فهرست مطالب farhang mozaffar

Geometry and ornaments are one of the most important elements of mosque architecture. Mosque is also the most prominent portion in Muslim construction. Considering the physical and semantic dimensions of mosques, geometry and ornaments, in addition to the function of geometrical structuring and adorning the space, it cause the appearance of divine names and attributes in the mosque. The necessity and importance of this research originates from the fact that importance of meaning and virtue is not less than its construction and we should not be limited only to the external aspects of the mosque. Taking advantage of appropriate geometry and ornaments, the most important purpose of research is to improve the architectural design of the mosque naves.

 Contemporary landmark mosques, considered as immanent legacies, were selected as the case study and correlation, Delphi and case research methods and questionnaires, interviews, surveys, and statistical analysis software were used. Initially, through interviews and questionnaires from elites, then through questionnaires from experts and in three valuable contemporary mosques, the users of the mosque were surveyed and the data were analyzed through statistical software.

the appropriate utilization of geometry and ornaments, in addition to improving the architectural design, manifests the spiritual meaning and virtu in the mosque naves..

The purposeful use of geometry and ornamental decorations in mosques, with proper expression and the use of advanced materials and technologies, lead to the way to the improvement of the spirituality of mosques;

Mosque is the most significant body in Muslim architecture, and geometry and ornamentals are  through the most important elements of the mosque architecture. In addition to the geometric role and beauty of mosque configuration, considering the mundain and spiritual aspects of mosques, it also conveys the meanings of Allah's beauty and gelorious names and attributes in the form of a physical configuration. This type of attitude towards geometry and ornamental decorations is recognized as semantic and virtue-oriented architecture. therefore, the main issue is the relationship between the geometry and ornamental decoration of the mosques with the  quality improvement of the space of the nave of mosques.  This relationship creates the necessity and importance of the geometry and ornamental decorations in architectural design of mosques  at which the sprituality aspects must be considred in addition to the appearnce and mundain configuration. In this research, various methods such as document research libraray, Delphi, and  case studies were utilized as well as the interview tools, questionnaires, surveys, and statistical analysis software. In order to collect the research-required information, some surveys interviews and questionnaires were  conducted and distributed among the related experts within six historical and contemporary eminent mosques, and the data were analyzed using statistical softwares. Conclusively, in addition to improving the quality of the physical configuration, the results indicate that paying attention to geometry and ornamental decorations of mosques causes the increase in spritual manifestation of meaning and beauty in mosques.

The present study aims to apply the concept of visual literacy in education, explaining its shortcomings, and presenting the taxonomy of skills and competencies provided for the concept of visual literacy based on Bloom's revised educational objectives taxonomy.

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and is descriptive-analytical in nature and method. Firstly, documentary information and research literature were first collected by the library method. Then, using logical reasoning, the most important list of visual literacy standards and skills was adapted to the classification of Bloom's educational goals. As a result, a new category of visual literacy skills was obtained.

The literature review showed that the research development in the field of visual literacy could be defined in three consecutive periods, respectively: Attempting to define the concept, provide a theoretical framework and apply this concept at present time. Placement of the skills provided by institutions and researchers in the Bloom target classroom homes showed that in the table. In two homes, the qualifications and skills of the equation cannot be placed from visual literacy. The placement of the skills provided by institutions and researchers in Bloom’s revised taxonomy objectives table showed that the equivalent competence and skill of visual literacy cannot be placed in the two cells. For this purpose, to complete and present a comprehensive taxonomy of the objectives of visual literacy education, the skills of "applying visual categories and concepts" and "analysis and differentiation between visual information" were included in these two sections. Also, the adaptation showed that the focus of the skills provided for visual literacy is on more complex cognitive categories and more abstract levels of knowledge.To provide a comprehensive and integrated taxonomy of visual literacy educational objectives, it is necessary to consider all cognitive categories and knowledge levels. Finally, considering what was stated above, a new taxonomy of visual literacy skills was presented that could be applied in any relevant and required area.

In this study, three consecutive periods in the course of visual literacy research were identified. Accordingly, since the current challenge in the area of visual literacy is its application, using Bloom's revised taxonomy educational objectives, visual literacy skills and standards based on "cognitive process" and "knowledge dimensions" were leveled and completed. The new taxonomy presented in this article divides the concept of visual literacy as an educational objective into sub-objectives that reduce the scope and ambiguity of the subject. Also, with the help of this taxonomy, it is possible to promote visual literacy in the form of various educational programs, both in general education and specialized education (such as architecture and graphics).

Every monument in the current context and historical conditions and the cultural, social, religious, economic and political requirements of the period in which it emerged for the social groups and people who created it in its time as a living reality and Active has been present on the stage of history, culture and life of the people of that society, has played and played his role on his shoulders. The effect of these monuments on the psyche, behavior, thought, wisdom, imagination, taste and taste of social groups and people of the society who were contemporary with such works has been direct. Memorial architecture is a powerful form of presentation that has always been one of the best options for the cultural expression of societies, using its symbolic language and its semantic and physical capabilities as an influential artistic medium. The present article is an introduction to this relationship and a brief look at its semantic framework. Due to the historical nature of the present subject, the method of historical research and historical-descriptive analysis has been used. After reviewing the data and analyzing them, the nature and why of the relationship between monumental architecture and culture, the background and the initial classification of this type of architecture were examined. Finally, the interaction between memorial architecture and its important place in the cultural and biological spheres of societies was pointed out.

Gender has a key role in Islamic thought and considers it as an aspect should be trained. Now a days in light of psychological and social studies, there are more information about gender differences. These differences influence education and training via “gender identity” and “sex-typing”. So it’s essential to consider gender differences in out door open spaces design. The goal of this study concentrated on the effect of gender differences in Islamic thought on outdoor open space design. Reviewing mental differences and growing and structural aspects between boys and girls, we have built a frame for open interview which concluded to Delphi process. The study is a qualitative and operational and conducted a Delphi process between 7 psychologists and 15 architecture experts. The result is an applicable list of architectural considerations for outdoor planning. Using hot and bright colors, suitable areas for congregation, simple geometry, curved corners and miniature elements can be suggested for girls. Mild colors, encounter space, sophisticated geometry, expert and job acquaintance dedicated space, different levels, ballgame space are suitable for girls.

The present study aimed to align the applied approaches to the concept of visual literacy to provide a new list of abilities needed to promote visual literacy. Visual literacy is a cognitive concept that can be promoted using Bloom's revised classification of the cognitive area that has targeted the mastery learning stages. The method of this study is descriptive-analytical conducted in a purposeful logical course using interpretive strategies and logical reasoning based on documentary studies and valid libraries. In this study, Bloom's cognitive classification was examined and four categories of the most important competencies and existing and valid visual literacy standards were analyzed separately. Finally, a new list of abilities needed for individual mastery of visual literacy was presented. Since most visual literacy researchers have described its nature as ability or set of abilities, a new list was called the classification of visual literacy abilities. The results showed that since each of the previous lists has a specific specialized view on visual literacy, they do not cover all levels of the cognitive process and Bloom's knowledge dimensions. Thus, by adopting a comprehensive approach, a list of abilities was proposed that includes six levels of cognitive process (remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating) and each level includes four levels of knowledge (factual, conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive). This list can be used in the educational planning of disciplines that their main goal is visual communication. Finally, the topic of one of the architecture courses was examined as an example of the way of applying this classification.

Place- identity as one of the main constructs in environmental psychology has a very important role in the cognitive relationship between man and his place of residence, and also enhancing mental health and improving his quality of life. But the lack of agreement of experts and professionals in defining the structure of the concept, and its dimensions has prevented it from a comprehensive understanding. On the other hand, most studies have been conducted in this field by place and its characteristics, while identity is a human and especially a psychological concept. Therefore, achieving the dimensions and factors affecting the formation of place- identity in residential neighborhoods from the perspective of architectural and urban professionals emphasizing on psychological aspects of the concept can be a step towards advancing place-identity research in the field of architecture and urbanism. Also, the findings would help in planning and designing of the residential neighborhoods.

What are the factors affecting the formation of place- identity in residential neighborhoods, from the perspective of architectural and urban professionals? What are the dimensions of place- identity formation in residential neighborhoods, based on the perspectives of architectural and urban professionals?

The study is a kind of the basic research with exploratory nature in terms of goal, and in terms of data collection method, it is placed in the descriptive research category. The research method is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, resulting from the school of multiple operationalism derived from sustainability approach. Therefore, identifying dimensions of place- identity formation in residential neighborhoods from the perspective of architectural and urban professionals has done in four sections; 1- open and deep interviews with professionals to recognize factors affecting the formation of the concept of place- identity; 2- open and axial coding used in Grounded theory research, preparation of content table and the researcher- made questionnaire that revised by experts; 3- Delphi survey that has been implemented in two rounds in order to assess the reliability the questionnaire, and 4- Q factor analysis was performed using SPSS-26 software. Q factor analysis is described as a means of determining dimensions or profiles of people. The statistical population of the research in the first step was 9 architectural and urban professionals, witch first was selected targeted, and then in Delphi survey, there were 25 people who were selected by network sampling method (snowball sampling method), to theoretical saturation.

The results from Q factor analysis and categorizing the factors, show that there are 8 dominant perspectives on the formation of place- identity among professionals that shape the dimensions of the place- identity in residential neighborhoods and are as follows: dimensions of "physical-structural", "psychological", "social- cultural", "functional- activity", "aesthetics", "environmental", "historical" and finally "semantic". The dimensions named by the main concept of the category derived from the questions that the experts emphasized on the main questionnaire. Also, professionals’ perspectives were identified in a range of social psychology with an atomic nature to semantics with a holistic nature.

This study aims to raise public awareness regarding Iranian architectural heritage values by identifying the dominant subjective patterns of experts regarding “visual literacy in Iranian architectural heritage education for children” with an emphasis on informal education. What we mean by visual literacy in Iranian architectural heritage is the ability to comprehend and interpret architectural heritage features and values. This study is exploratory in nature since it attempts to identify and extract the subjective patterns of experts. The research data was collected through a survey using the Delphi technique and the results were analyzed through Q factor analysis. Thus, the research process has four steps: 1) interview with experts, 2) analysis of interviewees’ transcripts with open and axial coding, designing the target-content table and the researcher-made questionnaire, 3) Delphi survey in two steps, 4) and Q factor analysis using SPSS-22 software. The statistical population comprises experts in the fields of architecture, preservation of monuments, archaeology, graphic design, and children educators (formal and informal). In the first step, 10 experts were selected and sampling was continued using the snowball sampling method until theoretical saturation was reached. In the Delphi survey, 30 experts were selected using the non-random purposive method. The results obtained from factor analysis introduced eight dominant themes of visual literacy in Iranian architectural heritage education among experts. These dimensions include extra-physical-conceptual, aesthetic, heritage-preservation, spatial perception, interactive-group, individual experiences, learning environment, and social-cultural context. Furthermore, the subjective patterns of experts, according to the multidimensional aspects of the topic, included the study of architectural heritage works (semantic, aesthetic, heritage-preservation, and space orientation), attention to the learner (individual, interactive), and learning conditions (contextual, cultural-social). The dimensions mentioned above can pave the way for visual literacy education in children with an emphasis on informal techniques.

Sense of place-identity as an infrastructure of individual identity, plays an important role in the cognitive relationship between man and his place of residence. Therefore, improving residents’ place-identity in residential neighborhoods improves the quality of residence, also enriches individual personality. However, the social and semantic bonds have a significant role in the formation of place-identity. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between social and semantic bonds of residents with a sense of place-identity in residential neighborhoods.

The method is correlation and modeling. The statistical population consisted of residents of the Sepah neighborhood of Qazvin in the winter of 2021.The sample was 280 residents of the Sepah neighborhood selected by cluster random sampling and a researcher-made questionnaire was distributed among them. After confirming its reliability by calculating Cronbach's alpha and its validity through exploratory factor analysis, the experimental model was obtained through path analysis.

The results showed that place-identity dimensions in Sepah contain identification, environmental fit and alienation. Among the social and semantic bonds, social-cultural adaptation including neighborhood relationships, compatibility with customs and lifestyle adaption has the greatest direct effect on the environmental fit in place-identity formation (P<0/01).

According to the results, place-identity in Sepah is often due to the common sense that has been formed among residents through membership in a social category; therefore, to improve the sense of place-identity, it is necessary to consider socio-cultural adaptation variables.

Water is an element whose presence is essential for food production, economic development, and the survival of living organisms. The location of the Middle East region in the dry belt of the world has caused this region, despite having 5% of the world's population, to have only 1% of accessible fresh water, which leads to competitions and conflicts to use these limited resources as much as possible. has it. Massive water problems threaten many arid and semi-arid regions of the earth, and Iran is no exception. The integration of such problems with health, environmental, political, socio-economic and sustainability issues has greatly increased the demand for problem management. This research examines the ability of Iranians to manage society, develop and maintain their water resources in different periods. This study shows that in the modern era, the development of industry, the culture of consumerism and unprecedented urbanization along with drought and global warming have brought many problems to water sectors. Therefore, the tendency towards supply-oriented policies has prevailed and strategies such as drilling wells with deep pumps, building dams, and transferring water between the basins have been adopted to solve the problems. Excessive extraction of groundwater, soil-water degradation, shrinking and drying up of water bodies, intensifying the risks of floods, dust storms, agricultural and environmental damages, and the emptying of rural areas are among the direct and indirect evidences that this claim confirms

Maadi's are the distinguishing characteristic of Isfahan city in comparison with other cities of Iran. Their calm and inviting side where humans and nature get along together can be combined with architectural elements, affecting the urban feature and landscape of urban neighborhoods. The facade of residential buildings adjacent to the Maadis greatly enjoys the sense of belonging to the existing space. It is one of the most influential factors in creating a connection between residential spaces and existing nature. The vital factor in this research is the response to the dual relationship between man and nature. Also, we focused on the impact of this relationship on the landscape and residential building envelopes. It is critical to meet residents' needs and expectations and provide a more favorable environment for users.

This research has the characteristics of quantitative and qualitative studies. The field research and implementation path are a type of consecutive exploratory combined research with a pragmatism paradigm in terms of data collection. In the first stage, the data of the qualitative study was collected in the field by performing interviews. In this stage of the qualitative data collection, a set of activities was performed, such as bibliographic study, observation, photographs, and interviews with experts. Finally, the thematic analysis method was used to classify the patterns of meaning from the data set. In the second stage, the quantitative study, a survey was done based on the researcher-made questionnaires, the answers, and it was used to apply the appropriate tools. The questionnaires were evaluated on a five-point Likert scale and randomly distributed among neighboring residents of Maadis. The data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed by SPSS and AMOS software. Descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed in SPSS software. The Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaires, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to evaluate the normality of data distribution. In order to measure and analyze the effectiveness path of the Maadis component and the sense of belonging to the facade component, a set of variables related to each of them was entered into AMOS software. For confirmatory factor analysis of the mentioned component variables, structural equation modeling was used in AMOS software. Finally, both qualitative and quantitative analyses were interpreted at once.

  The path coefficients of the central hypothesis, regression coefficients, and the number of partial indicators related to the hypothesis showed an effective relationship between the components, but they did not have the same value. The items of the Maadi's component were all identified with a strong and positive effect. The study of the components of the sense of belonging showed that emotional belonging had a  substantial and positive effect on all items. In addition, the functional and conceptual components, with substantial and positive effects on one item, indicated a significant relationship between the components of Maadis and the sense of belonging with the components of the facade.

The results have shown that the sense of belonging and Maadis existence significantly affect facades. From the resident's perspective, the sense of belonging has the most significant effect on the facade, form, and size, then the facade components and the materials. So that in the component of form and size, elements such as the use of curved lines and volumes that are reminiscent of the movement and twisting of water in Maadis were considered significant. The human scale in the facade by using different divisions, creating complete and empty spaces by balcony design, the porch and retreat in floors, unity, and harmony between adjacent facades, coordination in the forms used in the facade as well as avoiding uniformity and the height of more than three floors, respectively, had the most significant value and impact from the residents' point of view. From the resident's perspective, the sense of belonging has the most significant effect on the facade, form, and size, then the facade components and the materials. The Maadis components, with their evocativeness, readability, tranquility and climatic comfort, and uniqueness, respectively, increased the impact of existing nature on the facade. Therefore, paying attention to the green infrastructure of Isfahan Maadis and attracting the participation of residents, under the influence of their sense of belonging, promotes the physical characteristics of the facades of the residential buildings adjacent to the Maadis.

Based on Islamic epistemological foundations, knowledge precedes and influences action. In the context of artistic creation process, this means that the artist’s conception or grasp of beauty will influence the quality of the work of art they create. In the Islamic language, observing and perceiving beauty, or husn, involves looking for states and reflections of perfection in the context of an artistic theme. Observing husn is a requirement for any artistic ideation process within the Islamic perspective to the notion of art. The reason is that ideation is the first stage in creating a work of art. The more an artist is capable of upgrading their level of observation from the sensory to extrasensory aspects, i.e. to the reflections of husn of the subject, the more they will be able to improve their idea and create an art that will reflect real beauty. In a previous research work, purpose-oriented thinking has been identified as an important tool for improving the “husn-observation” skill in an artist. The aim of purpose-oriented thinking is to discover the qualities of perfection of the subject and the purpose meant for it, i.e., aspect of its husn. Therefore, any attempt for designing processes and solutions to engage an artist’s thinking with husn-oriented ideation will necessarily involve a study into how thinking will become purpose-oriented. However, according to Islamic epistemological principles, the intellect (‘aql) is the faculty of discerning what is husn from what is not husn. As a foundational research work, the present study therefore focuses on the intellect in order to contribute to creating the foundational knowledge of how artistic ideation will become husn-oriented. On this pursuit, the study employs principles drawn from the Quran and views of Allameh Tabataba’i and adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology to examine the relationship between the intellect and a purpose- or husn-oriented thinking process. It then argues that husn-oriented ideas will only become possible when thinking takes place along with intellection, or the process of using ‘aql. Here, the role of artistic thinking will be to elaborate the artistic theme and make connections between the artist’s outward and inward observations about the theme. As an outcome, some knew statements of knowledge will be produced. Artistic intellection refers to the act of knowing and adopting criteria of truth and assessing the statements produced through the thinking process based on the intellectual criteria of assessment. This means that any improvements made to an idea towards its husn will involve refining the set of criteria used for assessment, which needs to be carried out in at least three stages of the process. The first stage is before the artist gets engaged in creating art. The second and third stages belong to the the ideation process: one where the artist thinks about “the purpose of creating artwork” and the other where they try to “design the idea structure”. The study finally suggests sets of criteria that can be used for each stage of the process of orienting and improving an idea towards husn.

The interaction between student and teacher and consequently the educational performance in the classroom is significantly influenced by the student's understanding of the teacher's speech. Given the impact of the speech transmission index(STI) on the physical conditions of space along with human factors, it can be expected that creating favorable environmental conditions in these spaces to create appropriate acoustic conditions will improve quantitative measures related to speech Intelligibility and thus improve the performance of the spaces.In previous studies, researchers often focused on background noise level as an external factor or the use of soundproofing materials in walls or interior surfaces and the effect of changes in the length and width of spaces in the same volume that have equal computational reverberation time have been Less paid. Therefore, the effectiveness of speech intelligibility of listeners with the same conditions and position relative to the sound source in spaces with different lengths and widths but with the same area and volume, is the purpose of this article.Here, an attempt has been made with a descriptive-analytical approach through simulation with ODEON software to produce the necessary data for statistical tests and especially correlation test in order to investigate the effectiveness of STI values in fixed receiver points in spaces of different lengths and widths.According to the findings of the statistical tests, increasing the length as well as increasing the distance between the receiver and the lateral surfaces, in spaces with the same area and volume, reduced the values of the STI.

Daylight is generally thought to improve feelings of health, wellbeing and alertness; however, if visual discomfort occurs, these benefits are likely to be negated. But if visual discomfort occurs, these benefits are likely to be negated. In other words, the presence of daylight is not always a positive one. As buildings are being designed with greater percentages of glazing there is a new interest in avoiding visual discomfort. In educational environments, due to the high level of visual activity throughout the day, consideration to light, and especially to daylight, is very important. Activities in classes with low visual comfort, in the long term, create physical and psychological problems for occupants in educational environments. In day lighting design, visual discomfort should be considered as a problem to achieve the benefits of utilizing natural light source in buildings. While most lighting research focuses on energy efficiency, it's not the only issue in design of lighting scenes for building, but also visual comfort is equally important. Besides sufficient daylight quantity, visual comfort is increasingly concerned in building day lighting design procedures. To guide the design work, it is necessary for day lighting researcher to quantify visual comfort issues under daylight conditions with validated metrics and thresholds will progress the design industry. In this study, five-door rooms, the main room of occupant activity in Yazd traditional houses, were divided base on their position and the dimensions of the model were determined based on the average size of this space. By verifying the energy performance and environmental sustainability of Yazd traditional houses, it is worth noting how these buildings response to the visual comfort function and whether the envelope parameters provide sufficient visual comfort for occupant. At the first step, ASE and sDA as two dynamic metrics that verified by LEED, were first measured in the current situation to evaluate the visual comfort. Then these metrics were used to assess visual comfort in other situation, contain with non-shading, non-colored glass and non-shading/colored glass. With comparing the result with current situation, the effect of these parameters on visual comfort was obtained. The results show that LEED approval is only available in the current situation in north-west facing. At the next step, glare was evaluated between the hours of 8-15 hours in the position of a person sitting near the wall and during the three days, winter solstice, summer solstice and equinox (autumn), and it was observed that only in the present situation in all three periods, glare is imperceptible. So, by eliminating the envelope's physical parameters, visual comfort is disturbed and the current envelope's parameters are appropriate response to the visual comfort.

Self-actualization is a high level of human requirement and as an existing need, which is the tendency of an individual to grow and realize available potentials. Establishment of suitable spaces at universities can help fulfill such a necessity. At present, a problem of universities is that the communal spaces are often used to meet the basic physical needs and fundamental requirements of students, In other words, communal spaces of a university have not been designed and built according to self-actualization and richness. The purpose of this research is presenting designing components of university’s communal spaces for empowerment of students’ self-actualization (achieving students’ self-actualization). The research method was combinatory; both qualitative and quantitative methods, consisting of documentary, qualitative content analysis, survey method by using the Delphi- technique and causal-comparative that it has done in four steps. The relevant literature was studied using documentary method in the first step and factors affecting self-actualization were identified. In the second step, primitive list of spatial attributes with relevant categorization were identified by using the Delphi- technique method in three rounds. In the third step by using the causal-comparative method, closed- questionnaire according to findings of the second step prepared and distributed in statistical population. The findings were analyzed by using Multivariable Analyze of Variance (MANOVA) and most important spatial attributes affecting self-actualization, were obtained. In the fourth step, the list of designing components that spatial attribute need for forming in the space extracted from resources and surveys of experts, then questionnaire for checking the effect of designing components on forming spatial attribute prepared and distributed among experts. The result of this step is extracting designing components of university’s communal spaces. The results of research showed that the most important attributes that must be exist in communal spaces to lead to self-actualization are privacy and solitude, space presence ability, simplicity in environmental organization and socialization.

The professional field of architecture requires "management" of a variety of items that acquaintance with them in an orderly and coherent way during education can lead to a healthier and more professional competition. The aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of architectural design management to use in undergraduate education, so that it can be used for architects to be more effective and we can have holistic architects with more ability to direct projects. Considering the effectiveness of architectural design in the process of conducting a project, its management, which means efforts to coordinate and control the various factors involved in the architecture sector, can reduce the cost and time and increase the quality of the project in this process. On the other hand, In the extremely competitive business environment of today’s construction industry, there is no place for ineffective organizations or professionals. This is especially the case with the growing number of professionals competing for the same job, with educated and more demanding clients, and recent technological advances, e.g. in the field of information technology. Therefore, construction organizations and professionals are seeking to develop effective management strategies in order, not merely to survive in the rapidly changing market, but also to be competitive. The training of required skills in the field of architectural management is one of the reasons that due to the lack of professors with the required knowledge, and also the short time compared with the rest of the courses in the field of architecture and not covering in the curriculum of most schools, has been underestimated. The research attempts to identify the most effective factors on architectural design management for use in architectural education and architecture, which can fix and enhance the position of architects among other building engineers. Today this management is carried out by other specialists in the field of building, such as structures and mechanics, although just architects have a better understanding of architectural space. Therefore, in research method, the combination of quantitative and qualitative has been used. The study population was the faculty members of universities and activists in the architectural profession, also snowball and the theoretical saturation was used to determine the sample size. In the Delphi method, an interview with 19 experts in this profession was conducted The results of the interview were analyzed using open and pivot coding and then a questionnaire was performed using the target table of the adjustment content which was administered in two stages. The results were extracted by Q-factor analysis and finally the effect of influential factors was determined. To determine the relationships between the components, the gray dimensional method was used and the experts completed the questionnaire.12 Important relation is displayed as a graph. the results of this study indicate that six factors of project management, market management, education management, personal skill management, information management and knowledge management are more influential in architectural design management. Among them education management, personal skill management, information management and knowledge management defined as influential contributors while project management and market management were he factors which were influenced by former items. Through clarifying the importance of education management and its crutial value in universities, items depicted in hierarchy proposed for content of architectural curriculum.

Abstract Choosing the best teaching method appropriate to the aim and field of a subject is one of the issues that have been given focused attention by education researchers during the past few decades. Architecture, influenced by vast technologic advancements, is one of the majors which experienced fundamental changes during last decades, but its educational methods are still the same.One of the important aspects in this regard is using “critical pedagogy” introduced by “Paulo Freire” as a method which is based on Power-sharing and mutual exchange of information between the teacher and students rather than one-sided mere transfer of information. On the other hand, via Deci & Ryan “Self-Determination Theory” we know that three needs of competence, autonomy and relatedness, if are satisfied properly in a learning environment, could cause intrinsic motivation. The conceptual model of this study assumes that critical pedagogy, because of its Learner-centered nature, have the ability to increase autonomy and therefore intrinsic motivation. Thus the aim of this study is to evaluate students’ motivation under the circumstances of critical education method. For this purpose, a number of graduate students of Islamic Azad University of Gorgan attending the architectural design course (1) were chosen as the sample. In order to eliminate confounding variables to the extent possible Semester was divided in two parts and even subjects was defined in two phase so comparison between two methods of teaching could be practicable. At the end of each part students were tested by Deci & Ryan learning climate questionnaire. Results shows that critical education have a significant impact on intrinsic motivation of the participants.

Nasir al-Molk mosque, which is described in architectural writing resources as a distinct mosque, has become a tourism center in Shiraz for many years and seems to have lost its devotional function. This distinction from the mosques with a more historical dating in Shiraz results in the assumption that the architectural features of this mosque are the reason for this distinction. Characteristics that come with the change or emphasis of common patterns in traditional mosques, and field observations and reviewing the documents of related resources include the lack of elongation of the prayer hall perpendicular to the axis of the qibla, the aberration of the perception of the qibla, the maximum decorations in the space of worship and the likeness to non-Muslim patterns. In order to examine these characteristics that cprayer hallenge the historic originality, it is necessary to refer to non-timely religious criteria, which goes beyond this feature, to ensure the devotional function of the mosque in an optimal way.Research

Hence, the main purpose of this research is to judge and critique the distinctive features of the design of the Nasir al-Molk mosque in Shiraz based on religious criteria.Research

In the present article, using the verses of the Qur’an and narrations, especially those who refer to the construction of Masjid al-Nabi(The prophet’s Mosque) by the prophet (pbuh), as criteria for criticism, the judgment of these four attributes in the mosque of Nasir al-Molk will be considered.

The findings show that the division of the prayer hall into the eastern and western parts, which contradicts the policies of the prayer hall design from the point of view of Islam, as well as the aberration from the axis of the qibla alongside the maximum decorations that damage the experience of the worshipers, and finally use the signs and patterns of imported architecture in the Qajar era prove that the effect of these features is to enhance the mosque’s exhibitive capabilities and, hence, reduce its worshipability.

Learning process is of great importance in architecture courses, especially for the newcomers. The main issue of the present study is achieving an effective instructional pattern for teaching architecture and “Architectural Design Basics” have been considered herein as the case study. The proper patterns of instructing preparatory architectural designing lessons were identified through exploring the various teaching patterns in the area of educational sciences and architecture teaching. Then, changes were made in line with these lessons’ goals to attain a teaching pattern and its specifications based on the intragroup professor-student collaboration (IPSC). The current research has been conducted to investigate this pattern in teaching preparatory architectural designing II and its completion and correction as well as its transformation to an effective instructional method. To do so, use was made of the qualitative research method of grounded theory so that the strong and weak points of this pattern can be better recognized. The study population included the students who had taken the preparatory architectural designing II lessons in two universities in Mazandaran. The reason for selecting this population is the familiarity with the environmental conditions due to the researcher’s history of teaching in them. The information-gathering instruments in this study are observation, questionnaire, and interview. The study results signified the increase in the students’ motivation, meeting the need for the students’ approval and collaboration in this method and its effectiveness on the group activities. Amongst the other advantages obtained as a result of the professor’s presence in the group, the importance of asking for the students’ ideas, the correct task division in the group and more importance of the learning process with respect to the product can be pointed out.

Glare is one important factor affecting the level of visual comfort and the quality of light in the spaces. The purpose of this study is to provide suitable models for optimizing windows in educational building of Iran hot and dry climate. In educational buildings in terms of space performance, glare is a significant issue that can have an impact on education. after determining the model, radiance parameters, climatic data and software validation, critical times of glare were determined at a specified point. Priority of the effect of each parameter was determined by keeping the other parameters constant. Then, using simulation, the combination of different physical parameters of the window in different percentages and dimensions was considered. Physical characteristics used in this study included window-to-wall ratio, shading length, observer position, window visibility, and percentage of colored glass. A total of 4800 different state combinations of parameters were obtained. The results show that only when the window-to-wall ratio is 30% by the variation of other factors, glare is unperceptible. Therefore, the change in the physical components of the window alone does not have the proper function of preventing glare in space. One of the proper solutions in this field is the use of lightshelves. By removing the colored glass component and adding two variables, length of lightshelves and distance to the top edge of the window, 6000 different state of composition were obtained. Using this technique at window-to-wall ratios of less than 60 percent, glare will be unperceptible.

It is generally well-known and understood that daylight and view help to create healthy, comfortable, and productive work environments for building occupants. Human can obtain many benefits associated with daylight and view, which are one of the most important reasons to provide sufficient amount of daylight and view in buildings. The perceived value of views through daylight openings such as windows has persisted throughout time. Windows have great perceived and observable commercial value in buildings. Nevertheless, providing daylight and view in buildings should be done in a way that is acceptable to the occupants, so that a balance between energy savings and thermal/visual comfort can be achieved. There is still risk of having low level of comfort perceived by the occupants, particularly in the form of discomfort glare, which can significantly reduce energy savings. Discomfort glare occurs when the eyes have adjusted to a certain general level of brightness, and some annoying, distracting, or blinding light appears within the visual field. Glare can be described in one of three main ways: according to the process that created the glare, according to an individual's perceived degree of glare intensity, and according to the results of the glare. Although the topic of discomfort glare is an important issue in daylight buildings; however, a consensus on the glare indices and their criteria is hard to achieve, since any measured objective values must show a significant correlation with perception of the space occupants. Applicability of the criteria for each glare indices is yet to be determined, considering various demographic and cultural differences and preferences. Many researches are done in laboratory conditions or controlled environments and have not been repeated in field studies. Glare is a subjective phenomenon and many factors can affect its perception. Occupant-based factors can influence individuals’ glare perception. There is little consensus between different studies in varied space types and climates. This research aims to determine the appropriate criteria for discomfort glare in Iran, using high dynamic range (HDR) imaging technique and post-occupancy evaluation. The objectives are to find correlations between various physical variables and glare indices and to obtain the comfort criteria for day-lighting glare in Iran. This paper provides recommendations to determine discomfort glare in daylight space based on high dynamic range image and questionnaire in Iran and compares five different glare indices. Many existing glare indices including DGP (Daylight Glare Probability), DGI (Daylight Glare Index), UGR (Unified Glare Rating), VCP (Visual Comfort Probability), and CGI (CIE Glare Index) focus on evaluating perceived degree of glare intensity. For assessing these indices, a questionnaire was developed and by reviewing the HDR results and the questionnaire, it was determined which criteria is more applicable under different circumstances. It is found that DGP yields the most plausible results. UGR has the highest rate for assessing perceptible glare, DGI has acceptable accuracy for assessing imperceptible glare and the best performance of CGI is in intolerable glare scenes. VCP has the least degree of accuracy in each stage. Thus, VCP is not suitable for use in calculations of daylight glare.

This interdisciplinary article is conducted to investigate the effects of the three (four???) components of color, illumination, type, and texture of environmental materials on people with dementia of Alzheimer's type with a neuropsychological approach. The aim of this article is to respond to the environmental needs of these patients to reduce cognitive impairment, behavioral disorders and improve their daily living activities. is conducted by inductive qualitative content analysis method based on narrative review from 1970 to 2017. Down and Black checklist for quality assessment is used to include interventional research. while color and illumination are classified into four categories, type and texture of environmental materials are categorized into two groups. cross-case analysis and comparative analysis showed that type, color, temperature, and illumination have non-pharmacological treatment on people with dementia and Alzheimer disease. Also, type and texture of environmental materials have an important role in their desired and / or undesirable mental and visual perception, rather than on their physiological state. The synergistic effect of color, illumination, type and texture of environmental materials can enhance the semantic environmental perception for people with dementia and Alzheimer's.

Creating a learning environment rich in social relationships in which peer interaction and collective learning can be developed is the core of the studio-based education for teaching architectural design. The social dimensions of the studio and the opportunities it provides for collaboration and participation serve as a stimulus for learning, and it is the culture of the studio that means sustainability to students. One of the interactive teaching methods that seems to be in line with the multiplicity of today's world and the different nature of architecture and the workshop education system is the critical pedagogy method invented by the Brazilian thinker Paolo Freire. Freire considers the main purpose of education to be the development of creative and critical human beings who look critically at all the thoughts, ideas and values ​​in society, as well as the actions of individuals and the way they deal with various events and happenings to find their roots. Freire's model in critical education mostly includes critical dialogue in which students (whole class) present their views and review evaluations and critiques. Participate in evaluating the thoughts of others and together with them, by combining views and examining arguments, take a more accurate and comprehensive approach to the issue and discover effective solutions. Therefore, it can be inferred that the critical education methodwith its special characteristics has the potential to improve the quality of architectural design classes. The aim of this study is to illustrate the procedure of applying critical pedagogy in Iran higher education context –architecture discipline- to identify challenges and improve the method in the selected environment.

The qualitative method (interpretation) was selected as research method and content analysis was performed on the collected data. 24 postgraduate architecture students were selected as the sample, and by using a bipartite subject, comparison between two methods (traditional and critical) become possible. To verify and extend the model, the experiment was repeated next year with 22 different students.

The results indicated that the effects of critical pedagogy have been perceived by students in eight categories: (1) improving intrinsic motivation (2) improving social skills, oral skills and self-confidence, (3) improving the speed and quality of development process of architectural ideas, (4) creating diversity and cheerfulness, (5) reducing stress and anxiety, (6) waste of time and vain discussions, (7) educational marginalization, and (8) self-censorship. The first 5 categories are positive feedbacks and the other three are negative feedbacks considered as challenges of applying critical pedagogy. At the end, some strategies are purposed to overcome these challenges and improve the quality of the classes.

Some solutions to overcome the challenges are suggested including: students choosing an external reality topic, phasing group corrections, continuing the method to institutionalize it, changing students' view of the teacher as the source of information or the professor as a superior and miraculous person and change the view and reduce students' distrust of themselves. Characteristics for the critical teacher are also mentioned, such as humility, humor, high capacity of the teacher against laughter and jokes, great patience of the teacher in the face of useless discussions, and familiarity of the critical teacher with theories of psychology and psychoanalysis. 

AbstractGenerally, design thinking has been defined as an analytic and creative process so that it provides opportunities for experience, creation, receiving comments, and redesigning. Design thinking is linked to the fields such as architecture, designing and art and is also discussed in many disciplines. Among various proposed paradigms, emphasizing on the academic-educational aspect and as one of its defined subcategories, designerly thinking is taken into account as a method based on reasoning which is related to teaching architecture. Due to the complex nature of both teaching and design thinking, their relation includes different delicacies. Although some studies have been conducted on design thinking as a type of thinking, its consideration, inclusion and presence in teaching architecture have not yet been mentioned completely and clearly. The present paper aims at defining the contribution of design thinking in the mentioned descipline through dividing conventional and situation-based thinking, and teaching introductory courses of architecture designing as the basic designing courses. To reach this aim, inference and content analysis of the results of the studies conducted on design thinking, teaching architecture designing to have a better perception of the characteristics, process, and differences between the novices and connoisseurs together with using successful experiences are all necessary things in this discipline. By applying content analysis method (coding process and defining the principal categories) and deductive reasoning, we analyzed the authoritative studies and in order to consider indigenous education and to enjoy the teacher’s opinions, the teachers and scholars’ responses in this regard were analyzed in the completion of the research data. The results of the procedure were explained in three categories: knowledge development, type of statement of the problem and teaching how to reflect (in three branches of self-observance, self-monitoring and self-assessment). Implementation of each category is explained in eight stages and then, the strategies were evaluated by designing a quasi-experimental study between the test and control groups from the students studying at the third semester of bachelor’s degree in the field of architecture. The results are presented in form of three groups including the main strategy, educational designing and monitoring of teaching and assessment for teaching basic designing courses which are significant to the researchers in the fields of teaching, architecture and design thinking.

Understanding architectural heritage and their various aspects have always been a subject of focus for the international conservation communities. Within the recent decades, eventhough the place-names are part of the living history as well as cultural heritage, they have still constantly been facing quick precipitant changes. As such, in the Conservation literature, most studies have skipped addressing this phenomenon other than through a historic-geographical approach; thus, neglecting the specific character of place-names in the context of Architecture and not analyzed with a conservational approach apt for revisiting their cultural significance and dynamism. Since any change regarding the places’ names is a form of change in the totality of the object named, this study will attempt to firstly discuss the propriety and necessity of regarding place-names through the perspective of Conservation, and eventually provide a theoretical approach to understand them in the light of a new holistic approach in which a place-name can be depicted with a spatial aspect. With this objectiv, we will evaluate the definitions of a “name” and a “place” and an architectural edifice in its place, where the following questions of “what the resemblance between the character of a name and that of a place is” and “how these characters relate to the memory of place” could be addressed.
In this regard, by exploring the toponymical resources and those references related to the phenomenology of place, along with few place-name examples, the character of name and place will be represented in relation to life, events, and the associated meanings to them. At last, the results will be demonstrated in a comparative format between the current historical and the proposed holistic approach, within a few major principles as a new way to re-reading of the place-names. This comparative paradigm, that is, the explanation of a new conservational approach to the place-names, can be viewed as providing a theoretical context to view the names of historic sites and architectural edifices as intangible forms for the “places of cultural significance” and not just as historical-linguistic aspects to naming a location. Moreover, these deductions also provide a concrete foundation as to why a place-name must be seen in the light of contemporary conservation discourses, seen to be also focusing on the name character as an intangible form of place, and on the dynamics of names’ association to the objects of architecture over time.