فهرست مطالب faramarz barimani

Today, two major threatening issues to groundwater are its reduction and destruction, which affects both the quantity and quality of these resources. Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari is a region that have faced to intensive decrease in groundwater resources in recent decades; Therefore, Shahrekord, Boroujen, Sefiddasht and Khanmirza plains were purposefully selected in order to study the effectiveness of groundwater governance using a mixed method. The data required was collected in the field method, that is, by conducting direct observation and interviewing 30 experts about effectiveness principle of the OECD. Findings show that annual extraction of 359.6m3 of groundwater and the consumption of 87.7 percent of it in the agricultural sector, along with the severe reduction of water resources and deficit of cumulative reservoir of aquifers (406.4m3 until 2018), consequences such as subsidence (up to 8 cm visible) and wells piping (up to 40 cm) It has followed in the research area. In this regard, assessing of indicators and parameters affecting groundwater governance shows that from the view-point of experts the "capacity" variable is the most effective, and the "policy coherence, appropriate scales within basin systems and clear roles and responsibilities" variables are the least effective; Therefore, effectiveness of groundwater governance in the territory of research is assessed as "low and weak" in such a way that the connection of this weakness with partiality in affairs causes multiplicity of users, excessive consumption of groundwater resources, reduction of water reserves, and most importantly, reason for prohibition and criticality of plains have been studied.

Objective The present study was conducted to investigate the opportunities for the development of a niche food tourism market in Rasht. The research method is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied purpose. The statistical population of the study includes all managers, employees and heads of restaurants in Rasht that 384 people were selected as a sample based on the available sampling method. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (structural equation model) with spss and pls software were used to analyze the data. Based on the results of the macro environment, the capabilities of enterprises and the characteristics of the industry were identified as opportunities for the development of a niche market in food tourism in Rasht. The results of structural equations showed that the macro environment (0.724), capabilities of enterprises (0.164) and industry characteristics (0.051) have an effect on the development of a niche food tourism market in Rasht, respectively.

The purpose of this research is to determine the tourism social carrying capacity of the host society and identify the factors affecting it in the coastal villages of Mahmoodabad. The research method is descriptive-analytic based on surveying. The statistical population of the study is all the household heads of the coastal villages of Darwishabad and Chucksar in the North Daboi District of Mahmoodabad Township. The statistical population of the study consists of 343 household heads. The research data were collected through a questionnaire. Data were analysed by one-sample t-test, paired t-test, and correlation, multiple regression, and path analysis. The results of the studies show that, overall, the social carrying capacity of the host society for tourism development is higher than the average level and the assumed mean rank. Therefore, the social carrying capacity of the host society has not yet reached the saturation level. The results also indicate that among the factors affecting the level of the social carrying capacity of the host society, residents’ attitude towards the economic effects of tourism development has the most direct effect and the variable of residents' attitude toward the environmental impacts of tourism development has the most significant reverse effect on the social carrying capacity of the host community.

The increasing human need for water, on the one hand, and its scarcity, on the other, have increased the exploitation of this vital resource. Today, with more attention to groundwater resources and the vertical movement of these reservoirs to deeper layers, numerous problems are threatening life in rural habitats. The main purpose of the present study is to identify the causes of groundwater resource drawdown and its effect on the physical structure of rural areas. Crucially, it has doubled as population growth and demand increase to meet the needs of rural communities, excessive exploitation and pressure on these vital reserves. Documentary analysis and field study were used to collect the required data. The statistical population of the study included 89831 people in the rural population of Lordegan, out of which 115 were selected by purposive sampling method using the G-Power software. The data were analyzed by descriptive-analytical and causal-comparative methods on the SPSS and GIS software programs. The findings showed that increasing number of farmers, expanding irrigated areas and drilling deep wells during the period 1961-2016 are correlated with unnecessary exploitation and drop in groundwater level in the research area. The results further showed that the fragmentation of agricultural parts, granting permits for digging and breaking wells and the prevalence of aquacultural crops in interaction with population growth were the most important factors for double harvesting and reduction of groundwater levels to -22 meters in the plains. It has manifested itself in the form of the disappearance of wetlands and pastures, land subsidence of 85 cm, deep divisions in settlements and farms, changes in the appearance of plains, and, ultimately, the instability of rural settlements.

The agricultural sector in the less developed countries on a national and regional scale affected by the national, regional and global economy, facing many challenges in terms of its functioning. This issue has limited food security and local and national development because agriculture in the marginalized and deprived areas of these countries is often of a kind of retail and traditional agriculture. Therefore, understanding the nature and dynamism of the rural and marginal areas of the less-developed countries, which are heavily influenced by several factors, including ecological conditions, not only requires awareness of environmental and structural changes, but also requires awareness of the effects of decision-making institutions and the spatial changes resulting from it. In less developed countries, including Iran, low productivity and low yield factors are considered the main challenges facing agricultural sector. One of the major challenges affecting the production function, especially in the field of date palm gardening, is the ecological and climatic conditions. Such a condition cannot be disrupted by human actions. Makkoran Area is climatically located in a dry, warm and very hot desert area with special conditions of rain (monsoon rainfall). Palm tree farming activities in this area faces many challenges, particularly in terms of adaptation to the climate. The present study seeks to trace and construct spatial relationships (networks) involved in the climate adaptation of date palms and emphasize its functional development in order to develop local economy in Makkoran Area of Iran.

Previous researches have examined production efficiency in date palm gardening often in two dimensions. Some have examined production efficiency related to structural and human factors (such as institutional barriers to achieving subsidies, access to agricultural services, production costs, etc.) and few studies have examined the distribution of date palm trees and the possibility of its economic production under the influence of climate change.Lutfi (2010) examined the effect of production performance on date palm trees productivity in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, Tunisia and Iraq, and showed that replacing them with high-quality cultivars is one of the main problems in reducing date palm productivity. Al-Abbad, Al-Jamal, Al-Alawi, Al-Sharid and Belifa (2011) investigated the economic feasibility of date palm trees cultivation in Saudi Arabia. They argued institutional barriers for accessing subsidies as a major threat. Shabani, Kumar and Taylor (2012) probed the effect of climate change on the distribution of date palms in the world and based on the results, some countries and regions such as Saudi Arabia, Iraq and southwestern Iran will face restrictions in the future in terms of date palm trees climate adaptation. But so far no study has investigated how the spatial relationships between actors (human and inhuman) shape the date palm economy especially in the production sector and  how it is possible to define the climate adaptation mechanism of date palm via a relational (network) approach. Therefore this issue is strongly felt in Iran especially in economic agricultural and geographical studies.In the present study, the actor-network theory is considered as a theoretical framework. The main theme of the actor-network theory is that the action of the combination of human beings and non-human substances in a network is created. This means that the theory combines all (human and non-human) actors and denies purely social, technical, or purely natural affinities. It deals with the detection and tracking of links between a variety of actors (human, non-human, material, and discursive) that allows actors, events and processes to emerge as they are. Nowadays researchers, including geographers, follow a similar path that tracks heterogeneous strings of things to understand the construction of the social within the public. Instead of a social actor, this theory focuses on the social and material world in which the social-material actor is called the actant, and instead of a stable network with nodes, it shows the fluidity and unpredictability of the cohabitation of actors who have adopted the intellectual root of Deleuze.

This research was conducted based on a mixed-methods (sequential strategy-variable) approach. The statistical population consisted of 17493 exploiters of date palms in the villages of Makkoran Area. The purposive-probabilistic method was used for sampling. For determining the sample size at the qualitative stage, the "adequacy of information" criterion and in the quantitative stage, the "representativeness" criterion was employed via the Cochran formula. Sample size at the qualitative stage was 111 exploiters of date palms and 16 experts. In the quantitative phase, 376 exploiters of date palms and 32 experts answered the quantitative questionnaire. The type of mixed analysis in the study is “the mixed-methods sequential explanatory analysis" based on a qualitative-quantitative strategy. Qualitative data were analyzed using "NVIVO" software, and quantitative data with statistical methods in SPSS software environment. In the final stage, analysis and inference of data were done according to Latour's (1987) arguments of the "translation" method.

Findings showed that there are complex and multi-faceted spatial relationships occur between human and non-human actors regarding the climate adaptation of date palm trees. In this regard, the geographic location and climatic actors are restrictive actors and barriers for the adaptation of indigenous date palm types are beneficial actors and provide favorable conditions for the production of dates.Also, these restricting actors are involved with other varieties of date palms (non-indigenous types) and mediated by the exploiter and the government (the Agricultural Jihad Organization) has become capable or opportunity-constructing actors. In other words, date palms, as a key actor due to geographical location and climate action, both restricts and provides conditions for the emergence of newer opportunities (the cultivation of new, compatible and exportable types). Hence, each one of the actors has a force field that influences the other and takes action on other or resist against other’s action in the form of pressure and reaction of date palms’ climate adaptability. Therefore, date palms have multi-faceted and reciprocal power relations in terms of pressure-resistance concept with geographic location (latitude and longitude) and climatic actors, which are mediated by exploiters, economy, government, land, and water.

Among the actors of the geographical and climatic location, the relative humidity, altitude, latitude, temperature, rainfall, intensity of the solar radiation, and longitude have a wider and stronger spatial network and, as main determinants play roles in climate adaptation of date palms. Other climate actors, such as evapotranspiration, monsoon flows, and wind speed are also less restricting and weaker in spatial relationships. Therefore, spatial relationships between actors showed that date palms, exploiters, climate, geographic location, government (the Agricultural Jihad Organization), water, capital, and land are key actors in the adaptability of date palms, respectively.

Date palm gardening economy has faced with many challenges in function, production, maintenance infrastructure, and marketing in the less developed countries, including Iran- which is the major producer of this product. Therefore, understanding the nature and relational dynamics that exist between actors is of great importance. Accordingly, this study aims to trace and construct a spatial relationships between human and nonhuman actors in the field of commercial ability of date palms to develop the functions of date palm economy in the Makkoran area. This research is conducted based on a mixed-methods (sequential strategy-variable) approach. The statistical population of the research consists of 17493 farmers and 32 agricultural experts. A purposive-probabilistic sampling method is used for sampling. For determining the sample size in the qualitative stage, the "adequacy of information" method, and the "representativeness" method based on the Cochran formula is employed in the quantitative stage.  The type of analytical method used in the study is "Sequential Combinatorial Analysis" based on a sequential qualitative-quantitative strategy. Qualitative data is analyzed using "NVIVO" software, and quantitative one is analyzed using statistical methods in the SPSS software environment. Final analysis and inference of data are based on Latour's argument (1987) in the "translation" method. The findings of the study show that various spatial relationships between actors (human and inhuman) are established or developing. Based on these relationships, factors such as geographical location, climate, date palm, farmer, capital, target market, refrigerator, government, spatial distance, transportation technology are considered as the key and active actors in commercialization of date palm as they shape a broader and stronger network of actors with durable relationships.

As the most essential element of life, water has long been regarded as an indicator of development because it is inextricably linked to the sustainability of human societies, especially the socio-economic function of rural settlements. The main purpose of this study is to explain and root out the causes of groundwater resource draw-down in relation to the socio-economic structure of rural areas. The main issue is that as population growth and demand have increased (to meet the needs of rural communities), excessive exploitation and pressure on groundwater resources have been on the rise. The research data were collected through document analysis and field study. Next, the longitudinal statistics of 40 observational wells (1984-2014) were combined with quantitative observations and interviews with subject matter experts. These were then analyzed through descriptive-analytical methods using inferential statistics and GIS software. Research findings show that the implementation of land reform program, the increase of number of farmers, deep well drilling, the development of irrigated area, and the change of production method had a relationship with unnecessary exploitation and draw-dawn in groundwater level in the research area. The result of the study illustrates the fact that as the population has increased threefold in the living space of the plains, the farms have been fragmented, and numerous deep wells have been drilled, the groundwater level in the aquifer has drawdown to -22 m.

Worldwide studies show that health is a vital stimulus that encourages older people to participate in tourism (Horneman et al., 2002), and the type of tourism that is encouraged and promoted by health is health tourism. Therefore, the services needed for health tourism are important. Today, health tourism is spreading in a variety of sites, including hot springs, mineral water springs, seas and areas with suitable climate (Pollock et al., 2000), and many countries are competing in this regard.
Health tourism is a comprehensive journey focused on developing, maintaining and improving the body, mind and soul (Smith&Kelly, 2006). This type of trip is usually attractive for people over 50 who are economically rich and looking at health tourism as a lifestyle and also have experienced work stress (Smith & Puczko, 2009). Therefore, these activities are intended for the comfort of "people over the age of 50", "older people" and "elderly tourists". (Chen et al., 2013).
Therefore, considering the significant global growth of tourism in the hot springs and the natural resources inside the country, it is necessary to make further efforts to achieve a suitable regional and global position in various health tourism branches such as hydrotherapy. Iran has over 1000 mineral springs and Mazandaran province with 40 hot and mineral springs has most resources after West Azerbaijan province. One of the influential and active hubs of the province in this regard is Ramsar.

In settlements located on the eastern borders of Iran (the borders between Iran and Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan) - that for reasons, security and non-security have been considered as critical border areas- rate of social capital seems lower than expected. However, this capital is considered as a key factor of sustainable development of border settlements. Therefore this study has been done with the aim of explaig the threatening factors of security in the framework of social capital approach and investigating its spatial differences in border settlements of Sistan and Baluchistan province. Social capital be included indicators of social trust, participation and solidarity. Threatening factors of security to be included social disorganization, relative deprivation and lack of social control. The method of research is analytical- descriptive and correlation. Due to widespread population, 382 local people and 136 local administrators were selected by Cochrane from Mirjaveh, Saravan and Zahak Township as the sample size. The data processed and analyzed using fuzzy logic (MATLAB) and statistical methods (SPSS). The research findings indicate a relatively high rates of social capital and average of threatening factors of security respectively with the degree (0.628) and (0.593) as well as high reverse correlation between social capital and threatening factors of security (-0.838). Findings also indicate a significant difference, of spatial in terms of geo-political location and the lack of it in terms of the type of settlement (rural and urban). Therefore, the results indicate lack efficient management of border areas in the region and lack of based-opportunity approach to border and border areas that emphasizes livelihood and other aspects of frontiersmen life in relation to security and national and regional development.

IntroductionIt is believed that the reason of the creation of nomads life is because of the adaptation with ecological conditions, but after the industrial revolution (1750) and the progress in technology also nomads life was influenced. Changing of Iranian nomad’s population is also a result of Reza Khan Kingdom and his compulsory habitation (Takhteh Ghapoo) according to his Modernization policy. After Islamic revolution, comprehensive development of Iran’s nomads regions was proposed with improvement aims in the commonwealth; but these projects did not succeed, because the expansion of inner capitalist and pseudo-capitalist systems made nomads society more and more to be fallen in, and this itself made nomads life to be changed. Unlike in the past, this time the tribes have been forced settlement rather severe tendency to have found accommodation. And in some cases, futher of the government's policy to spontaneously settled. Which causes have confused in the political and socio-economic structure of nomadic. This feedback corresponds more with our study case (Sistani nomads), that beside the above mentioned factors, recent droughts (second half of 1377 up to 1386) ruined pasturelands in summering place (south khorasan) and wintering place (sistan plain) of this region. Because of this, Sistani nomads life has been greatly been in danger of breakdown of environmental and humanly threats. Before of these changes, the situation of nomads especially nomad women was worsened and their role in family income was decreased. This paper studies the role of sistani nomads women before and after habitation based on the following hypothesis.
- The role of Sistani nomads women was weakened after habitation.
- There is a meaningful connection between the weakness of sistani nomads women role and family income.
- There is a meaningful relation between the these women participation in family income before and after habitation.
MethodologyOur statistical society includes 5 inhabited groups with 250 families in Zabol. Using kokran equation, we choose randomly wives of 141 house holder with sampling, and we questioned 124 women because of distance of groups and availability problems. We used a questionnaire in order to collect data. 2 questionnaires were designed, one of them for nomads women and we used 0/8 (goat & kid (yeanling)), 5(cow & calf) and 8 (camel & camel’s kid) coefficients regarding the kinds of livestock and to equalize and changing rank unites. In bestial products matter, we calculated a 100 days of milking period. To compare women’s function before and after habitation, we computed the price of livestock, bestial products and handy crafts with current prices (1389). Second questionnaire belongs to elders of nomad society. In the experience, we also utilized bigeminal comparison and Pierson cohesion.
Results and DiscussionThe study showed that 31/2 % of husbands are unemployed, and 17/6 % began to laboring. If we add 18/4 % of those who do non-productive works, about 67/2 % do laboring and works like this, in the other words they’re out of the production cycle; and only 32/8 % are in the production cycle (agriculture & ranching). In the other side, 97/6 % of nomad women are house holders and practically they have no role in economy in comparison with before of habitation. And only 2/4 % do dressmaking and broidery which regarding population is somehow natural. But before habitation, these activities were parallel with the main activity (bestial products, handy crafts &…). These facts show that nomad habitation in Sistan regarding its ecological peculiarities and its changing situation was not a good plan.
Comparing before and after habitation shows that, before habitation all of nomads have livestock; but after habitation 25/6 % have not any livestock. If 100 livestock with other activities can complete family income, before habitation only 33/6 % have 100 head livestock, but after habitation:First, 25/6 % has lost their livestock.
Second, 54/4 % have lesser than 100 livestock. In the other words, about 80 % have been deprived from livestock for income; although we see 33/6 % before habitation.
Before habitation 57/7 % of ranchers have 100-499 head livestock, but this number decreased to 8/8 % after habitation. And the share of ranchers with more than 500 head livestock decrease from 8 to 1/6 %. These numbers show tendency from a middle point to a lower point from livestock point of view and subsequently this affects economic situation and life quality in the studied nomads. We compared their activity before and after habitation using t-test, and the results approved our hypothesis.
ConclusionSistan region has located in dry zone of north hemisphere and there has been distance between water consumption and water making areas and because of this, the region has confronted with two important phenomena periodic flood and drought. The drought sometimes made Hirmand River to stop and hamoons became waterless and canebrakes were destroyed. In such conditions Sistani nomads are in danger and have 3 solutions:Quitting this profession and beginning another one Keeping up nomads life and doing another works Spontaneous habitation, these three solutions have been practiced in some tribes. But one of Government’s policies is guided habitation to improve nomad’s life. Family peculiarities of the statistical sample shows that, this policy was not successful; especially after habitation, the participation of Sistani nomad’s women has decreased and subsequently the family income reduced. This approach, not only created problems for nomads families, but also adaptation with environment was ignored and another studies also showed the same result, and government’s aim to make house with low price, financial aids, making new work opportunities for them has not been realized.

Nowadays, in the issues of development in general and rural development in particular, the importance of social capital is very evident. So many experts in rural development consider the promotion of social capital as one of the strategies for rural development. But the question is that, given the importance of social capital, how can we enhance its level in rural areas? In fact, the discussion is about finding out the providing resources of social capital and strengthening them. In this regard, researchers refer to resources such as family, schools and other educational institutions, guilds and businesses, and civic institutions and local communities. These resources are all of great importance in generating social capital, but the importance of civic institutions or community-based organizations is more than other sources. In this regard, this study aimed to analyze the position of local community-based organizations regarding the social capital in rural areas. The functioning of the credit and savings associations has been investigated in the case of the rural area of the eastern Bandpey of the county of Babol.
Theoretical Framework: Fukuyama believes that social capital is the set norms of social organization that promotes cooperation of its members and thereby reduces the costs of communication and exchanges between members. Putnam considers social capital as the various aspects of social organization such as trust, norms and networks that can create and facilitate coordination and improve the efficiency of society. In his view, social capital lies in civic and religious groups, family ties, informal social networks, friends and relatives, norms of reciprocity, and trust. Narayan widely uses cooperatives and non-governmental organizations in society as strengthening the foundations of social capital. He believes that cooperation and participation can be considered as the evidence of social capital because social capital refers to capital that, through the creation of strong links between members of a group, creates consequences such as the transfer of knowledge and technology trying to solve the common problems. These features can be found in the people-centered organizations. Bourdieu also knows social capital as the potential and actual sources that the result of property is an enduring network of institutional relations between individuals or in simpler terms, a member of a group to achieve its resource group. Of course, the existence of social capital requires conditions beyond the mere existence of networks and social communication organizations. Sources of social capital for Bourdieu, the location, the relationship in groups and social networks that provide access to opportunities, information, resources, and social status are increased for individuals.
Methology: This study, in terms of the purpose, is functional and in terms of collecting the data is descriptive-survey and regarding the data type, it is qualitative. The study population were the members of the association that in accordance with Cochran formula, 215 subjects were selected and the required data were collected through a questionnaire. This data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests in the framework of SPSS software and also by using structural equation modeling in partial least squares approach with the help of smart-PLS software.
The findings of research adopting a community-based model for measuring the impact of local organizations on social capital show that they have knowledge, trust, partnership, support, and cohesion in rural areas . In setting priorities, reviewing the effectiveness of community-based organizations, findings show that the greatest impact of forums on social capital is related to the dimension of support in rural areas that its average score is equal to 4.38. After this dimension of social capital, the dimension of awareness with an average score of 4.2, dimension of partnering with average score of 4.1, dimension of integration with 3.91, and the dimension of trust with a mean score of 3.83 are ranked second to fourth. The findings also show that the theoretical model can explain 69 percent of variance in the participation variable changes, 70 percent of the variations of cohesiveness, 59% of the variable of knowledge, 68 percent of the support variable, and 80 percent of the variable of trust.
Conclusion and Suggestions: Local community-based organizations in rural areas are a suitable model for the production of social capital. In fact, they are creating a mass communication objective manifestation of social capital such as knowledge, support, trust, partnership, and solidarity. The results show that the impact of community-based organizations on different components of social capital is different. So that the village support component has the greatest impact from local community-based organizations. And after this component, the components of awareness, participation, trust, and coherence are in the next rank. Finally, it is suggested that, given the emphasis on community-based approaches in rural development planning, these institutions should be considered and empowered as appropriate tools for achieving rural development through social capital strengthening.

Development experts with examining the role of government, business and civil society in development, found government and market failure in many cases and that it is turn to test civil society’s role in people and local institutions development. Therefore the strengthening of community-based organizations in development was considered important. In this regard, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of saving credit associations on spatial - physical development of rural settlements, 30 members of this community were chosen with snowball technique and in the semi-structured interviews and direct observation required data was compiled and were analyzed by contentanalysis and indactive approach. The data consists of interviews, divided into units and then compression means are summarized. Finally, by inductive way sub and main themes of abstraction have been extracted. The findings show that association in terms of physical capital (housing, communications, rural facilities) and natural capital (protection of the environment, water resources, livestock diversity, ownership of land) and rural settlements from the perspective of space on stream of consciousness, population and money rural settlement has been effective. In general, the results of show that although these associations are social – economic organizations, but can not be spatial – physicaly ignored. It seems that if empower the associations and using them to solve problems is better and faster to got results. The researchers also want to study these formations is proposed considering the local nature and having no (or low) similar to the outer approach of qualitatively can results in a more useful way form.

In the traditional form of international relations, governments are the main actors of the international arena. They are the ones who decide to peace or war, But with the complex economic, social and technological processes, governments come together with the use of expert technicians to cover transnational entities. To act together as actors to create a new union and ultimately to consolidate regional integration and peace. In today's conditions, which collapsed in the Soviet Union, and the Cold War has somehow collapsed, these questions arise, Who will be the main actors of convergence and peace in the transatlantic era? What is the platform for the achievement of peace? Is there a relatively successful pattern? In response to these questions, this research was conducted on the basis of library studies and observations of the author, in an interpretive and analytical manner. The study area is also the coastal countries of the Persian Gulf. The results show that in the transnational era, the main actor or actor in the choice of government, peace and convergence, people or citizens. Of course, the younger generation will be more influential than other age groups, especially the elderly. Today's youth will be the agents of culture, politics and economy tomorrow for their countries, and tourism will be the bedrock for such action. Relying on regional experiences (Europe), the friendship project (Franco-Germain) is proposed as a model for convergence and regional peace between the Persian Gulf countries.

This study focuses on community-based financial organization and examines their efficiency on socio-economic development of rural areas. The sample of analysis includes 30 members of the financial institutions in the rural areas of Babol. The research data were collected through the methods of in-depth interviews and participant observations. Then, the data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. This analysis categorizes the effects of financial institutions into two major aspects. First, social aspects that refer to human capital (education, skill, health), social capital (participation, support, trust, solidarity, awareness), cultural capital (knowing people and places, keeping local traditions, protecting environment and cultural buildings), institutional capital (marketing, social security, enhancing rural council, publicizing local officials and their activities). Second, economic aspects that refer to financial capital (credit, insurance, saving) and economic capital (multiple sources of income, reducing economic expenditures, material resources). The key research findings indicate that the financial institutions have significant effects on both social and economic aspects as detailed above.

Settlements located in border areas, especially rural areas, are in lower level of social capital. Poverty is one of the key contributing factors for this. The aim of this research was to explore the relationship between poverty and social capital in the theoretical framework of social depilation. The type of research is descriptive-analytic and correlation. Due to widespread population, 382 households and 136 people of local manager among the three township (Mirjaveh, Saravan and Zahak) were sampled by cochran. The data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed by fuzzy logic (MATLAB software) and SPSS (Statistical package for social sciences). The findings indicate a relatively high degree of correlation between social capital and poverty with a degree (0.628) and (0.602) and a negative impact of poverty on social capital. So that poverty explains 79.2 percent of the social capital, and edit as per unit change in the poverty rate (-0.890) Change will be created in the social capital. Among the indicators of poverty, “culture of poverty” and then “social rejection” have the most influence on social capital. The results indicate that the level social capital in this kind of settlements, strongly is under the influence of poverty. So if perpetuation of poverty, accompanied with the trend of gradual reduction of social capital (trust, participation and social solidarity) continue, it is possible the region in the future faced, the unstable upper, which in that case, control it will be difficult.

Nowadays, a new trend to ecotourism has been attracted among the researchers as a spatial pattern for being in nature. The ecotourism is going to affect plenty of the geographical regions in the 21st century and to provide a new spatial pattern in various locations. Ecotourism can be considered as a sub-category of tourism industry with one of the rapidest economic growths. This growth has been even developed in the recent decade. The researchers believe that ecotourism is a proper tool to reach the stable tourism. The eco-tourist is the person who involves in mental and natural challenges by being in the nature. Eco-tourists are seeking the experience and are interested in treating with domestic people. They tolerate the problems of trips and show an active cooperation. The ecotourism activities lead to positive/negative effects in ecosystems, economics, cultural and social aspects. The tourism is more than an economic activity and it deals with a cultural relationship of the tourist and the host society. This research is done in order to analyze the gendered perceptions and imagines of young people about the ecotourism. The case study is the middle-school students of Myandorod and 275 persons are randomly selected using the Cochran’s formula. , there is not a correlation between the perceptions of the girls and boys about the social-cultural aspects of tourism.

One of the main challenges of recent decades (1380-1390), in rural areas of Iran is land use change as a result of tourism activities, so that become a national challenge and has extensive consequences. Environmental effects of mentioned challenge are considered as one of the most important items. Accordingly, this article seeks to identify and analyze the environmental Effects of land use changes resulting from tourism activities in rural areas of the central district of Tonekabon. The research method is descriptive-analytic and used both objective and subjective data based on questionnaires completed by the inhabitants of the villages. Data collected by questionnaires have been processed using SPSS statistical software, and based on research objective and nature of the data; one sample t-tests and Pearson were used. The results approved the relationship between “development of tourism” and “environmental effects” of land use change in the study area, but this relationship is the reverse. Thus, tourism development led to negative environmental effects more than positive ones. As well as other results showed no significant difference between the eleven surveyed villages in relation to environmental effects.

One of the areas that are of interest to tourists and the tourism industry has been the ecotourism industry. Ecotourism development can create jobs, myriad economic benefits directly to the people indigenous. Ecotourism is also the foundation for the sustainable development of communities, landscapes and ways to conserve natural resources around 4% annual growth in world tourism industry is estimated to have grown 30% are prepared to tourist travel between the increased attention to the sign of ecotourism one of the oldest human-environment geography in relation Barvabt understanding Bshrnsbt response to changes in the environment. So far over the past few decades, numerous studies in the field of assessing resident's views and perceptions towards tourism in the host society is doing Perceived impacts of tourism on host three major categories of costs and benefits of economic, social and environmental concerns are. In this regard, researchers believe that the boom in tourism and objective and subjective measures of economic, social and environmental terms, there host society. Mazandaran state Due to the geographical location of the province's natural and nature are considered among the top provinces. Due to geographical features and nature Township Miyandorood, this study aims to analyze the perception of high school student's perceptions of ecotourism was Township Miyandorood. According to Cochran formula, 275 people were selected randomly in different fields In this study, a survey questionnaire to survey students were The results demonstrate that the biological component of ecotourism, cultural and socio-economic factors are less students. Results of statistical tests showed significant Relationship between the and the emergence of youth perceptions of eco-tourism. Also the phenomenal impact on young people's perception of the show.

Livelihood assets (human, physical, natural, financial, social) in fact are considered as the determinant of the life base of the living of people in human settlements especially in rural areas. These assets in the form of livelihood approach can be applied as a framework for better understanding and analysis of the role of people in rural areas development. Hence the present study while assessing the livelihood assets in rural areas of Qasrgqand township, has analyzed the effective geographical impacts on it. In this regard, the most important factors affecting the geographical can be named spatial, demographic and economic factors. Research method is the descriptive - analytical and statistical population are rural residents of Qasrgqand township. Number of samples are 329 rural headed households from 23 nominated villages. Data were collected through questionnaires by randomly and were analyzed by statistical methods in software SPSS software environment . In this study, the independent variables are the effective geographical factors and the dependent variable is the household's livelihood. Overall results indicate a low level of livelihood of households in rural areas with an average value of (2.19) and indicate the weakness in infrastructure and assets of livelihood (except social capital). Also according to the results, all the variables of spatial (establishment feature, connecting situation, type of access road, distance from centers of penetrating) are affective on the livelihood of rural People. Among the demographic factors, population size and family size have no relationship with the level of household's livelihood. But ratio of literacy and emigrating during the last 7 years (2006 up to 2013respectively shows a direct relationship and meaningful inverse relationship with the level of household's livelihood. Among the economic factors (average of income, employment rate and ownership average) and level of household's livelihood, there is a positive and meaningful relationship.Among all geographical factors, economic factors with coefficient of 0.425 show the highest effect and spatial factors with coefficient -0.142 the lowest effect on the household livelihood.

Quality of life is of the important issues considered by most experts of planning and development of human settlements. This topic, in less developed countries is faced with great challenges and Several factors influence on it in various dimensions. The most important indicators effective on quality of life in these countries, especially in rural parts of deprived areas, mostly is about the basic needs of life, which are assessed by different methods including AHP and FAHP. In this study, after collecting the data through questionnaires, the two said methods have been used as comparative. Because of differences in the obtained results, the accuracy rate was reviewed again by Mean Squared Error(MSE) and the following results were obtained:Firstly, in both methods the "income and employment," has the highest and "participation" has the least importance and and impact on people’s quality of life.Secondly, there is a great difference between the classical hierarchical analysis method (AHP) and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy (FAHP) in evaluation and determine the degree of importance.Thirdly, in consistent with available facts, fuzzy methods compared with classical methods has more accuracy and this difference was approved by the mean squared error (MSE).

Rural areas in less developed countries, including Iran, are facing with enormous challenges due to rising economic and social disparities between urban and rural areas. Hence, identifying and explaining the factors affecting quality of life in these areas is very important. Today the Quality of life is discussed as a key element in policy making and public policy. Results of the studies can help identify problematic areas, causes of people discontent, priorities of people in life, policies evaluation, ranking of locations, and compilation of management strategies and planning for community (town, village). It also facilitates understanding and classification of priorities of society issues for planners and managers in order to promote the quality of life. New studies emphasize on two indicators to measure the quality of life in different parts of the world that are objective (quantitative) and subjective (qualitative). So, there are many methods to measure and evaluate quality of life including descriptive and inferential statistical and Non-statistical analyses. But since there are large inherent uncertainties ruling in the human sciences, especially in spatial planning and decision making, conclusive and traditional methods based on Boolean logic and having a two-value view, in case of confronting with inaccurate information and ill-defined concepts have very poor performance and is without any advantages to determine existing fact. This is due to many reasons such as relying on quantitative information more than qualitative, incomplete criteria and indicators, incompatible ideas and perceptions, risk and uncertainty and high costs of access to accurate information and etc. and it is not far less effective in precise speech of fact. Therefore, to assess the quality of life (a concept that is relatively obscure), it is important to use new methods and multi-valued approach which make it possible to utilize compound collection of quantitative and qualitative indicators in various ranges and spans and provide more realistic results. The aim of this research is to assess and analyze the quality of life in rural areas by using "fuzzy logic" through objective (quantitative) and subjective (qualitative) indicators in economic and social terms. The method of the research is descriptive-analytic based on fuzzy logic. Statistical population is all households in villages with over 20 family from Mahban Sub-district, Nikshahr Township, located in south of Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Samples (for gathering information of subjective quality of life) according to the Cochran were obtained from the results of 273 questionnaires. Choosing the number of households in each village was based on the number and geographic dispersion of the villages. Concrete data of the research (quantitative) has been obtained from existing documents in governmental agencies, statistical documents and questionnaires. Procedure of assessment and analysis of the quality of life, by using fuzzy logic, has been done in three stages including fuzzy modeling input data, making inferences and making non-fuzzy. In the first step, after collection and classification of the data membership functions to fuzzy sets was defined in a range from high quality to low quality. In the next step, variables were found in a cluster. Then, using the Subscribe operation of fuzzy, based on opinion, expert, as the knowledge base, and the Fuzzy rules of if-then in the software MATLAB, assessment and analysis was carried out. In the final stage, after reviewing the results of fuzzy rules, qualitative data during the process, as the "center", was converted into quantitative data. The various natural structure of Mahban Sub-district has a great impact on the pattern of settlement and dispersion of villages, access to resources and the potential for development, the form of activities of the villagers, distribution services, network access and transportation, spatial distribution of population and finally the quality of life of rural people. This structural diversity causes differences in the villages to enjoy many blessings of life, such as water resources, land, pastures, transportation network, public services and other infrastructure. In general, natural structure of the region plays a fundamental role in unbalanced distribution of population, facilities and services between the villages. The results suggest that there is a significant difference between different rural settlements in quality of life. This difference is more significant in an objective way, so that it is fluctuated from the minimum ratio (0.145) in Moki Paein Village to the maximum rate (0.501) in Keshik. The reasons for this difference can be attributed to rural location differences (height, location and geographic conditions arising). However, in mental aspect, the rate quality of life varies from the minimum (0.460) in Titrandan Village to maximum (0.607) in Keshik. Subjective quality of life (satisfaction) in analogy with the objective quality of life is in the better state. That shows contentment and satisfaction of villagers is under the idea of fatalism. Totally in the view of objective quality of life, Keshik village stands in the highest rank and Moki Paien Village in the lowest. However, in the view of subjective quality of life (satisfaction), Keshik Village is placed in the first rank and Titrandan in the last. The research results using Pearson Correlation showed that in the studied range, there is direct significant relationship between the objective quality of life and subjective one. It means that with increasing resources, facilities and services and with promotion in their qualities, the level of satisfaction (economic and social) has also been increased and vice versa. Results have overlapping and consistency with theoretical perspectives and research findings. This emphasizes on the remedy of the policies of economic and social development in rural areas to improve the quality of life. This is because quality of life in the study area is poor compared with other regions of the country.

This study evaluates and compares the level of social capital in Torbaghan - a village in the process of merging – and Rezghabad –as an independent village. The study method is descriptive –analytical and based on a five point Likert scale. The results indicated that social capital in peripheral villages merging into cities was lower in comparison to independent villages. The overall result showed that the merging of this type of villages in cities caused an erosion of social capital in the village and in-migration of non-natives who were prone to deviant bahaviors. The merged villages became yet another urban margins with consequent prevalence of social anomies and exclusion from development process.