فهرست مطالب farrin babaei

Food restriction (FR) affects on depression and anxiety behavior. Previous studies have pointed to the role of sulpiride in the treatment of depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of dopaminergic system and food restriction on depression and anxiety. Forty two adult male Wistar rats (180-220g) were divided into 7 groups including: control, sham, 25%, 50%, 75% FR, 75% FR with sulpiride and sulpiride(50µg/rat). The treatment period was 21 days. Day 19 surgery and cannulation was performed and Sulpiride was injected intracrebroventricularly (icv) on the 21st day. Depression and anxiety tests (Tail suspension test and Elevated Plus Maze), was taken from the rats on the 21st day. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test.  Ethical points were observed according to the declaration of Helsinki and acts of Bioethics Committee at Urmia University (Ref No: AECVU-180-2018). Mobility time in FR groups and sulpiride compared to control and in 75% with sulpiride compared to 75% had significant increase. immobility time in FR and sulpiride had significant decrease compared to control. Open arm entry in 75% FR had significantly decreased compared to control and in 75% FR with sulpiride had significantly increased compared to 75%. Open arm spend time in 75% FR with sulpiride had significant increase compared to 75%. Motor activity was reduced in FR groups and injection sulpiride. It seems that sulpride and FR play a role in improving
semi-depression circumstances. Sulpiride also play a role in controlling the anxiety behavior induced by FR.

Parkinson is the most common degenerative disorder of central nervous system. Liver plays an important role in the metabolism of chemical drugs; synthesis of plasma proteins, and extensive use of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson disease. This study aimed to find the effect of levodopa and hydroalcoholic extract of purslane on the concentration of liver enzymes.
In this experimental study, 36 mature male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of control, sham, parkinsonian, 2 groups of parkinsonian under treatment with purslane extract at the doses of 200 and 400mg/kg (14 days before and after surgery), and parkinsonian group treated with 15mg/kg of levodopa. The primary model of Parkinson's disease was created with the injection of 250 μg of 6-OHDA into the right ventricle. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were taken from all subjects and liver enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were assessed in serum and catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) enzymes, were assessed in liver tissue homogenate. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's tests. Statistical significance level was considered to be p In this study, the levels of ALT, ALP, and AST enzymes increased in the Parkinsonian group, while their level decreased in the groups received the extract and the levodopa groups. Also the extract of purslane significantly increased CAT activity and significantly decreased MDA as compared to the parkinsonian group.
It seems that purslane due to high level of antioxidant compounds can be used as a natural product for the prevention of damages and diseases caused by oxidative stress.

Oxidative stress causes damage in processes, such as learning and memory through affecting the nervous system. Also, using chemical drugs for treatment of stress-induced depression is often associated with attenuation of memory. In the present study, the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Noroozak (Salvia leriifolia) root as an antioxidant along with antidepressant drug, fluvoxamine, were investigated on the spatial memory of male rats under immobilization stress.
In this experimental study, 25 adult male rats (mean weight, 170g), were randomly divided into five groups of 5 each. The animals were orally treated with different doses of drug and extract for 21 days. At the end of the treatment period, a radial 8-arm maze was used to investigate the behavioral indices. Also, malondialdehyde and catalase levels in the brain tissue homogenate and glucose and cortisol levels in blood, were measured. Data analysis was carried out using one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey’s test.
Spatial memory in the rats under immobilization stress (sham group) showed a significant decrease as compared to the control group. Administration of extract of Noroozak root improved the spatial memory in the groups receiving extract and extract-drug compared to sham and fluvoxamine groups. Also, the extract of Noroozak root improved the flovoxamine-induced attenuation of memory, increased catalase, and decreased malondialdehyde, glucose, and cortisol in the groups under treatment with extract and extract-drug compared to sham group.
The findings showed that immobilization stress and fluvoxamine administration for the treatment of stress-induced depression resulted in attenuation of spatial memory; while, the extract of Noroozak root improved memory in all groups due to powerful antioxidant property.

Today, use of herbal products for treatment of neurological disorders, including anxiety has become commonplace. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Pistacia atlantica kurdica and fluvoxamine on anxiety-like behavior in male rats under immobilization stress.
In this experimental study, 30 mature male wistar rats weighting 170±30g, were divided into 5 groups of 6 each. To induce immobilization stress in the treatment groups, the restrainer was used, and to assess the anxiety-like behavior, the plus-maze test was used, and administration of extract of pistachio (400mg/kg) and fluvoxamine (120mg/kg) was performed through gavage. At the end, the levels of malondialdehyde and catalase in the brain homogenate as well as corticosterone and glucose in serum samples, were measured.
According to evaluation indices for anxiety-like behavior in mice, the effects of pistachio extract had significant difference compared to stress group. This extract improved the anxiety-like behavior with increasing the time spent in the open arms of the maze in the groups treated with the extract and extract皻 compared to the stress group. Also, the extract increased the catalase and decreased malondialdehyde, glucose, and corticosterone levels in extract and extract皻 treatment groups compared to control group. Increased time spent in the open arms, increased catalase, and decreased malondialdehyde and corticosterone, were observed in the fluvoxamine treated group.
Based on the results of this study, the immobilization stress-induced anxiety-like behavior in animals, decreased by hydroalcoholic extract of pistachio and/or by fluvoxamine in the treatment groups

Nowadays, herbal products often have been used as an alternative or supplement to chemical drugs in the treatment or prevention of psychiatric diseases with low side effects and cost of treatment.
Objevtive: Therefore, in this study we compared the effects of fluvoxamine and hydro-alcoholic extract of Pistacia atlantica kurdika on the immobilization stress-induced depression in male rats.
In this experimental study, 30 adult male Wistar rats with the average weight of 175 g were randomly divided into five groups of six rats in each. Induction of immobilization stress was done using restrainer. In this experiment, the treatment of rats was assigned to 3 weeks with hydroalcoholic extract of pistachio in dose of 400 mg/kg and fluvoxamine drug in dose of 120 mg/kg using oral gavage. Tail suspension test for depression, Malondialdehyde (MDA) level and catalase activity of the homogenized hippocampus tissue, and blood glucose and corticosterone level were measured. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test.
A significant increase was observed in the immobility time, malondialdehyde, corticosterone, blood sugar level, and decrease in the catalase enzyme activity and damage in tissue of hippocampus in the cas group. Whereas, there was a significant decrease in the immobility time and increase in catalase enzyme activity and decline in corticosterone, blood sugar and malondialdehyde and lack of hippocampal tissue damage in the group under pistachio extract treatment. Also, in the group under fluvoxamine treatment alone or concomitant use of drug with pistachio extract, we observed an increase the immobility time, decrease in Malondialdehyde, corticosterone and catalase enzyme activity. In addition, concomitant use of drug with pistachio extract caused a significant decrease in the blood glucose level.
The findings showed that the hydro-alcoholic extract of pistachio or fluvoxamine drug incidentally decrease the immobilization stress-induced depression and improve condition of antioxidant in the hippocampus tissue of the treated groups

Anxiety disorders are among major problems for humanity, often due to imbalance in the activity of brain monoaminergic systems. clinical evidence indicates the possible disorder of Serotonergic neurons in the pathophysiology of anxiety, therefore, in the present study, Fluoxetine and Cyproheptadine drugs were used as modifiers of serotonin levels in the brain, to evaluate the role of Serotonergic system in the development or alleviation of anxiety- like disorders.
This study aims to investigate the role of serotonergic system in anxiety- like behavior changes and thyroid hormones metabolic changes in male rats under immobilization stress.
30 male adult wistar rats, weighing 180±20 g, were randomly divided into five groups of 6. immobilization stress was induced in the rats by limiting polyethylene, and anxiolytic evaluation of the effects of drugs in the treated groups was performed using the elevated plus-maze test. In this study, fluoxetine with concentration of 20 mg/kg and cyproheptadine with concentration of 4 mg/kg were intraperitoneally administered to the animals. at the end of the treatment period, effects of drugs on anxiety like behavior of immobilization stress-induced and thyroid hormones serum levels were measured using an ELISA kit. The data were analyzed at a significance level of p The results of the plus-maze test showed that the percentage of time spent in the open arms in the stress group was significantly decreased, compared with the control group (p The results indicate the improving effects of serotonergic system in the control of anxiety- like behavior and thyroid hormones secretion

stress changes the behaviors due to variation in the central neurotransmitters, especially serotonin. Since, imipramine including effective drugs on brain serotonergic system, this study was aimed to evaluation the role of serotonergic system in behavior response to stress and depression.

This study was conducted on 30 male rats in Institute. Animals were randomly divided into five groups: controls, under immobilization stress, the Imipramine-treated (30mg/kg) group, the Cyproheptadine-treated (4mg/kg) group and the Imipramineପ殢ឩ떧抝treated group. Immobilization stress was induced in rats by limiting. At the end of treatment, the tail suspension test was used to assess the depression-like behavior, lipid peroxidation and catalase activity in the treated groups were studied.

Immobilization stresses were significantly increased immobility time and lipid peroxidation, reduced catalase activity compared to the control groups. Administration of imipramine or cyproheptadine alone was more effective in reducing the immobility time compared to the coadministration of these drugs. Administrations of imipramine or cyproheptadine were non-significantly reduced lipid peroxidation. While administrations of imipramine were significantly increased catalase activity compared to the cyproheptadine groups. Administrations of imipramine or cyproheptadine drugs alone were more effective in reducing oxidative stress factors.

Immobilization stress caused like-depression behavior with the induction oxidative damage, but administration of imipramine or cyproheptadine to improve stress-induced like-depression behavior. According to these drugs, including drugs that affect the serotonergic system, thought to be, these drugs is exert their effects through the serotonergic receptors.

The hormones of hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis have facilitative effects on reproductive behavior in mammals. Ghrelin as a starvation hormone has an inhibitory effect on HPG axis’ function. Hence, it is postulated that ghrelin may reduce the sexual behavior through inhibiting of HPG axis. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of ghrelin and its antagonist, [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6, on sexual behavior and LH beta-subunit gene expression in male rats.
In this experimental study, 128 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups. Each group was further subdivided into eight subgroups (n=8 rats/subgroup) including the animals that received saline, ghrelin (2, 4 or 8 nmol), [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (5 or 10 nmol) or co-administration of ghrelin (4 nmol) and [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (5 or 10 nmol) through the stereotaxically implanted cannula into the third cerebral ventricle. The sexual behavior of male rats encountering with females and the hypophyseal LH beta-subunit gene expression were evaluated at two different groups. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and p Ghrelin injection (4 and 8 nmol) significantly (p Ghrelin decreased the sexual behavior and LH beta-subunit gene expression in male rats, whereas [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 antagonizes these effects.

It is well established that ghrelin has effect on gonadotropin and androgen release through its receptors on hypothalamus, pituitary and gonads. The amount of synthesis and release of these hormones directly affect on reproductive behavior in mammals. Therefore, it is expected that ghrelin can affect sexual behavior of mammals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of intracerebroventricular injection of ghrelin on sexual behavior of male rat. Forty male Wistar rats, weighing 200±20 g, were divided into four groups. The animals received saline or 2, 4 or 8 nmol ghrelin through the stereotaxically implanted cannula into the third cerebral ventricle. The sexual behavior indices of male rats were evaluated encountering with female rats 10 min after injection of the ghrelin or saline. As well as the locomotor activity of male rats was investigated by open-field test. Then the experimental data were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test. Four and 8 nmol injection of ghrelin caused significant increase in the mount (p<0.05), intromission and ejaculation (p< 0.001) latency compared to the control group. Also the 4 and 8 nmol doses of ghrelin led to a significant increase in the number of mount (p<0.05) and a significant decrease in the number of ejaculation (p<0.001) compared to control animals. No significant changes were observed in the number of intromission after ghrelin injection. Comparison of sexual activity index and copulatory efficiency in the studied groups indicated a significant (p<0.05) decrease in reproductive activity of 4 and 8 nmol ghrelin-received animals compared to the control group. As well we observed a significant increase in locomotor activity of 2 nmol (p<0.01) and 4 and 8 nmol (p<0.001) ghrelin-received animals compared to control group. Intracerebroventricular injection of ghrelin suppressed the sexual behavior of male rats dose-dependently, whereas increased the locomotor activity.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of melatonin as an antioxidant on spatial navigation memory in male diabetic rats. Thirty-two male white Wistar rats weighing 200 ± 20 g were divided into four groups, randomly: control, melatonin, diabetic and melatonin-treated diabetic. Experimental diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg kg-1 streptozotocin. Melatonin was injected (10 mg kg-1 day-1, ip) for 2 weeks after 21 days of diabetes induction. At the end of administration period, the spatial navigation memory of rats was evaluated by cross-arm maze. In this study lipid peroxidation levels, glutathione-peroxidase and catalase activities were measured in hippocampus. Diabetes caused to significant decrease in alternation percent in the cross-arm maze, as a spatial memory index, compared to the control group (p < 0.05), whereas administration of melatonin prevented the spatial memory deficit in diabetic rats. Also melatonin injection significantly increased the spatial memory in intact animals compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Assessment of hippocampus homogenates indicated an increase in lipid peroxidation levels and a decrease in GSH-Px and CAT activities in the diabetic group compared to the control animals, while melatonin administration ameliorated these indices in diabetic rats. In conclusion, diabetes induction leads to debilitation of spatial navigation memory in rats, and the melatonin treatment improves the memory presumably through the reduction of oxidative stress in hippocampus of diabetic rats.

Objective(s)Previous studies have indicated that diabetes mellitus might be accompanied by neuropathic pain. Oxidative stress is implicated as a final common pathway in development of diabetic neuropathy. Pharmacological interventions targeted at inhibiting free radical production have shown beneficial effects in diabetic neuropathy. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the possible analgesic effects of melatonin and vitamin E in diabetic rats.Materials and MethodsThis study was performed on 32 male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups: control, diabetic, melatonin-treated diabetic and vitamin E-treated diabetic. Experimental diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) injection. Melatonin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and vitamin E (100 mg/kg, i.p.) were injected for 2 weeks after 21st day of diabetes induction. At the end of administration period, pain-related behavior was assessed using 0.5% formalin test according to two spontaneous flinching and licking responses. The levels of lipid peroxidation as well as glutathione-peroxidase and catalase activities were evaluated in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia.ResultsFormalin-evoked flinching and total time of licking were increased in both acute and chronic phases of pain in diabetic rats as compared to control rats, whereas treatment with melatonin or vitamin E significantly reduced the pain indices. Furthermore, lipid peroxidation levels increased and glutathione-peroxidase and catalase activities decreased in diabetic rats. Both antioxidants reversed the biochemical parameters toward their control values.ConclusionThese results suggest that oxidative stress may contribute to induction of pain in diabetes and further suggest that antioxidants, melatonin and vitamin E, can reduce peripheral neuropathic pain in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.