farzaneh fattahian

In the study of contemporary comparative literature, world literature is recognized as a branch that examines the process of how literary texts are circulated. The term, first coined by Goethe in the early nineteenth century, emphasizes the circulation of literary works beyond the language and culture of origin. Followed by him, many scholars and thinkers challenged his concept addressing world literature and placed it in the realm of acceptance or rejection and doubt. Researchers such as Emily Upter, David Demrash, Pascal Casanova, Franco Morti, etc. Each of their own perspectives sought to draw its conceptual and material boundaries. Hussam Al-Khatib, a complier born in Palestinian, describes the components influencing the literary circulation and globalization of a work at three levels including in-text, linguistic, and external structure. This study intends to use the descriptive-analytical procedure and considering the universal components of the literary work from Al-Khatib's point of view to examine the literary circulation in "Frankenstein in ", a novel by Ahmad Saadawi, beyond the national borders of Iraq. The findings of this study present that the global success of "Frankenstein in Baghdad" is influenced by the socio-political situation in Iraq, the internal and external structure of the novel, the relative advantages of languages, etc.

Alienation is one of the most important topics in Arabic literature since the past. In the present age, due to the social, political, cultural and economic developments that Arab societies are witnessing, oppression and the related components have taken on a new form. Ghada Al-Saman, a Syrian writer and thinker, has witnessed colonialism and internal tyranny in Arab societies during his lifetime. His works are well represented them. Accordingly, this paper intends to use the descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of showing the types of harassment and reaction to them, to investigate the phenomenon of harassment in the novel Laylat al-Maliar Ghada al-Saman. The findings of this study show that obsession in the characters of this novel has appeared socially, internally, temporally, spatially and culturally and there are different reactions such as: rebellion, adaptation or isolation have been formed towards them. Meanwhile, the author has used things such as repetition of the phrase, internal monologue and flash back to express excitement.

Al-Tavasol Ela al-Tarasol was written by Baha al-Din Baqdadi which is considered to be an “Andarznaame¹” in Persian literature includes topics on wisdom and morality and it is majorly consist of “Ekhvaniat²” and “Soltaniat³”. This book is one of the most important books in the Persian language of the time. The main intended audience of this paper is rulers and governors and in this area it has some common concepts with Imam Ali’s ideas in Nahj al-Balaghe. The present article attempts to address topics concerning governing and ruling community such as advice to justice and fairness, piety and righteousness, virtue and benefaction and avoiding injustice and oppression which are all common between these two books by using comparative methods through providing answers for questions such as: ‘What are common contents between Nahj al-Balaghe and al-Tavasol Ela al-Tarasol? and ‘Which parts of Nahj al-Balaghe had the most influence on al-Tavasol Ela al-Tarasol?’

Intertextuality theory, one of the new approaches to literary criticism in the twentieth century, suggests a way of analyzing literary texts based on the comparison. Michael Riffaterre, one of the theorists in this field, tried to explain the types of relations that one text may have with other texts. Accordingly, this paper intends to examine the intertextual link between the two novels of Heart of a Dog by Mikhail Bulgakov and Frankenstein in Baghdad by Ahmad Saadawi, adopting the intertextual theoretical views of Riffaterre. The findings of this study show that there are several textual and narrative similarities between these two novels in characterization, theme, and narrative. They rooted in the same allegory used in these two novels to reflect the political and social situations. According to Riffaterre’s theory, this can reveal the similar views and reactions of Mikhail Bulgakov and Ahmad Saadawi in response to the political and social currents of their times.