p<0. 001). this study showed that the test anxiety، as motivating factor، can improve one’s performance and isn’t always destructive.

Spiritual intelligence as the foundation of one''s beliefs has a crucial role in different aspects of human life particularly in provision and promotion of mental health. On the other hand، the role of happiness in mental health، physical health، and efficient social partnership is considered to be very important. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between spiritual intelligence، happiness and academic achievement in students of Qom University of Medical Sciences. In this descriptive، analytical research conducted in 2011-2012، a census sample of 353 medical، nursing، and midwifery students were studied. Data gathering tools included the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire and spiritual intelligence Questionnaire of Badie. Data were analyzed via ANOVA، Pearson correlation، and t test. The mean and standard deviation for total score of spiritual intelligence and happiness were 152. 93±18. 83 (out of 210) and 48. 33±16. 22 (out of 87)، respectively. A direct، significant، and moderate relationship existed between the spiritual intelligence and happiness scores (r=0. 599، p=0. 0001). There was a weak but significant relationship between the spiritual intelligence and academic achievement (r=0. 12، p=0. 041). Mean score for happiness was not correlated with academic achievement (p>0. 05). The mean score of spiritual intelligence in males (149. 74±17. 11) was significantly different (t=3. 98، p=0. 048) from that of females (154. 32±19. 45). Also statistically significant differences were observed in the mean scores of happiness among students with different fields of study (F=3. 94، p=0. 020) and also with different economic status were significantly different (F=3. 98، p=0. 008). Mean scores of spiritual intelligence of students with different fields of study (F=3. 65، p=0. 027) and with different economic status (F=4. 15، p=0. 007) were also significantly different. Higher spiritual intelligence was associated with more happiness and academic achievement of students. It seems that promotion of spiritual intelligence creates a cheerful mood and promotes academic achievement of students of medical sciences and thus improves the quality of medical care to patients.

Internal evaluation is a process in which academic members of an education department elucidate the goals of the group and judge its performance, then, they revise their role, and in the way of a desired future, they take the first steps by planning to implement it. The present study was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the situation of the Department of Nursing and Midwifery Faculty of Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2011. This cross-sectional study was performed using an internal evaluation questionnaire consisting of 8 domains (department manager, educational courses and educational/non-educational programs, academic members’ situation, students’ situation, teaching and learning strategies, educational facilities and services, thesis and sabbatical leaves, seminars, and graduated students’ situation. The data were analyzed by comparing the current situation with the optimum situation. The total mean of the internal evaluation results of the Department of Midwifery were analyzed in each domain. The highest score was related to educational courses and educational/non educational programs, and students’ situation with the mean of 3, then, respectively goals (2.85), management and structure (2.85), academic member (2.8), teaching and learning strategies (2.5), graduated students (2.5), thesis, sabbatical leaves and seminars. The lowest score was related to educational facilities and services (2.4). Considering the analysis of the current situation with the help of internal evaluation, promotion of educational facilities, development of complementary education, and provision of employment areas for graduates of Midwifery seem to benecessary.

Midwifery care based on the professional ethics leads to mothers’ increased prosperity and satisfaction. This study was performed to compare the effect of integration of two teaching approaches، role-modeling and narration methods، on the midwifery students’ performance in professional ethics in Qom University of Medical Sciences.

This quasi-experimental before- and after- two group study was performed on all midwifery students (N=36) assigned randomly to the experiment or control groups. All were enrolled in Maternal Child Health Course، as a clinical rotation. For the experiment group، professional ethics issues were taught by role-modeling and narrative methods، while the control one experienced only the role-modeling technique. Students'' performances in professional ethics in both groups were assessed before and after the instruction using a researcher-made observation checklist (score range: 0-27). Data were analyzed using independent t and paired t-tests.

Mean scores of students’ performance in control group was improved significantly in post test (16. 85±1. 39) compared to the pretest (12. 34±1. 42) results (t=. 71، p=. 001). Also in the experiment group، post test scores (20. 85±2. 39) were significantly different from the pretest (11. 96±1. 89) findings (t=. 82، p=. 001). Independent t test implied that the difference of post test scores in two groups was significant (t=0. 8، P=0. 000).

Although both methods were effective in improving students’ performance in professional ethics in clinical setting، a blend of two methods (narration and role modeling) was more effective than role modeling alone. It is recommended that role-modeling and narration methods be used in teaching ethical issues to midwifery students.

Pandemic H1N1 influenza A 2009 (H1N1/09) virus has been identified as a leading cause of febrile respiratory diseases worldwide, and pregnant women constitute a high risk group.. To determine the clinical characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with H1N1 influenza A hospitalized in university hospitals of Qom city in Iran.Patients and This descriptive retrospective study was conducted using existed data related to October and November 2009. All pregnant women with influenza manifestations were admitted to the hospitals to undergo nasopharyngeal culture. H1N1 virus was confirmed in 11 cases. Data including demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, laboratory test results, and pregnancy complications was extracted from medical records, and analyzed by descriptive statistics. The mean age of the women was 28.1 ± 4.7 years with a mean gestational age of 28.7 ± 10.9 weeks. The most common clinical manifestations included coughing (100%), fever (87.5%), and dyspnea (75%). The most common abnormal test was anemia (88%). Pregnancy complications included preterm delivery (36.3%), low birth weight (18%), oligohydramnios (9%), gestational diabetes (9%), and fetal distress (9%). Also one (12.5%) wound dehiscence happened. vaccination seems to be necessary to prevent this potentially fatal infectious disease. Furthermore, timely prescription of antiviral medications is recommended to decrease the risk of severe complications.