f. gandomi

The localized and referral pain of lumbar disc herniation can lead to compensatory strategies to reduce perceptual pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the foot pressure distribution pattern, symmetry index, and center of pressure sways in people with and without low back pain due to lumbar disc herniation.

The present descriptive study was performed in Razi University Sports Rehabilitation Laboratory in 2019, Iran. Thirty-four people were purposefully divided into two groups: low back pain due to disc herniation (n=17) and healthy (n=17). Study variables were evaluated by PT scan. The indexes of anterior-posterior sways (SDy), medial-lateral sways (SDx), sways velocity, the center of pressure path length, sway area, length of the minor axis, length of the major axis, and symmetry index (SI) were evaluated during quiet stance. Independent t-test was used to compare the means across the two groups.

The results of this study showed a significant increase in the center of pressure path length (p=0.001), sways velocity (p=0.001), and SDy (p=0.001), and a significant decrease in SI (p=0.001) in the lumbar disc herniation group compared to the control.

According to the findings of the study, people with lumbar disc herniation have a unilateral plantar pressure distribution that can be a result of delayed muscles activation of the spine due to the pain and can cause knee and ankle joints injuries. As a result, using neuromuscular exercises, with the aim of timely activation of spinal stabilizers, is a good way to reduce subsequent injuries.

Patellofemoral pain (PFPS) is considered as one of the most common reasons of knee pain with unknown cause and numerous biomechanical factors. Since patients report pain and functional constraints 5 to 8 years after treatment, therefore investigation of the lower limb kinematics during stair ambulation is necessary to determine compensatory mechanisms and the effectiveness of treatment interventions. The aim of the present review is to investigate the lower extremity kinematics during stair ambulation in people with PFPS.

The search articles from various databases Pubmed, Science Direct, Elsevier, Springer and articles about the years 2000 up to 2018 were extracted. To extract the articles, the following keywords have been used: PFPS, Hip adduction ، Rear foot eversion, Flexion knee. Finally, 1200 articles were found and after reviewing the abstract and titles of articles, 240 articles were selected for the next review. Then, considering the main subject of the present study and inclusion/ exclusion criteria, 10 articles were selected for final investigation.

The 10 extracted articles examined the kinematics of three sections: proximal, local, and distal during stair descent in PFPS patients.

According to the results of this study, changes in lower extremity kinematics during stairs ambulation will ultimately lead to an increase of reaction force and pressure in PFJ, which is one of main causes of development and pathology of PFPS Therefore, treatment interventions that comprehensively address changes in kinematics resulted in greater effectiveness in improving clinical symptoms for a long time.

Increasing of gap between the inter-recti abdominal muscles during pregnancy and postpartum, called diastasis recti, which is the result of weakness and transverse stretching of the linea alba. In this disorder, lumbopelvic control is impaired, which is one of the causes of lumbar pain and disability after childbirth. One of the treatment methods for this disorder is rehabilitation training in the core area of ​​the trunk. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of isometric-isotonic exercises on improving the width of linea alba, lumbopelvic control, pain, and disability in women with diastasis recti after postpartum.

This study is a randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial in which 24 women with diastasis recti were participated and divided into two groups of exercise and control (n=12) with a mean age of 29.66 (4.97) and 28.25 (4.55), respectively. We used the digital caliper for the assessment of diastasis recti and lateral step down test for assessment of lumbopelvic control. Also, vas scale and Oswestry questionnaire were used for assessing pain and disability. The exercise group exercised for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week and the control group continued their normal life routine.

By comparing the mean results of the intervention and control groups after eight weeks of isometric-isotonic training, a significant difference was observed in the rate of rectus diastasis and lumbopelvic control, pain, and disability (p≤ 0.05). Also, ETA squared of the effect size of exercise showed that these exercises had a very strong effect on the transverse distance of Lina Alba (0.846), the degree of pelvic lumbar control (0.850), the degree of disability (0.720), but had a moderate effect on pain variable (0.546).

Isometric-isotonic exercises of core stability can improve lumbopelvic control by reducing the width of Linea Alba and thus reduce lumbopelvic pain and disability in people with diastasis recti. According to the results, the exercises presented in this study can be used to treat diastasis recti.

Nowadays, digital technology has reduced teachers’ professional isolation by facilitating communications and interactions. In the modern knowledge-based world, teachers as learners participate in professional learning communities to seek knowledge resources for more effective teaching and consequently the improvement of their students’ learning. In fact, professional learning communities are as context for teachers’ professional development. The goal of this research is discovering achievements that teachers achieve by participating in learning communities. Method of Research is the literature review.  Results show that teachers’ participation in learning communities leads to valuable achievements for them.