farzaneh asadi

Cost efficiency in which cost coefficients are given for some inputs (cost coefficients can be different for disparate decision-making units (DMUs)) is one of the most important concepts in data envelopment analysis (DEA) to analyze the performance. Moreover, in some occasions, the cost performance and changes of input measures should be addressed while the convexity property is violated. Therefore, in this paper, first a DEA model is provided to assess cost efficiency based on the free disposal hull (FDH) model. Then, by considering cost and technical efficiencies achieved, a multi-objective problem called the inverse FDH cost model is presented to determine input values based on output changes while the cost and technical efficiency levels are preserved. The multi-objective problem is computed applying two approaches. Also, a dataset from the literature is presented to show the performance of the proposed method. For this purpose, we used the data of six banks in different countries. We added 2% to the outputs and analyzed the inputs with two models. In the first model, we used cost coefficients for weights, and in the second model, we used the same weights. Contrary to forecasts, some entries have decreased and others have increased. But from the results, we have noticed that the first model is more realistic because most of the solutions have increased in this model.

In each educational system, different factors are placed in interaction to achieve learners' teaching and learning process. Introduction physical characteristics of schools are essential topics in improving the quality of education and learning. Considering these components in design not only to improve the quality of the environment can be helpful, but because of the mental scale of the child, it can affect the mental image of the environment, and it can influence the formation of behavioral concepts such as legibility and attachment to the environment. This study aims to identify and investigate the physical factors affecting children's mental image of educational environments.

Methodology of this study is applied in terms of practical purpose, nature: descriptive-analytical, strategy: survey, research method qualitative and quantitative as mixed. The method of extracting the mental images of children in this study is a "Sketch map" and analysis using the MAXQDA version of version 2020. Also, to rank the exploratory factors, the factor analysis method and SPSS version 22 are used. The study's statistical population is secondary schools in the Rasht city of Rasht, 120 of which were selected from the available sampling.

The results of the first step of the study showed that, through the physical spaces of schools, there is an incredible number in drawing up the physical elements of the school, classes (32 %), yard and field (28 %), and the minimum reference to the school water (8 %).

The physical spaces where students are constantly engaged in school are visible in their mental image of the school. In the second step of the study, four factors, "geometry and space syntax", " open and semi-open spaces "," connecting spaces, "and" signs, "were identified as contributing factors to children's mental images. Among these factors, "geometry and space syntax" had the greatest effect on children's mental images in the studied samples. The effect of "open and semi-open spaces" was evident in children's painting and mental images. "connecting spaces" was another important factor that was sometimes seen in children's mental pictures of their educational environment. Regarding the fourth factor, the "signs" of the school were the most frequent in the painting of children and the shops of schools in most of the paintings. However, the dominant element of children's pictures of the class board and the school steps in schools were only the collection elements of children's painting.

Simulation is an appropriate technique for analyzing and evaluating the dynamic behavior of complex systems. The present study aimed to develop an integrated model using a simulation approach based on designing experiments to analyze performance of the admission queue system of patients, who referred to the emergency department of the Modarres hospital.

In this descriptive-analytical research, effective variables on resource efficiency empowerment were identified and analyzed using inferential statistics and one-way ANOVA. Later, effects of the effective factors were estimated. Furthermore, performance of the emergency department system was simulated using the Visual Paradigm software. Results obtained from implementation of the simulation model were used as input for designing an experiment. A fully factorial 2-level experiment design was also used with central points. The independent variables studied in the simulation model included practical nurse, emergency secretary, nurse, cardiologist, and hospital bed. The dependent variable was the patients' waiting queue in the studied emergency department.

According to Prob > F value, the acceptable effects were determined based on the results of variance analysis for the model. The value of R2 indicated that 82.35% of the model explains all variability of the response-level data around the mean. Therefore, it can be concluded that the design space was in accordance with the estimated model based on the results of variance analysis.

In the present study, performance analysis of the emergency department queue system was conducted using simulation and experiment design. The nonlinear regression model was able to predict the queue length. Moreover, this model can be used to predict dependent variables considering acceptable factors. According to the results, minimum length of the queue is obtained when the number of emergency secretaries is at a high level and the number of practical nurses and nurses is at a low level.

The valuable old textures in Rasht, including the old Sagharisazan Neighborhood, are considered as the ground for the occurrence of events and reminder of the individual and collective memories of the citizens that play an important role in kinship and rendering the urban environment`s meaningfulness. The playing of the intended role entails the existence of identifiable codes in the old textures that have undergone depreciations in the course of time. The current research paper investigated the collective memories of the residents in the revitalization of the valuable and old Sagharisazan’s houses and buildings. After dealing with the existent theories in the area of the collective memory and performing a case study with an analytical approach, the hypothesis was tested. The present study’s question pivoted about the idea that is it possible to benefit from the citizens’ collective memories for the revitalization of the architecturally valuable old houses and textures or not? Moreover, the present study’s focal point has been drawn on the assumption that the continuation and preservation of the overall identity of Sagharisazan’s texture seems to be dependent on the citizens’ collective memory and sense of attachment in the intended texture. The goal of the present study was finding practical suggestions for increasing quality in the valuable old textures and, since the qualitative elaboration of the environmental factors and axes aimed at the achievement of executive suggestions, the present study’s research method was consequentially descriptive-analytical and the information has been gathered through searches in the library resources. To investigate the study sample volume’s vernacular houses and buildings, a questionnaire was prepared and arranged for assessing the indices that was administered to 47 residents in this old texture and the acquired information was analyzed using SPSS1. The results indicated that the old texture has been abandoned and many of the memories of this neighborhood have lost their color due to the urban management’s paying attention to new constructions. The role of collective memory in the revitalization of the valuable old textures can be actualized through citizens’ participation and acquiring of their cognitive amps in respect to place, preservation of the rites and rituals and holding of memorable ritual exhibitions in religious places and conservation of the valuable and old vernacular elements and applying them in the new constructions demanded by the modern statuses of the citizens.

Trichoderma species are dominant organisms in most of soil microflora due to metabolic diversity and competitiveness and found approximately in all diverse habitats. In this study, four selected Trichoderma strains were evaluated to better control of cucumber stem and root rot disease caused by Fusarium solani. Cucumber germinated seeds were sown into inoculated soil with Trichoderma strains. Cucumber seedlings at forth leaf stages were inoculated with Fusarium. One month after inoculation by Fusarium, biocontrol effect of Trichoderma strains were evaluated by measuring the disease severity and cucumber growth factors. The results showed that Trichoderma strains were reduced disease severity and increased the growth factors in which both strains T189-4 (T. aureoviride) and T127-12 (T. harzianum) had the greatest impact on reducing infection with 91.67% in compare to untreated plants. The effect of Trichoderma strains on plant growth factors including root and stem length, dry and wet weight of root and stem, stem diameter and relative chlorophyll resulted that different Trichoderma strains have a posetive effects on increasing plant growth factors in which the strains T189-4 and T127-12 had the greatest effect on root dry weight in the presence of the pathogen, with 97% and 82%, respectively. These results indicated that the use of these Trichoderma native strains could be recommended for the control of Fusarium stem and root rot in the integrated management program of disease.

Human health is a complex subject, and it is not
limited to the diagnosis of diseases and illnesses and the health of the body, and it includes various other dimensions, including the health of the spiritual dimension of man. Spiritual health has been considered by physicians, intel- lectuals and psychologists since half a century ago as one of the four dimen- sions of health. This concept was first introduced in 1971 by Moberg entitled as “Spiritual Well-being.” Spiritual health from the point of view of Islam is in fact the relation and spiritual connection of man with the Creator, which is the basis for the peace of mind that leaves man from anxieties, tensions and stress, and leads to psychological safety. In the Quran and the traditions and sayings of the Imams, it has been referred to the terms such as Sakineh and heart assurances.
This study was conducted using descriptive-analytical meth-
od and library resources were used to collect data.
Findings and According to the verses and traditions, faith, piety, trust
in God and Salvationism in the field of belief and Sayings, saying prayers, recitation of the Qur’an, prayer, resort and marriage in the practical field, are ways to achieve and increase spiritual well-being in humans.