faezeh asadpour

The visual values of vernacular landscapes are one of the most important and influential factors that determine the presence and continuity of residence in rural areas. However, many of the vernacular landscapes of Iran's foothill villages are in an unorganized state owing to interventions and the lack of proper management mechanisms. To manage the process of development and protection of this valuable heritage, it is essential to theoretically develop parameters affecting vernacular landscapes. The present study is exploratory in nature and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the study included 576 residents of the studied villages. They were surveyed in a random network. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and they were analyzed through exploratory factor analysis, Pearson correlation and regression analysis. The research results showed; 98.1% of physical appearance changes by 14 visual organizing factors including: quality of the path and roads, visual comfort, materials and topography, environmental elements and natural landscape, decorations, renovation of buildings, attractiveness, permeability, vernacular construction pattern, lighting, and spatial flexibility, privacy and zoning, physical elements, building structure and legibility have been explained that the factors of visual comfort and the quality of roads and paths have the greatest impact in improving the physical appearance of the studied villages with an impact factor of 0.203 and 0.181.

Villages with historical and vernacular textures in Mazandaran province can develop tourism in Iran. Thanks to the many attractions (natural and cultural-historical) and the development of the communication network, etc. (as a tourist destination), they are increasingly visited by city dwellers. They welcome a large number of tourists to the province annually. Tourism experience guarantees the possibility of returning tourists. However, the lack of clear and specific criteria for each rural area due to its specific physical-spatial texture sometimes makes developing long-term planning and implementation challenging. Thus, identifying physical-spatial factors and criteria in line with tourism development in vernacular villages is essential. Thus, this study was exploratory and descriptive regarding the data collection method. The study's statistical population included 250 experts who were selected and questioned using a random network. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS software and through exploratory factor analysis, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis. The research results have shown that 97.9 percent of tourism development changes by physical-spatial factors, including physical-environmental quality, spatial organization and permeability, decorative elements and architectural style, comfort and infrastructure facilities, climate adaptation, greenery and natural scenery, cultural and religious centers, comfort Physicality, identity and personality of the place have been explained. Physical-environmental quality, spatial organization, and permeability impact rural tourism development, with impact coefficients of 0.674 and 0.348, respectively.

The analysis of communities and their physical changes reveals the participation of several variables, some of which are sometimes under the control of the residents and other times not. Villages are targeted by these elements from a variety of perspectives, and one of those perspectives and dimensions is transformation. One of the value concepts of a landscape is beauty, and understanding the mechanisms and processes that control the beauty of a village and the elements that make up a rural landscape, as well as the nature of the interaction between the two elements, can help us understand how such a complicated system works. As a result, this research is exploratory in nature and experimental-survey in terms of data analysis. The information needed for it was gathered by using documentary content analysis. The statistical population of this study is made up of professionals who are given a virtual tour of the surroundings of five fictitious communities utilizing virtual reality technology. Then, they are directly questioned using the Construction Researcher Questionnaire, and the exploratory test of infinite heuristic integration has been utilized with the Eviews program to discover the most crucial signs. The outcomes have been displayed after information retrieved from the structural equation model was analyzed using AMOS software. The route coefficients influenced by visibility, environmental factors, attractiveness, sharpness, and proportions, in that order, make up the traditional model of rural landscape beauty.

By examining and studying the history of architecture, we can come across a number of consistent and fixed principles that have always been involved in architectural life and are part of the essence of architecture, and this relation of architecture to its structure can be considered as such. Structures in architecture are considered as the first important issue of space creation. When the structure integrates with the architecture and they act as a complement to each other, that space will be much closer to the utility, and when they are separated from each other, the utility will decrease. Components of a building’s structure along with the form and function play an effective role in the desirability of the quality of the architectural space. In the historical buildings of Iran, structural systems such as dome and vault that mainly have large openings and height, have been built whit the arches showing a desirable structural behavior following the induced loads. One of the most important arches is arch (chafd) and panjohaft arches which are effective in the resistance and integration of all the structural members of a building. How is the construction method and function of this arch in the formation of the historical physique of the buildings in terms of structure? How is the integration of the structure and architecture in the formation of the physical structure of the historical buildings using panjohaft arches? How a more complete definition of the used arches can be achieved based on the study and analysis of the study samples? Structural identifying and analyzing of the structure forming the study buildings in this study using panjohaft arches to the integration and compatibility of the architecture with the structure of the contemporary buildings. The current study is analytical-descriptive. Using library- documentary studies, field studies, and through AutoCAD software and Sketch Up, the formed structure with Panjohaft arches in the buildings of the Hakim Mosque of Isfahan, Mir Bozorg Amol tomb, and Darb-e Emam tomb of Isfahan have been modeled. results showed that in these buildings, the interaction between structure and architecture is established when a proper construction method is used that in the three buildings studied by maintaining the proportion of dimensions in height, opening and architectural volumes in arches with various arches of panjohaft with three openings of (L) 2.5 m, 4.5 m and 6.5 m and three base heights (h) 3.5 m, 5 m, and 6.5 m and three dimensions of the base section (a) 1.5 m, m 2.5 and 3.5 m, the arch is in the optimal and stable state when the coefficient of stability of its sharp, normal and slow panjohaft arches in it are 2.4, 1.95 and 1.6, respectively. In fact, traditionally architects have skillfully used the structural and technical aspects of the building by using arches consisting of five or seven arches to achieve a beautiful and quality space and were able to eliminate the inconsistencies and imbalances that were considered as a threat in the arrangement of the piers. By using this type of arch, they can become an opportunity for the emergence of the aesthetic aspects of space design..

Today, the nature of the design and monitoring the visual aspects affecting the enrichment and formation of the rural environment and the villagers’ experiences of its physical appearance face shortcomings. It is necessary to identify the factors of the visual organization and study its effect on the physical appearance of the village to provide a more comprehensive description of this phenomenon. This research is exploratory in nature and descriptive survey in terms of the data collection method. The data required for the research were collected through documentary content analysis and the Delphi survey. The statistical population consists of 10 people in the Delphi section and 265 experts in the survey section who were interviewed after the validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by professors and Cronbach's alpha technique. To analyze the research data, one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and Regression Analysis were used, the results of which showed that out of 53 evaluated indicators in four aspects of aesthetics-formal, activity-functional, cognitive-perceptual, and biological-natural, decorations and materials had the highest effect with an overall weight of 4.52, and the balance indicator with the score of 2.24 had the lowest impact on the visual organization of the village. Furthermore, the research findings showed a significant positive relationship between the stated factors and indicators. According to the regression analysis, 61% of the factors of the visual organization result in improving the physical appearance of the village. Among the four factors, the cognitive-perceptual factor with the impact factor of 0.378 had the most effect on the improvement of the physical appearance of the village.

The environment appearance as part of the rural landscape defining the functional personality of the spaces plays an effective role in people's visual perception of the rural environment. Just as in the process of landscape formation, the interior environment of human life must have the necessary quality; its external environment must also have the necessary visual criteria. The present research employs a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) method which is fundamental in terms of goal, exploratory in terms of nature, and a descriptive survey in terms of data collection. The population under study consisted of 21 experts in the field of architecture, urbanization, and rural planning, interviewed using a questionnaire resulted from document content analysis and Delphi survey non-randomly targeted. The extraction indices of the third round of the Delphi were analyzed using SPSS software and through Q Factor Analysis and calculating the weight mean and standard deviation. The results showed that the four dominant subjective patterns for the experts in order of priority include: landscape beauty, readability, clarity, and reading environment, and the highest percentage of explained variance is related to the landscape beauty factor with 35.556%, indicating the importance and priority of this factor. Among the indicators proposed in these subjective patterns, sign (7.619), landscape (7.476) and form (7.381) also had respectively the highest weight mean and the highest impact from the point of view of the community of experts on people's visual perception of the image of the village environment.

Today’s housing, as a private realm of human life, has changed in comparison with the past which was made regardless of quality, desirability, and lack of paying attention to the human needs and its psychological consequences; That is to say, residential units have turned into a set of closed spaces and their open and semi-open spaces have been merged into the urban spaces which disrupted their fundamental functions. In such a situation, reviewing and paying special attention to these spaces together with closed spaces in Tehran is really necessary. But this question is proposed that what are the indicators affecting the quality of open and semi-open spaces in contemporary housing? And how much do they affect the quality of these spaces? This research has a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) method which is applied in terms of purpose, and in terms of data collection method it is of descriptive-analytical and survey type. The statistical population includes 380 inhabitants in residential apartments in the Zafaranieh neighborhood of Tehran. After collecting field information through the questionnaire, the indicators affecting open and semi-open spaces, including: functional, behavioral, physical, environmental, social and perceptual-semantic by using statistical analysis software were analyzed. To investigate the significance of relationship between the mean difference of the scores of the effective indicators, the one sample T-test method and intragroup one-way analysis of variance have been used; the results obtained from the research showed that in the open and semi-open spaces of residential apartments in the Zafaranieh neighborhood, the physical, environmental and behavioral indicators with the mean score of 4.17, 3.52 and 3.22, respectively, have somewhat more favorable and more appropriate situation than other indicators, and currently their efficiency ratio is at moderate limit. However, the functional, social and perceptual-semantic indicators with the mean score of 2.68, 2.57 and 2.21, respectively, are in an unfavorable and inappropriate situation, and their efficiency ratio is at weak limit.