fariba mohammadi

Vision plays a crucial role in human movement and posture control. Impaired vision can lead to significant challenges in maintaining balance and postural stability among visually impaired individuals. Various approaches have been explored to address these challenges.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of an eight-week Pilates program on posture control, fall risk, and proprioception of the knee and ankle joints in non-athlete, visually impaired female students.

A total of 22 visually impaired, non-athlete female students from Tehran voluntarily participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 12) or a control group (n = 10). The experimental group completed an eight-week Pilates program (three one-hour sessions per week), while the control group maintained their regular daily activities. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included posture control and fall risk, measured using the Biodex Stability System, as well as proprioception (position sense and kinesthesia) of the knee and ankle joints, measured with a Biodex Dynamometer. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA.

The Pilates intervention significantly improved knee position sense at 20° and 45° (P ≤ 0.05), although no significant changes were observed at 60° (P > 0.05). A significant improvement was also noted in knee kinesthesia between the two groups (P ≤ 0.05). However, no significant differences were found in the ankle position sense during dorsiflexion or plantarflexion (P > 0.05). Regarding posture control, significant improvements were observed in overall balance and anteroposterior balance in the Pilates group compared to the control group (P ≤ 0.05), while no significant differences were noted in mediolateral balance (P > 0.05). The fall risk index also showed significant improvements in the Pilates group (P ≤ 0.05).

The eight-week Pilates program positively affected posture control, reduced fall risk, and improved knee proprioception in visually impaired female students. These findings suggest that Pilates could be an effective addition to exercise programs aimed at enhancing functional performance and reducing injury risk in visually impaired individuals.

In this research, phase change materials (PCMs) have been examined as innovative tools for temperature control in thermal systems. These materials, operating intelligently without the need for mechanical equipment, undergo phase transitions naturally, adapting to environmental fluctuations and thereby enhancing energy efficiency in thermal systems. The study delves into the investigation and classification of the characteristics of these materials, along with their applications in various building components such as walls, windows, bricks, artificial stones, ceilings, and floors. The obtained results from the use of these materials indicate their potential as a novel solution for optimizing energy consumption in buildings. For instance, incorporating PCMs in walls leads to a reduction in thermal energy consumption, and utilizing nano-insulation in windows decreases the need for heating and cooling systems, providing users with greater independence from these facilities. Furthermore, the effect of PCMs in stones contributes to thermal stability, and in bricks, it significantly diminishes greenhouse gas emissions. Overall, the integration of PCMs in building floors enhances thermal storage capacity. These findings underscore the practical utility of PCM as an effective solution for improving the energy efficiency of buildings.

This study aims to examine the effects of social media marketing activities (SMMAs) on purchase intention (PI), with the mediating roles of brand awareness (BA) and consumer motivation (CM). Data from 379 participants who used social media were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results revealed that SMMAs had a significant positive effect on BA, CM, and PI. The effect of CM on PI was also significant. However, the effect of BA on PI was not statistically significant. In addition, CM had a mediating role in the relationship between SMMAs and PI, but BA did not mediate the relationship between SMMAs and PI. This research indicates that marketing managers should acknowledge the main characteristics of online consumers and customize their content to meet customers’ specific needs. The results of this study may be utilized in the development of SMMA strategies.

 Vision provides 80% of human sensory perception. Hence, loss of the visual sense can cause severe motor problems.

 The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the total score of functional movement screening test (FMSTM) and its components in three groups B1, B2 and B3 in female athletes who are visually impaired.

 Seventy-three female athletes with visual acuity at different levels of blindness (B1, B2 and B3) were selected as participants. Functional movement were measured by FMS tests including deep squat, hurdle step, in-line lunge, shoulder mobility, active straight leg raise, trunk stability push-up, and rotary stability. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22, using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests at a significant level of P ≤ 0.05.

 The finding showed that the quality of performing functional movements declined with blindness acuity, but it was not significant statistically in total score of functional movement screen (FMS) test between groups. However, there was a significant difference between B1 with B2 group only at the inline lunge.

 Therefore, coaches are recommended to include FMSTM in the programs for screening, pre-participation, and assessments of athletes with visual impairments to improve functional movements.

An essential factor for developing talents in Para-sports is having an optimal environment. To provide such an environment, attaining a thorough understanding of the environment in which the elite athletes have been nurtured is essential. Therefore, the purpose was examining the talent development environment of Iran’s blind football from the perspective of the players.

This study was a descriptive-survey study with practical results. The statistical sample composed of 12 B1 players invited to the camps of Iran’s national blind football team. The talent development environment questionnaire (Persian version) was used for collecting data. Friedman test was used to prioritize the factors of the questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS, 23.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the factors of talent development environment in blind football (Chi-square = 48.122, d.f = 5, P=0.001). According to the results, the "Communication” factor (5.79) was ranked at first, followed respectively by “Long-Term Development Focus” (4.79), “Quality Preparation” (3.38), “Challenging and Supportive Environment” (2.79), “Long-Term Development Fundamental” (2.21), and “Support Network” (2.04).

In general, the factors of the talent development environment in Iran's blind football were perceived by the players to be at average and good levels. However, some of the items were perceived by the players to be below the average, which are needed to be improved in order to increase the quality of the talent development environment in blind football in Iran. Key words: 5-a-side Football, Footballer, Paralympic Games, Talent Identification.

Comparing different approaches in psychology for greater effectiveness is one of the most interesting issues among researchers. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of relationship enrichment program based on cognitive behavioral therapy and emotional couple therapy on intimacy and compatibility in couples involved in domestic violence.

Methods and Materials:

 The experimental research method is a multi-group pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of women involved in domestic violence between the ages of 20 and 40 was in the 7th district of Tehran in 1401. Sampling method available and 60 people were selected as a sample and randomly divided into two groups of 20 people for testing and 20 people for control. For the experimental group, relationship enrichment intervention training based on cognitive behavioral therapy and emotion-oriented therapy training was held, and the control group had their normal daily schedule. The data were collected using a marital compatibility and intimacy questionnaire. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of covariance using SPSS.

The results of the present study showed that cognitive behavioral therapy and emotional therapy have a significant effect on marital intimacy and adjustment in couples involved in domestic violence (p<0.05), but the results for the difference in the effect of the method Treatment was not significant.

it can be concluded that enriching relationships based on cognitive behavioral therapy, emotional therapy on marital intimacy and compatibility in couples is effective.

Postural abnormalities, such as forward head posture (FHP), posterior kyphosis, and lumbar lordosis, can lead to discomfort and health problems. This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of these abnormalities and their association with age, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity among male students of Tehran universities.

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 students of Tehran University of Medical Science to evaluate the relationship between postural abnormalities and associated factors. Participants’ demographic data and physical activity levels were collected using questionnaires, and spinal curvature was assessed using a spinal mouse device and photogrammetry. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software, version 22, and a Pearson correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between variables.

The study revealed a high prevalence of postural abnormalities, with FHP being the most prevalent (84.5%), followed by lumbar lordosis (79.8%), and posterior kyphosis (34.7%). Factors, such as age, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and physical activity were significantly associated with the occurrence of postural abnormalities.

A study on male university students showed that FHP, posterior kyphosis, and lordosis are common postural abnormalities with varying degrees of occurrence. FHP was the most prevalent type of abnormality. Age and BMI were correlated with the prevalence of postural abnormalities, and kyphosis was more common among younger students. BMI was also significantly related to the prevalence of postural abnormalities, and physical activity was associated with the prevalence of FHP.

Having an additional impairment similar to Down Syndrome (DS) might increase defects in motor development in people with intellectual impairments (II) and, therefore, affect their physical fitness and body composition. Thus, this study compared the physical fitness and body composition of people with II who did not have additional impairments with those who had additional impairment.

This cross-sectional study included N= 272 young people with II, aged 18 to 30 (19.67 ± 2.66 years). According to Wechsler Intelligence Test, their IQ was in the range of 55 to 70. Participants were allocated purposefully to three different II groups, including II without additional disabilities (n= 90), II with DS (n= 89), and II with other disabilities such as Cerebral Palsy (CP), ADHD, Hydrocephaly, Microcephaly, Speech Disorders, or Behavioral Disorders (n= 93). Eurofit Battery Tests assessed physical fitness, and body composition was measured by Biospace (In Body 230).

The results of one-way ANOVA showed significant differences in all physical fitness factors among the three groups (P ≤ 0.05), except for the endurance of abdominal muscles (P= 0.463). There were significant differences in BMI, body fat percentage, and body fat mass among the three II groups (P≤0.05), but not in skeletal muscle mass nor in the waist to hip ratio (WHR) among groups (P>0.05).

People with II who also have DS have the lowest physical fitness and exhibit a weaker body composition than their peers with other impairments or without additional impairment. Improving and maintaining physical fitness have to become a critical part of care and support for these people.

Bladder cancer is one of the most common genitourinary cancers with significant mortality. Finding reliable tumor markers and potential drug targets can improve early diagnosis, prognosis, and more effective therapeutic protocols. Previous studies have reported the involvement of the substance P (SP)/neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) system in cancers. The potential prognostic role and the interaction of SP and NK-1R in bladder tumor are yet to be elucidated.

Serum samples from 22 primarily diagnosed patients with bladder cancer as well as 22 healthy controls were examined for SP level using ELISA method. Tissue distribution of NK-1R in tumor samples and their adjacent normal tissues was evaluated through immunohistochemistry.esults: Serum SP levels in patients with bladder cancer were higher than the healthy group (p< 0.001) and had a significant correlation with NK-1R staining intensity (p< 0.001), percentage of stained cells (p< 0.001), and NK-1R tissue distribution. Also, the immunoreactivity of NK-1R in cancer samples increased significantly without correlation with tumor characteristics. However, no significant association was found between SP and NK-1R levels with clinical characteristics including tumor size (p= 0.33), tumor stage (p= 0.29), grade (p= 0.93), NK-1R staining intensity (p= 0.53), and percentage of stained cells (p= 0.32).

According to our findings, despite the lack of association between SP and NK-1R with clinical characteristics of bladder cancer, their serum levels were higher in patients with bladder cancer. Further studies are needed to confirm the potential prognostic role of SP and NK-1R in bladder cancer.

Sports psychology literature shows that motivation is essential in individual and team sports. This study compares sports motivation and Social Physique Anxiety (SPA)between blind and visually impaired elite athletes in individual and team sports.

The study is comparative in terms of design. The population was Iranian professional blind and visually impaired athletes in 2021. The sample includes N=110, n=35 in team sports (football and Goalball) and n=75 in individual sports (swimming, chess, wrestling, athletics), selected by convenience sampling method. The research tool was Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-18) and Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS). Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t-test and analysis of variance) are used to analyze the data with SPSS 24.

The results show a significant difference between the stimulating experience of athletes in individual and group sports in sports motivation components (P<0.05), and no significant difference is observed for other research variables (P>0.05). Also, the analysis of variance showed no significant difference between the elite athletes in individual and team sports in terms of sports motivation (P = 0.982) and SPA (P = 0.937).

It is suggested that the factors affecting the motivation of sports participation of blind athletes in other sports should be examined. We need to focus more on programs that reduce SPA in blind and visually impaired athletes.

.Spinal cord injuries are one of the most serious physical injuries. People with spinal cord injury generally suffer from one or more types of pain. Neuropathic pain is the most common of these and can lead to functional impairment as it is associated with loss of mobility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of reflexology massage and virtual reality on improving the function of paraplegics. The sample of this study consisted of Athletic men paraplegics who are members of the Veterans and Disabled Board of Tehran Province. Forty-five paraplegic athletes were randomly divided into three groups of control, virtual reality and reflexology, using the letters of the alphabet in the medical record. The two experimental groups performed three sessions of intervention per week for 6 weeks and the control group did not receive any intervention. Performance-related shoulder girdle strength and range of motion were evaluated by Mobe MMT dynamometer and Mobee Electrogonometer, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software at a significance level of 0.05. The results of statistical tests showed that the strength and range of motion of the shoulder girdle In different movements of Outward rotation, inward rotation,extention and flexion after selecting 6 weeks of training according to available research, intervention in both massage and virtual reality groups increased. (P=0/003, P=0/001, P=0/02, P=0/003). The increase in strength and range of motion According to the means of change was also more significant in the virtual reality group. The results showed that the application of reflexology massage as well as the virtual reality system was effective in improving the range of motion and strength of the shoulder girdle in people with paraplegia; therefore, people with paraplegia and the educators and nurses who work with them can use the benefits of these interventions to improve their performance.

According to Van de Vliet (2012), the importance of psychological aspects of sport for athletes with disability are the same as its medical aspects. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the psycho-social challenges of Iranian Paralympic athletes, using a qualitative phenomenological study. In so doing, 60 paralympic athletes (40 male and 20 female) who were selected through purposeful sampling were included in the study. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed through thematic analysis. After preliminary processes, Paralympians’ challenges were categorized in two themes: psycho-social challenges (communicational, Family and financial issues) and psychological challenges (sport anxiety, concentration, depression, Sleep problems, ADHD, PTSD), each category covers several codes. paralympic athletes reported that they experienced considerable emotional highs and lows in Professional sports atmosphere. They showed how psychological functioning included protection of self, combining life with elite sport and functional relationships. The importance of conceptualizing paralympians’ challenges is reflected in the identification of different issues and problems. Recognizing and understanding the kinds of challenges that paralympians’ experience may help design the services required to support the athletes through this elite sporting experience.

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common form of malignancy in white populations. It has been hypothesized that dietary factors may play a role in BCC development. In this study, serum levels of folic acid and vitamin B12 were evaluated in patients with BCC to investigate the potential role of these vitamins in BCC development. Forty-five BCC patients and 45 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Patients with a history of radiotherapy in the affected area were excluded. All participants completed a questionnaire including demographic characteristics, and blood samples were taken to evaluate serum levels of folic acid and vitamin B12. There were no significant differences in serum levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid between healthy controls and BCC patients. Serum levels of vitamin B12 were significantly higher in female patients than male patients. It seems that BCC is not related to serum levels of vitamin B12 and folic acid; however, this issue should be studied with larger sample sizes.

  During last two decades, researchers have become more interested in psychological development of para-athletes. In fact, psycho-social benefits of para sport are apparent in psychosocial development of para-athletes that needs further consideration.

The objective of this study was to study psychological characteristics of Iranian para-athletes.
 

 A number of 60 purposefully selected Paralympic and Para-Asian athletes (40 males and 20 females) participated in a quasi-structured interview; data were analysed thematically.

 After preliminary processes, para-athletes’ psychological characteristics were categorized in four groups: Athletic identity, mental skills, virtuous relationships, and needs for consultation; each category covers several codes.

Findings are discussed in relation to their significance in para-athlete’s mental health, well-being, and performance. Using psychological characteristics of para-athletes as models to train younger athletes and employing a comprehensive approach to train sport psychologist are suggested.

The current study aimed to investigate that whether young people with mild intellectual impairments (II) having various levels of IQ have different physical fitness and body composition. Moreover, this study aims to answer this question that is there any association among IQ level, Body Mass Index, and physical fitness factors? A number of 1200 students from all Tehran’s special high schools were screened, and finally, 355 of them with mean age 24.6 ± 3.0 years, height 173.5 ± 6.8 cm, weight 78.6 ± 8.5 kg, and body mass index (BMI) 23.3 ± 2.8 kg/m2 were chosen to be included in the study based on including criteria. All participants had a mild II with the IQ range of 50 to 75 based on the Wechsler Intelligence Test. Participants' physical fitness was assessed by Eurofit special battery test. Body composition evaluation measured by Body Composition Scale. The results showed that there were significant differences in most physical fitness factors between males and females, except in dynamic balance and flexibility (P ≤ 0.05). There was a significant association between IQ levels with all physical fitness factors (P ≤ 0.05) except for flexibility. Different IQ levels were associated with physical fitness factors, so that II students with low IQ had lower physical fitness than those who had higher IQ. Practitioners should consider these differences when working with II people of different gender and different level of IQ.

In continuation of our efforts on the synthesis of diaryl disulfide compounds using coupling reactions and try to finding efficient, simple, and general methods for the direct synthesis of C-X (S, Se, Te)  bonds,  In this work,  for the first time a transition-metal-free synthesis of diaryl dichalcogenides has been reported. Potassium t-Butoxide can efficiently promote the coupling reaction of aryl halides (and-OTS) with elemental S, Se, and Te powder in DMSO without the aid of transition metal catalysts. Under the optimal conditions, a series of symmetrical diaryldisulfide, diaryldiselenide, and diarylditelluride were obtained in good to excellent yield.

The increasing number of pregnant women being diagnosed as having gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and  lead health care providers to develop reliable screening protocols and know the exact worldwide epidemiology of the disease. This study seeks to obtain data that will help to improve the epidemiologic knowledge about this disease.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 953 pregnant women seeking routine prenatal screening tests. Participants participate with using Carpenter-Coustan criteria in the study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software.

Results and Conclusions:

Among 953 pregnant women , 38 participants (4%) were detected to have GDM . Fifty percent of patients in the study were overweight .The data showed a significant difference in the mean age between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups. The high prevalence of GDM in young Iranian pregnant women may emphasize the need for early diagnosis and treatment to avoid adverse outcomes associated with GDM.

The shoulder joints of Wheelchair basketball athletes are subjected to a lot of pressure and injuries due to overhead throwing movements, repetitive activities, wheelchair propulsion and body weight-bearing, which can lead to a decrease in proprioception.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of Thera-band exercise program on the proprioception of the shoulder joint for the elite male in wheelchair basketball athletes.

14 athletes (8 intervention group, 6 control group) participated in this study from two clubs in Tehran province. The teams were divided into intervention and control groups. Initially, the proprioception of internal and external rotation of dominant shoulder was measured using isokinetic Biodex system 4 by two methods of joint position sense (JPS) and threshold to detect movement (TTDM). Then the intervention group performed a shoulder injury prevention program with a Thera-band for eight weeks, and at the end, both groups were tested again by isokinetic Biodex system 4.

The results of this study showed that this training program increases the proprioception of internal and external rotation of dominant shoulder (P <0.05).

The findings of this study suggest that the shoulder injury prevention training program by using Thera-band has been effective on proprioception of internal and external rotations of the wheelchair basketball athletes' shoulders. Therefore, to wheelchair basketball coaches and athletes and athletes of other sports and non-athlete wheelchairs are recommended to perform this exercise program to improve the proprioception of the shoulder muscles.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of core stability training on the functional movement screen (FMS) test scores in elite goalball players. 

The study sample included 26 elite goalball players. The players were randomized into the two groups of experimental (n=13) and control (n=13). Besides, FMS was used to evaluate the study variables in both groups, before and after the eight weeks of training. After the pretest, the experimental group performed the core stability training using a Swiss ball, three days a week for eight weeks; the control group did the usual training. Then, the analysis of covariance at the significant level of 0.05 was used to analyze the obtained data. 

The results showed a significant difference in the adjusted mean scores of the FMS test between the experimental and control groups (P=0.021). 

The positive effect of core stability training on the FMS test scores of the motor function in goalball players emphasizes the effectiveness of this training in core stability muscles. Therefore, it is suggested to use core stability training combined with exercises as an effective way to improve movement patterns and prevent injury in goalball players.

Several tests have been proposed as injury predictor inventories in various sports; however, it is important to recognize which test is more appropriate to predict the injuries of a particular sport. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between selected functional tests and lower limb injuries in elite male wushu athletes.

In total, 40 wushu player were recruited from the national league (Mean±SD age: 25.1±4.9 y, weight: 67.3±7.7 kg, height: 175.3±4.7 cm). Functional Movement Screening (FMS), Tuck jump, single and double leg squats, Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), and Stork balance tests were performed in this research. All of the study variables were measured before the national competition, and after the competition, the rate of the injuries were assessed. The correlation between them was evaluated, subsequently. Descriptive data were used to describe the collected results. Besides, multivariate linear regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between the study variables.

Multivariate linear regression analysis data suggested that LESS, stroke balance test, single-leg squat, and SEBT failed to predict lower extremities injuries; however, Tuck jump, FMS, and double leg squat could predict lower extremities injuries.

Based on the collected results, among the studied tests, trainers and researchers are suggested to employ the Tuck jump, FMS, and double leg squat tests to predict injuries in wushu male players; this test can also be used to prevent injuries in players.

The growing popularity of media devices such as smartphones and computers has made humankind to acquire forward head posture increasingly. This study aimed to compare static and dynamic postural stability between people with and without forward head posture.

15 male students with normal posture (24±4 years, 173±6 cm and 70±6 kg) and 15 male students with forward head posture (25±3 years, 178±7 cm and 68±5 kg) were selected purposefully according to the Cranio-vertebral angle. Biodex Stability System was evaluated used to measure Static and dynamic postural stability. 

The results showed a significant difference between the two groups in dynamic postural stability in both open and closed eyes conditions(P<0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed in static postural stability in both open and closed eyes conditions (P>0.05). 

Individuals with forward head posture performed weaker in dynamic postural stability than normal ones, as a result, forward head posture is considered as one of the factors disturbing dynamic postural stability.

Tachykinins (TKs) are a family of neuropeptides widely distributed in the human body, especially in the nervous system. TKs have exhibited both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative properties in the central nervous system (CNS) and spinal cord. Also, several studies have shown that substance P (SP), as a pioneering neuropeptide of the TK family, is engaged in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), such as Alzheimer disease, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, a huge body of information available about the level of SP in NDs demonstrates that SP and its receptors might be prognostic or diagnostic factors for NDs. The present review article summarizes the roles of TKs in common neurodegenerative disorders.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship betweenpersonality traits and high-risk driving behaviors and attitudes towardobservance of traffic rules in intra- city drivers of Marand city. The presentstudy is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive in type of correlation interms of quantitative methods of data collection. The statistical population ofthe present study consisted of all intra-city drivers in Marand city, whose theirnumber was 700 according to the statistics announced by the Marand citytraffic center. The statistical sample of the present study was 250 intra-citydrivers in Marand city, which was obtained using Morgan table and clustersampling method. The Neo Five personality factor questionnaire has beenused to measure personality traits, the Manchester questionnaire to measurehigh-risk behaviors variable, and Zarabadi questionnaire based on the theory ofprogrammatic behavior of Fransis, Ecsel, Johnston, Walker, Grishmao, andFoy to measure attitudes toward traffic rules. The results showed that there is asignificant relationship between the personality traits of neuroticism andextraversion with all the components of high-risk driving behaviors (slippingin driving, driving errors, intentional and unintentional violations) (p˂0/05),but there is no significant relationship between openness and driving errors andintentional and unintentional violations (p˂0/05). Also, social acceptance hasno relationship with unintentional violations (p˂0/05). Among the componentsof personality traits, neuroticism is a significant relationship with beingconscientious with a mental norm of the components of attitudes toward trafficrules (p˂0/05) and extroversion is a relationship with attitudes toward trafficrules. There is no significant relationship between extraversion, openness andsocial acceptance with any of the components of attitudes toward traffic rules

Since walking and other tasks are simultaneously among the most common human activities, and considering the fact that that a large part of the elderly falls are during two tasks, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of walking speed and cognitive load on gait stability in the elderly.

A total of 10 healthy volunteer elderly (5 males and 5 females) without a history of falls took part in the study. They were asked to perform 3 walking trails on a treadmill, including walking at 3 paces (preferred, fast, and slow) with/without cognitive load. Cognitive task was performed by subtracting 3's from a random three digit number. The gait-stability ratio (GSR) was calculated for each of the above conditions. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the mean differences at the significance level of 0.05.

The findings showed that the cognitive performance score decreases with increasing speed and at faster speeds, compared with speed with cognitive load, GSR was found to be higher (p<0.01).

The results showed that the elderly, through different walking strategies, especially the shorter phase, provide more dual support while walking, so that they will fall less with increasing steadiness.

The main purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between mental health and high-risk driving behaviors and attitudes towards traffic rules in the inner city drivers of Marand city. In terms of purpose, the present study is an application that has been performed in a descriptive-correlational manner. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all intra-city drivers of Marand city with 2400 people and the sample size was determined using Morgan table and sampling method of 250 people. To collect the data, the Kiesz Five Mental Health Questionnaire (2002), the Manchester Driving Behavior Scale and the Zarabadi Questionnaire (2011) were used. There is a negative and significant relationship between emotional well-being and high-risk behaviors, intentional violations and unintentional violations. There is no significant relationship between mental well-being and high-risk behaviors, intentional violations and unintentional violations, but there is a negative and significant relationship between mental well-being of mental health components and intentional and unintentional violations of high-risk driving behaviors. There is a negative and significant relationship between social well-being and high-risk behaviors, intentional violations and unintentional violations, but there is no significant relationship between social well-being from mental health components and driving errors from high-risk driving behaviors. There is no significant relationship between emotional well-being and attitude variables, perceived behavioral control and intention to comply with the rules, but there is a significant relationship between emotional well-being of mental health components and mental norm of attitudes toward traffic rules. has it. There is no significant relationship between mental well-being and attitude variables, perceived behavioral control and intention to follow the rules, but there is a significant relationship between mental well-being from the components of mental health and mental norm from the components of attitude towards traffic rules. has it. There is no significant relationship between social well-being and attitude variables, perceived behavioral control, and intention to follow the rules.