فهرست مطالب faezeh akbari

 In the last decade, small and medium enterprises have been considered as the main source of job creation and income in countries. These companies are more important because they play an important role in creating employment, increasing growth and economic development in the country. Also, Businesses with creativity and innovation do not shy away from change and use environmental conditions as an opportunity to create a competitive advantage. As a result, it increases flexibility. Therefore, achieving strategic flexibility in an environment where some organizations have not yet found their place in today's complex environment and need an immediate and fundamental change in the organization is important. Managers with strategic thinking can adapt to environmental changes. When managers are in a changing and unpredictable environment, they increase their efforts to adapt to environmental change and find new solutions. Managers of organizations, institutions and companies that want to grow and develop; they need to learn and apply at least some strategic thinking skills. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of managers 'strategic thinking on the flexibility of SMEs' strategy considering the mediating role of entrepreneurial orientation.

The purpose of this study is practical and in terms of data collection, it is a descriptive survey that has been done by cross-sectional method. The statistical population of this study is all managers and executives of small and medium enterprises in Semnan province. Since the number of units deployed in this province is more than 1609 units, thus considering the limited statistical population of the statistical sample size of 310 people using Morgan table was considered. On the other hand, the sampling method used in the present study is stratified random sampling. In addition, three standard questionnaires Liedtka (1989) for measuring strategic thinking, Hughes and Morgan (2007) questionnaire for measuring entrepreneurial orientation and for strategic flexibility questionnaire of De Toni & Tonchia (2005) were used. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was also used to measure reliability. Data analysis in this study was done by structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach using SPSS and Smart Pls.

The findings of the study showed that strategic thinking of managers has a positive and significant effect on strategic flexibility and entrepreneurial orientation. Entrepreneurial orientation also has a significant impact on strategic flexibility. Finally, entrepreneurial orientation mediates the relationship between strategic thinking and strategic flexibility.

Entrepreneurial orientation is an active strategic orientation that tends to take an aggressive approach to product innovation. Entrepreneurial orientation responds better to turbulent economies that usually do not follow the rules of competitive markets. Therefore, in order to increase the entrepreneurial tendency of managers and officials, it is suggested to pay attention to improving their capabilities and employees, transferring up-to-date knowledge to employees, encouraging employees to do creative and innovative work and supporting them, increasing the spirit of criticism among them and promoting this Culture in the organization, holding training programs to change attitudes and instill the belief among managers and officials that there are better ways to do things. Managers and executives can increase the company's flexibility by increasing innovation and creativity in the organization, increasing the ability to estimate the immediate needs of customers, responding quickly to market changes. Given that the entrepreneurial orientation means factors such as a bold and independent position to maximize profitability, the desire to carry out new projects and risky programs, courageous and extensive actions to achieve goals, provide new services, introduce new technologies Frequent changes in new services, etc., it can be concluded that the entrepreneurial orientation of CEOs affects the strategic flexibility of companies. In general, it can be concluded that management with an entrepreneurial orientation can improve the performance of the company. Therefore, it is recommended to design and implement general training courses related to entrepreneurship using the opinions of entrepreneurs and professors in the field of entrepreneurship, because these programs and training courses should be based on comprehensive characteristics and learning principles and regardless of time constraints.

In the current study the effect of mold mechanical vibration during the solidification was studied on microstructure and corrosion behavior of Zn-4Si composite. According to the microstructural observation results, mechanical vibration substantially improved the SiP particle distribution and refined them. The image analysis results showed that mechanical vibration at 20, 40, and 60 Hz reduced the average size of SiP particles by 34, 55, and 75%, and increased their number density by 6, 16, and 36 times, respectively. Mechanical vibration at the 20, 40, and 60 Hz also decreased the average grain size by 50, 68, and 76%, respectively and increased the equiaxed zone in castings. The results of Tafel and impedance corrosion tests at 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution implied on increasing the corrosion current and shifting the corrosion potential to the more negative values in mechanically vibrated samples. The corrosion current of as-cast and 60 Hz samples were determined as -1.3610-5 and -2.3310-5 A, respectively. Mechanical vibration also reduces the corrosion resistance of samples where the resistance of 60 Hz sample (about 76 ohm) is lower than that of as-cast sample by about 45%. The increased density of grain boundaries and fine distribution of primary Si particles (as cathodic points) in the composite matrix are characterized as the most important factors decreasing the corrosion resistance of the composite. This is because they increased the number and interspacing of the galvanic cells within the matrix and exhibited appropriate locations for pitting.

In this study the effect of mechanical vibration (20 Hz, 40 Hz, and 60 Hz) during solidification on microstructure, hardness, and dry sliding wear resistance of Zn-4Si composite was studied. According to the results, Si addition led to the formation of primary Si (SiP) and eutectic Si (SiE) in the microstructure. This increased the hardness of Zn matrix from 30 BHN to more than about 60 BHN. However, uneven distribution (agglomeration) of SiP particles resulted in uneven hardness within the composite matrix. Applying the mechanical vibration during the solidification of composite improved the SiP particle distribution and refines them. According to the pin-on-disk sliding wear results, at the applied pressures of 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 MPa, the sliding wear resistance of the modified composite (at the 60 Hz frequency) is higher than that of the as-cast composite by 50, 60, and 65%, respectively. Moreover, at the applied pressure of 0.75 MPa the average friction coefficient of mechanically-vibrated composite (60 Hz) is lower than that of as-cast composite by about 23%. Based on worn surface and wear debris analyses the substantial improvement of wear resistance in modified composites can be attributed to the improved tribolayer stability due to the strengthening effect of hard Si particles on the substrate material.

According to statistics, the world is rapidly moving towards aging. The aim of this study was to compare United States of America, Sweden and Iran in regard to population aging status, types of aged care services and types of aged care service providers.

This study was conducted using a descriptive-comparative approach in 2019. Data were collected by reviewing the texts in the libraries and the websites of the relevant organizations of the selected countries. The references used were in Persian and English languages between 2000 and 2019.

The results showed that Sweden and the United States have faced the population aging phenomenon earlier (than Iran) and have more diverse services in regard to the various aspects of life for old people and also a wider population coverage.

Based on the results of this study, we recommend the use of the experiences of successful countries that have faced the elderly crisis before Iran. Some of the issues that should be considered include: public coverage of social and health insurance for the old people, use of volunteers and private sector capacity, integrated care using an interdisciplinary team, use of modern technologies such as smart alarms and Eldercare Locator Software, needs assessment and capacity building for human resource training, and considering financial and non-financial support for the families which take care of their elderly members.

Hospital bed productivity is crucial for efficient management. In this study, the capacity of hospital beds in Al-Zahra Hospital in Isfahan was evaluated using an innovative indicator.

 The present study was performed by a descriptive method in 2018. Using the statistical data of Al-Zahra Hospital, field survey, review of the official license of the hospital and putting in the proposed indicator of this study, hospital bed productivity for the whole hospital and three randomly selected wards (gastrointestinal ward, neonatal surgery ward and heart-dermatology-endocrine-post CCU ward) was calculated and analyzed.

The overall hospital bed productivity was 50.7%. The indicator was estimated for the gastrointestinal ward 68.9%, neonatal surgery ward 24.9%, and for the heart-dermatology-endocrine-post CCU ward 70.9%. The effect of the active bed on the formula was investigated which caused some beds to exit from the activity cycle. The problem of bed occupancy rate in terms of patient admission and patient distribution in wards and the negative effect of the average length of stay in the formula was also examined for systematic and individual causes.

The proposed formula presented in this study will help managers to increase hospital productivity by measuring the extent of existing capacity utilization and identifying the reasons for not using the maximum capacity to achieve optimal utilization capacity.

Public-private partnerships can provide the health systems with the required resources to prevent disease, render effective care services, and promote individual and community health. The purpose of this study was to review application of the public-private partnership model in the delivery and promotion of health services to investigate the scope of this model and its success in health systems.

This critical review was conducted by conducting a search in the databases of ISI, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, SID, and Magiran using acombination of the following keywords public-private partnership, health promotion, health delivery, health improvement, health service, health care services, and providing health services. No time limit was considered in the research process.  A total of 238 articles were extracted and reviewed.

Finally, 12 eligible articles were studied, which resulted in 4 main themes: public-private partnerships and prevention, public-private partnerships and infectious-communicable diseases, public-private partnerships and chronic diseases, and public- private partnerships and clinical health services design and information.

The public-private partnerships were successful if supported and organized by the government. In most studied articles, the extent of private sector participation and its benefits were not clear. So, clarification of the interactions between these two sectors will increase the confidence of policymakers in public-private partnerships.

There was no report about the effect of Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) on Purkinje neurons in cerebellum. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of lavender extract on structure of Purkinje neurons during forced swimming stress.

Fifty rats were randomly divided into five groups of ten. Four groups were enforced under swimming stress; the first group received gavage normal saline, the second, third, and fourth group received 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg of gavage lavender extract, respectively. The fifth group considered as intact control. The treatment period was 14 days. Rats were deeply anesthetized and sacrificed, and the cerebella dissected and fixed in formalin. Histological passage was performed for each section, and stained thereafter. The number of normal Purkinje neurons were then counted. The morphological changes in the Purkinje neurons were histologically and immunohistochemically determined. Data were statistically analyzed using Duncan and Scheffe tests.

There were significant increase in mean number of normal Purkinje neurons in rats received 400 mg/kg lavender extract compared to other groups (P < 0.001). Compared to other groups, the morphological changes such as density of the nucleus in Purkinje neurons, raised cytoplasm acidophilic, and caspase-3-positive neuronal Purkinje increased in the group with swimming stress and normal saline.

The results showed that lavender extract at 400 mg/kg dose may protect Purkinje neurons in male rats under forced swimming stress.