فهرست مطالب farhad daryanoosh

This study evaluates the effects of combining aerobic running and anaerobic Pilates exercises to reduce fatigue improve cardiovascular and muscular fitness, and enhance the quality of life (QoL) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.

A total of 19 SLE patients with index SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) scores ≤4 were randomly assigned into an intervention group (n=10), undertaking the combined exercise program, and a control group (n=9), undertaking normal activities of daily living only. The combined exercise program lasted 8 weeks and consisted of three 1-h weekly sessions. In both groups, functional capacity, cardiovascular fitness, muscle endurance capacity and QoL were assessed before and following the programmed activity or ADL only. The data were analyzed by the SPSS software, version 18 at the significance level of 0.05.

The results confirm that this combined exercise program provides significant benefits over activities of daily living concerning pre-test and post-test difference scores for functional capacity (VO2peak 1.86±1.45 vs -0.95±1.43 mL/min/kg, P<0.01). Significant benefits were also observed for the number of sit-ups achieved (11.30±9.91 vs 0.5±1.06, P<0.01), sit and reach improvements (6.92±5.09 vs 0.5±0.92 cm, P<0.05), subjective fatigue (-3.38±5.59 vs 1.75±1.48, P<0.05), and regarding the overall mean of summed QoL subscales scores (10.80±4.90 vs 0.06±1.56).

Combining aerobic and anaerobic exercises can mitigate subjective fatigue and significantly improve functional capacity, myocardial metabolism, muscular endurance, flexibility, and QoL in SLE patients.

The present study compares two methods of resistance training on anaerobic power, body composition and skill indicators in futsal players. The statistical sample of this research includes 24 male futsal players with an average age of 20.88 ± 1.98 years randomly divided into 3 groups, which include traditional resistance group (8 people), intense circular resistance group (8 people) and a control group (8 people). people) were divided. All 3 training groups of this research had 3 sessions a week for 90 minutes and regular futsal training, which included ball work and speed movements. The traditional resistance training group was performed with 3 turns, 6 RM intensity, 3 minutes rest between movements, 35 seconds rest between turns, and 5 minutes rest between blocks. Both training protocols were almost similar in terms of training intensity and repetition of movements, but they were different from each other in terms of the duration of the whole training. Variations between and within groups of data were investigated using the two-way mixed analysis of variance test. The results showed that intense circular resistance training, like traditional resistance training, increased anaerobic power (average and peak power), 20m speed, improved body composition (decreased fat percentage and increased muscle mass), decreased best time (FS) and total best time. (TS) in repeated sprints (RSA) and improving agility in futsal players. However, despite the significance of fat percentage in two groups, this amount decreased more in intense circular resistance training than in traditional resistance training (p=0.001). No significant difference was observed in the skill indices of the subjects. According to the obtained results, it can be said that intense circular resistance training is a more suitable training for reducing body fat percentage, especially in futsal players. And it can also be said that the intense circular resistance training protocol (HRC) can be used for speed and anaerobic athletes, especially futsal, who seek to prevent the loss of their strength and speed performance during the season and with the pressure of training and competitions. be useful

According to the obtained results, it can be said that intense circular resistance training is a more suitable training for reducing body fat percentage, especially in futsal players.

Mitophagy is a type of cell death that regulates the quality of mitochondria and can lead to disorders in diseases such as diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the content of proteins related to the mitophagy pathway (LC3 and BNIP3L) in muscle tissue soleus of rats with type 2 diabetes.

In this experimental study, 18 three-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 270±30 g were selected. Rats were infected with type 2 diabetes by intraperitoneal injection of a streptozotocin and nicotinamide solution. Rats were randomly divided into two groups: diabetic and diabetic. A healthy control group was also included. The training group performed HIIT for eight weeks at an intensity of 85-95% of the maximum speed. Data analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA test in GraphPad Prism version 9.5 software. A significance level of P≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The levels of LC3 and BNIP3L proteins significantly increase after eight weeks of HIIT compared to both the diabetic and healthy control groups (P= 0.0001).

It can be concluded that HIIT by increasing the factors related to mitophagy can cause the cleaning of dysfunctional mitochondria in the muscle of diabetic subjects; However, excessive mitophagy can also cause functional defects in regulating the quality of mitochondria.

Dyslipidemia and impaired glucose tolerance are often associated with obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Based on beneficial effects of Mediterranean Diet (MD) and High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on cardiovascular risk factors, the present study aimed to assess these effects on serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and hemoglobin (Hb) A1C of overweight and obesefemale population. Forty-seven participants, with an average age of 34.43±7.22 years were assigned to four groups of MD, HIIT, MD+HIIT, and a control group. The interventions lasted 8 weeks, MD was without calorie restriction and HIIT exercise was on a cycle ergometer. Lipid profile of TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C, and HbA1C were measured before and after all interventions. HbA1C exhibited a significant decrease in all intervention groups. A significant decrease in total cholesterol was observed in MD+HIIT group. Changes in TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C were not significant in any of the groups. HbA1c was more responsive to MD and HIIT, while lipid profile exhibited greater resistance to any change. Despite non-significant modifications, MD+HIIT had the most favorable effects on LDL-C and TG levels.

One of the important issues in aging is sarcopenia characterized by muscle mass and function reduction. The present study investigated the effect of high intensity interval resistance training (HIIRT) on muscular parameters in sarcopenic elderly women.

A total of 30 sarcopenic women aged 60 to 70 years (appendicular skeletal muscle mass index<6.76 kg/m2, hand grip<20 kg) were randomly assigned to the experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The experimental group (EX) participated in the training protocol that was implemented in 2 phases, the first phase (2 weeks/3 times per week/50-55% 1RM) and the second phase (6 weeks/3 times per week/60- 85% 1RM). The control group (C) did not participate in any training program during this period and performed their normal daily activities. Rectus femoris cross-sectional area (RFCSA), Myostatin (MSTN) to Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and MSTN to RF CSA were evaluated in two stages: pre-test (week 0) and post-test (end of week 8) and compared between groups. Independent t test and within groups one-way analysis of variance were subsequently utilized to assess the research variables through SPSS software version 23 at 0.05 level of significance.

The results showed that body mass (P=0.0001), body mass index (P=0.0001), MSTN to RF CSA (P=0.0001), and MSTN to IGF-1(P=0.04) decreased significantly in the EX group compared to the C group. While ASMI (P=0.0001), handgrip (P=0.0001), RF CSA (P=0.0001), and walking speed (P=0.0001) significantly increased.

It seems that the HIIRT protocol resulted in an improvement in muscular parameters in sarcopenic elderly women. Based on our results, this type of training is safe and risk-free for the elderly and prevents the progressive reduction of muscle mass and strength. However, determining the exact mechanisms involved in these changes in response to HIIRT requires further molecular-cellular studies.

Diabetes leads to numerous side effects in the cardiovascular system and also to improper functioning of the body's antioxidant system. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of six weeks of high-intensity interval training with coenzyme Q10 supplementation on the values of Nrf2 and NQO1 in heart muscle of elderly diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 48 elderly male rats (18 months old) were randomly divided into four groups of intense aerobic exercise with coenzyme Q10 supplementation, intense aerobic exercise group, coenzyme Q10 supplement intake group, and control group. Induction of diabetes was done by injecting a single dose of streptozotocin in the amount of 60 mg/kg intraperitoneally. The program of high intensity interval training was done for six weeks. Coenzyme Q10 supplement group received orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Western blot method was used to measure Nrf2 and NQO1 values. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of P <0.05.

The results showed taking coenzyme Q10 supplement (P= 0.014), intense intermittent exercise (P= 0.001) and intense intermittent exercise with coenzyme Q10 supplement (P= 0.001) significantly increased Nrf2 values in the hearts of diabetic elderly rats. Also, the use of coenzyme Q10 supplement (P=0.0366), intense intermittent exercise (P= 0.014) and intense intermittent exercise along with coenzyme Q10 supplement use (P= 0.002) significantly increased the amount of NQO1 in the hearts of diabetic aged male rats.

Intermittent intense training along with supplement consumption improves heart function in elderly diabetic patients through increasing endogenous antioxidant enzymes.

The release of adipokines from adipose tissue depots plays a key role in regulating metabolic homeostasis and several other physiological processes, including diabetes, obesity, and vascular diseases. This study investigated the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on asprosin, lipid profile and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic male rats.

24 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: control (C), control traning (C+T), diabet (D) and diabet traning (D+T). Diabetes was induced by the combined method of high fat diet and low dose strepotozocin injection. The traning group performed the HIIT program on the treadmill for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and bonferroni post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05.

The results showed increased plasma asprosin in D group compared to C (P=0.0001) and decreased in C+T group compared to C (P=0.03) and D+T group compared to D (P=0.04). There was no significant difference in HOMA-IR between the C and C+T group (P=0.9) but decreased in D+T compared to D (P=0.0001). HDL increased in D+T group compared to the D (P=0.0001) and decreased TG and LDL (P=0.001). There was no significant difference between TG and LDL in the C group compared to the C+T, but HDL increased in C+T (P=0.01).

Plasma asprosin increases in rats with type 2 diabetes and HIIT can reduce the complications of diabetes by improved lipid profile and reduce asprosin and insulin resistance.

The purpose of this study was to explore the concept of instruction of quality sports coaches. In terms of applied purpose, this research has been among the qualitative and multidisciplinary researches that explore the concept of guidance of sports coaches with a meta-combination, the findings of global studies and then, based on the use of phenomenology, the lived experiences of sports coaches in relation to guidance. Is exploring. Has set. The meta-combination design was performed using the sixth step method of Sandlowski and Barroso. The sources of data collection were five databases for foreign studies and two databases in Persian language. After collecting the data, the content analysis method was used for analysis. The phenomenological design was performed using a seven-stage Klaizi model. The means of using semi-structured interviews and participants in this section were 20 sports coaches in the academic year 1401-1400. Criteria, snowball and theoretical saturation are used to select the targeted technique. Data analysis in this section was performed using thematic analysis method. Based on the results of the two projects, the design of the role of guidance in the coaching skills of sports coaches was identified in the form of three main themes including progressivism, social ethics and empowerment. The result is that a coach who is proficient in instructional techniques along with athletes can help it in a correct and principled way to achieve success and sports and professional goals.

One of the most important strategies aimed to reduce obesity and the adverse health effects is lifestyle modifications consisted of a balanced diet and increased physical activity. This study evaluated the effect of eight weeks of Mediterranean diet (MD) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on body composition in obese and overweight premenopausal women. Forty-seven participants aged 34.43±7.22 years old were assigned into 4 groups of MD, HIIT, MD+HIIT, and control group. The interventions consisted of instructions to follow MD without calorie restriction and/or HIIT exercises on cycle ergometer were carried out for 8 weeks as 3 sessions per week. Body composition and anthropometric measurements were determined after 8 weeks. Weight loss and decrease in waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) were significant in MD and MD+HIIT groups. Body fat mass (BFM) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) decreased only in MD+HIIT group. HIIT group showed no significant changes in weight, BMI, BFM, SMM, and waist circumference. Moreover, all intervention groups showed a significant decrease in visceral fat level. MD was shown to lead to more changes in body composition and anthropometry measurements, except for SMM. However, adding HIIT to MD could increase weight and fat loss and reduce waist circumference. So combination of MD and HIIT can be recommended when weight and fat loss and reduction of waist circumference are targeted.

The molecular mechanisms of the improvement of exercise on memory are in the aura of ambiguity.Therefore, the aim of this research was studying the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity intermittent swimming training (HIIST) on the biochemical factors of lipid metabolism and hippocampal memory function of male rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

The present study was experimental. 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: healthy (n=20) and high-fat HFD (n=20) groups. Rats in the HFD group were fed a high-fat diet for eight weeks with the aim of inducing NASH. After proving the disease in HFD group rats, the remaining rats were randomly divided into four groups: healthy-sedentary (n=9), healthy-swimming (n=9), sedentary disease (n=9) and diseased-swimming (n=9). The exercise groups performed eight weeks of HIIST (three sessions/week, each session lasting 30 minutes). At the end, FNDC5 protein was evaluated by western blot method and brain hippocampal irisin and serum FFA by ELISA method. Memory performance was measured by the water Maz-Morris behavioral test. One-way ANOVA test was used to determine the difference between groups, and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between two groups (p<0.05).

The findings showed that there was a significant difference in the FNDC5 protein and irisin of the brain hippocampus and serum FFA and in memory function variables between the groups (p<0.05).

HIIST in NASH model can activate lipid metabolism in the hippocampus of the brain and improve memory function. However, more research is needed in this field.

Factors such as exercises training and taking antioxidant supplements can moderate or increase apoptosis. Therefore, this present study aimed to the effect of endurance training and vitamin C consumption in the conditions of air pollution on the expression of apoptotic proteins BAX and Bcl-2 in the brain of male Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 30 Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: 1) polluted air control, 2) supplement, 3) training, 4) training+supplement, and 5) healthy air control .Rats trained in polluted air were maintained in a special chamber to simulate polluted air and performed endurance training protocol .Vitamin C supplement groups received the supplement at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Data analysis was done through One-Way-ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests in SPSS version 26 software.

There is a significant difference in BAX and BCL-2 protein gene expression between the groups (P≤0.0001). This significant difference was the increase in BAX protein expression in the training+supplement group as well as the healthy air control group compared to other groups (P≤0.05). In the training and supplement groups were seen a decrease in BCL-2 protein expression compared to the control group (polluted and healthy) (P≤0.05).

Considering the increase in BAX and decrease in BCL-2 expression, it is possible that training in polluted air can lead to cell damage related to apoptosis. Also, the use of vitamin C supplement alone or together with training cannot modulate the apoptosis of brain cells.

Creatine supplementation has been widely used among athletes. The use of resistance training along with dietary supplements are the most widely used methods that improve strength and increase muscle hypertrophy and improve performance in athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance training (RT) and supplementation of creatine hydrochloride on muscle strength and body composition in trained women.

In this quasi-experimental and applied study with pretest-posttest design 24 young trained randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group 1: RT with CrHCL supplementation (RT + CrHCL, n=12) and Group 2: RT with placebo (RT+PL, n=12). The participants performed 8 weeks of RT (70–85% one repetition maximum (1RM). 48 hours before and after the training period, muscle strength, body composition and upper body muscle hypertrophy and lower body muscle hypertrophy were measurements. To determine the difference between research variables mixed ANOVA test was used at a significance level of 0.05. 

Significant increases were observed for body weight, fat mass, fat free mass, skeletal muscle mass, upper body muscle hypertrophy and lower body muscle hypertrophy between pre and post-test in the RT + CrHCL group (P<0.05). In addition, percentage of body fat and fat mass was significantly decreased in the post-test in the RT + CrHCL group (P<0.05). The bench press and leg press strength changes in the RT + CrHCL group were significant compared to the RT+PL group (P<0.05, P=0.001, P=0.017). In other variables, despite the significantly increase and decreased in the post-test in the RT+CrHCL group, no significant differences were observed between the two groups (P>0.05).   

It seems that 8 weeks of the CrHCL supplementation as a new type of creatine with RT can have significant effects on muscle strength in young trained women.

Accumulation of fat in the liver tissue is known as the most important cause of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which is associated with a decrease in the protein of hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR-α). This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIST) on PPAR-α and liver enzymes in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis rats.

The current research was semi-experimental. 40 Spraguedauli male rats (age: 6 to 8 weeks and weight: 230 ± 20 grams) were selected and divided into two equal groups, healthy and high-fat diet (HFD). The HFD group was subjected to gavage for eight weeks with the aim of inducing the disease. Rats were divided into four groups: control-healthy (n=9), healthy-swimming (n=9), control- disease (n=9) and disease -swimming (n=9). The training groups performed HIST for eight weeks (three sessions per week, each session lasting 30 minutes). In the end, liver PPAR-α was measured by western blot analysis; and ALT, AST and GGT enzymes in serum level were measured by photometric method. One-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to analyze the data. Significant level (P≥0.05) and all statistical methods were performed using SPSS16 software.

HIST controlled the weight gain caused by HFD and there was a significant decrease in serum ALT and AST in the healthy-swimming and sick-swimming groups compared to the control-patient group and a significant decrease in serum GGT in the healthy-swimming group compared to the control-patient (P≤0.001) and patient-swimming (P≤0.044) were observed. A significant increase in hepatic PPAR-α was observed in healthy-swimming patients compared to the control-patients (P≤0.002).

HIST can control body weight and reduce liver enzymes. However, more research is needed to obtain definitive results.

 

Performance of athletes during competitions it is important in short sessions of exercise which can also be influenced by many factors. Blood concentrations determined by blood components such as proteins level. The aim of this study, the effect of acute exhaustive aerobic exercise on plasma proteins levels in male athlete and non-athlete.

In this study, 12 athletes and 12 non-athletes male voluntarily participated. These two groups performed an aerobic test to the exhaustion on a Monarc bicycle (model E839, made in Sweden). Before, immediately and 24 hours after the sports activity, blood samples were taken from the subjects. After collecting the data, the descriptive statistics method was used to categorize the information and to compare the variables within the group, the repeated measurement statistical method was used, and the independent t-test statistical method was used to compare between groups.

Results showed that the levels of total protein, albumin and plasma globulin in athletes and non-athletes male in before, immediately and 24 hours after exercise were significantly different (P<0.05), also there was significant difference in the levels of plasma creatinine in athletes (P<0.0001), but there was no significant difference in non-athletes male (P=0.15).Discussion and

Considering that the recovery period is particularly important in sports activities, it seems that the recovery period of the present research variables is different. Also, being an athlete or non-athlete causes different results in some variables.

The mitochondrial biogenesis-regulating protein of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) acts as a major signaling pathway for controlling of mitochondrial metabolism. Meanwhile, a transcription factor namely nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is recognized that also associated with PGC1α activation, and it has been shown to some extent to the pathway of one of these two transcription factors can affect the other. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training a long with coenzyme Q10 supplementation on Nrf2 and PGC-1α levels in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

In this experimental study, 36 rats were randomly divided into six equal groups including resistance training, two resistance training and Q10 supplement (200 and 300 mg/kg/body weight), two supplement (200 and 300 mg/kg/body weight) and control group. The all supplements were applied as a gavage to the exercise-supplement and gavage supplement groups. Resistance training consisted of three sessions and five repetitions which were performed three days a week for eight weeks. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests at the significant level of p<0.05 were used to extract the results.

Nrf2 and PGC-1α expression increased significantly in resistance training and resistance training+supplement (200 mg/kg) groups (p<0001), while in resistance training group+supplement a dose of 300 mg/kg (p<0.07) and two groups of supplements (p<0.09) no significantly changes were observed.

Due to the additive effect of resistance training combined with Q10 supplementation (a dose of 200 mg/kg) in improving Nrf2 and PGC-1α; it can be considered as a effective method in mitochondrial biogenesis.

With the increase of inactivity in today's modern world, many metabolic diseases caused by lack of physical activity have spread. Among these diseases, we can mention non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, which is associated with increased oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of high-intensity swimming interval training on the factor level of Erythroid-Derived 2-Nuclear Factor 2 (Nrf2) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in obese male rats with non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH).

At the beginning, rats aged 6 to 8 years were randomly divided into healthy (n=20) and sick (high fat diet (HFD)) (n=20) groups. The high-fat diet lasted eight weeks until the rats became infected with NASH. After induction of the disease, the patient group was divided into 2 groups: disease-immobile (n=10), disease-swimming (n=10) by chance; Also, the healthy group was divided into two groups: healthy-immobile (n=10) and healthy-swimming (n=10). The HIIT swimming exercise consisted of 20 30-second swimming sessions with a 30-second break between sessions (three days a week for eight weeks). In the interval training load applied in the first week, a weight of 7% of each rat's body weight added, and 1% added to it every week. Nrf2 protein measured from liver tissue through the western blotting technique and SOD from blood serum. One-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test (p<0.05) were used to determine the differences between the groups.

The results of statistical analysis showed that in the SOD variable, there was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in the inactive disease group compared to the sedentary and sedentary healthy group and a significant increase in the healthy-swimming group compared to the patient-swimming group (P<0.05). There was a significant increase in the Nrf2 variable of the healthy-inactive group compared to the patient-inactive and disease-swimming groups (P<0.05). There was also a non-significant increase in the disease-swimming group compared to the patient-immobile

high-intensity swimming interval training in patients with NASH can have a positive effect on the anti-oxidant system, but it is necessary to conduct other research.

Since limited studies have examined the simultaneous use of creatine and sodium bicarbonate supplements in team sports, the aim of this study was to evaluate creatine and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on anaerobic performance, fatigue index and futsal special performance test (FSPT (in elite futsal players.

32 futsal players (age of 22.23± 0 0.23 years) were selected objectively and randomly divided into four creatine, sodium bicarbonate, combined and placebo groups. FSPT and RAST anaerobicity test was performed .intervention During 7 days of supplementation, the creatine group received 20 grams of creatine daily, the sodium-bicarbonate group 0.3 mg / kg, the combined group (20 grams of creatine and 0.3 mg / kg sodium bicarbonate) and the control group 20 grams of starch, in four servings.

showed that the peak of anaerobic power of creatine and combination groups was significantly higher than the placebo group. There was no significant difference in the fatigue index of the groups. There is a significant difference between the time of FSPT of each creatine and combination groups with the placebo and sodium bicarbonate groups and between the creatine and combination groups in the post-test

Creatine supplementation, unlike sodium bicarbonate, improves the anaerobic and functional parameters of futsal players. Also, the simultaneous use of creatine and sodium bicarbonate, by enhancing the synergistic effect, gives a more positive response to the anaerobic and functional indices of futsal players

Nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an inducible transcription factor that improves redox balance through stimulating antioxidant gene expression.

Studies have shown that Nrf2 can be modulated by physical exercise. However, the impact of resistance training and coenzyme Q10 supplementation has never been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two months of resistance exercise and coenzyme Q10 supplementation on the expression of Nrf2 and NAD(P)quinone acceptor oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in young male rats.

In this semi-experimental study, a total of 36 male and young Sprague Dawley rats (age: 8 weeks) were randomly assigned into six groups as follows: resistance training (RT), training and supplementation of 200 mg/kg of rat weight (RT + Q200), training and supplementation and 300 mg/kg (RT + Q300), supplementary group with the value of 200 mg/kg (Q200), supplementary group with the value of 300 mg/ kg (Q300), and control. The resistance training protocol consisted of three set of five repetitions of trained rats climbing a vertical ladder with an extra load attached to the tail, representing 30–100% of total body mass three times per week for eight weeks. The proteins levels of Nrf2 and NQO1 were measured by Western blotting technique. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and in case of statistically significant difference, Tukey’s post-hoc test were used to determine the difference between groups.

The results showed that the expression of Nrf2 and NQO1 levels changed in the groups after the end of the period. While the expression of Nrf2 and NQO1 significantly increased in the RT and RT + Q200 groups (P<0.001).

The results of present study showed that resistance training provides a beneficial adaptation to Nrf2 and NQO1 activity, which can be further enhanced by Q10 supplementation with antioxidant effects.

In addition to daily calorie intake, vitamin D and iron as micronutrients are the most important in the diet of athletes, especially in adolescence. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of nutrition education intervention on total caloric intake, resting levels and iron and vitamin D intake in competitive adolescent soccer players.

The subjects of this study consisted of 63 competitive adolescent soccer players in the country's premier league. In order to achieve the total caloric intake and the amount of micronutrients, the subjects were recalled for three days, then blood samples were taken to achieve resting amounts of vitamin D and iron. Nutrition education intervention group (n = 41) and control group (n = 22) The experimental group was trained for 4 weeks (8 sessions of 30 minutes of applied nutrition educating followed by 10 weeks of face-to-face counseling) by attending the website and online. To examine changes within and between groups of analysis Mixed variance and dependent and independent t-tests were used.

The results of intragroup mixed analysis of variance test on total calories, resting levels of vitamin D and vitamin D in the diet were significant (P = 0.001).

Nutritional education intervention significantly increases total caloric intake, carbohydrate and protein intake, resting levels of vitamin D and intake of vitamin D in the diet of competitive adolescent soccer players, but on resting values and Dietary iron intake has no effect.

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a shape of interval training that provides ameliorated athletic capacity and has a good effect on health. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol abundant in grapes and red wine and has been demonstrated to apply various useful health impacts on the body. This research aimed to evaluate the interactive effects of swimming HIIT and resveratrol consumption on SIRTs 3 & 4, NAD+/NADH, AMPK and SOD2 expression in aged rats.

In total, forty-five old male albino rats (Wistar) with the age of twenty months were allocated into 5 groups randomly. Control group (Ctrl), Swimming HIIT group (Ex: Exercise), Swimming HIIT with Resveratrol consumption group (R+Ex), Resveratrol consumption group (R) and solvent of resveratrol consumption group (vehicle). R+Ex group accomplished the exercise and consumed resveratrol (10 mg/kg/day, gavage) for 6 weeks.

HIIT & resveratrol significantly increased NAD+/NADH, SOD 2 and AMPK in the aged rats. HIIT increased SIRT3, but resveratrol reduced it. As for SIRT4, HIIT decreased it, while resveratrol positively affected it.

Resveratrol and HIIT, especially their combination, have anti-oxidant and anti-aging effects on the hippocampus of old rats.

This study aimed to measure PGC-1α4 soleus muscle and to investigate the effect of endurance training pre-conditioning with different intensities on the atrophy response of the soleus muscle to a period of inactivity.

In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into equal groups of control (C), control inactivity (CI), high-intensity endurance training group (HE) (treadmill speed 30 km/h), and low-intensity endurance training (LE) (treadmill’s speed: 10 km/h). After two weeks of familiarization, the endurance training group ran on a treadmill for two weeks (five sessions each week). The animal’s lower limbs were then immobilized for seven days. Then the soleus muscle was extracted, and after weighting, the expression of the PGC-1α4 gene was measured using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (realtime PCR) technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 24.

The expression of the PGC-1α4 gene was significantly higher in the HE group than the CI group. However, compared to the C group, all groups with inactivity intervention showed significantly lower PGC-1α4 gene levels. The ratio of muscle mass to body weight in the C group was significantly higher than the LE and CI groups, and higher in the HE group than the CI group.

Endurance training seems to be able to reduce the destructive effects of inactive atrophy. The higher intensity of these exercises was more effective, which was associated with increased expression of the PGC-1α4 gene.

Appetite is an essential factor in obesity. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on GLP-1, appetite, and weight of obese mice while maintaining a high caloric diet. 

A total of 24 C57BL/6 mice with a Mean±SD weight of 20.7±1 g were selected. After implementing a high caloric dieting and making them fat (Mean±SD weight: 30.95±3.23 g), they were divided into two groups of training and control. A high caloric diet was maintained for both groups (training and control) until the end of the experiment, while the training group performed HIIT for 8 weeks. Every session of HIIT included 30 minutes of exercise with a progressive intensity of 50% to 60% in low-intensity intervals and 80% to 90% in high-intensity intervals. The independent t test and analysis of variance with repeated measures were used for data analysis. 

 Findings of the study indicated that GLP-1 increased significantly in the HIIT training group compared to the control group (P<0.05). In the HIIT group, body weight was significantly higher (P<0.001), and food intake was significantly lower (P<0.001) than those in the control group.

When consuming high-calorie food, HIIT training can probably cause weight loss through reducing appetite mediated by increasing GLP-1

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of water exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) on the growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels and bone mineral density (BMD) of elderly women. To do so, 30 non-athlete women (age: 60 to 70, weight 72.34 ± 2.5 kg and BMI: 28.8 ± 4.07) participated in the study voluntarily and were randomly divided into three groups of control, water exercise with BFR and water exercise without BFR.  Both training groups performed aerobic exercises with water resistance (eight weeks, three days, one hour). Cuff pressure in the training group with BFR was 110 to 220 mm Hg. Blood samples were taken 24 hours before the first and after the last training session. Statistical test of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used for data analysis. Findings of the study indicated that two training groups had a significant increase in BMD, IGF-1 and T-score compared to the control group (p≤ 0.05). There was significant increase in the amount of GH only in the BFR group compared to the control group (P≤0.05). Moreover, the result showed significant increases in BMD, GH, IGF-1 and T-score in water exercise with BFR group compared to the water exercise without BFR group (p≤ 0.05). The results of the study indicated water exercise improved the effect of anabolic factors to prevent decreasing bone density, in older women, but water exercise with BFR induced a more beneficial effect on BMD rather than water exercise without BFR. Therefore using water exercise with BFR is recommended for older women.

Myostatin and follistatin proteins are key proteins in the regulation of muscle tissue. Sarcopenia can lead to disruption of cellular mechanisms and the activity of these proteins. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on muscle tissue content of myostatin and follistatin proteins in elderly rats.

In this experimental study, twelve female 20-month-old Sprague Dawley rats with an average weight of 250±30 g were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups: HIIT (n=6) and control (n=6). The HIIT program was performed 3 days a week for 8 weeks. The training protocol was 85-90% VO2max for high intensity intervals and 45-50% VO2max for low intensity intervals. Proteins content was measured by Western blotting laboratory method. Independent samples t-test was used to analyze the data.

After eight weeks of HIIT, there was no significant change in myostatin protein content in the training and control groups (P=0.49). In contrast, follistatin protein content (P=0.01) showed a significant difference (Increase).

Considering that eight weeks of HIIT could not significantly change the protein content of myostatin, but it increased the protein content of follistatin which could lead to muscle hypertrophy in elderly rats. However, HIIT as an exercise intervention for the elderly is still unknown and a lot of research on the types, duration, intensity, repetition and recovery time of HIIT is required.