farzaneh mohammadzadeh

One of the functions of reader-response criticism is to provide a suitable platform for the reader's discovery and participation in creating meaning in the text. The Clear cut gaps are among the components that determine the reader's participation in expanding or limiting the meaning in the reading process. The subject of this research is the novel “Light a Candle for Me” from the list of the Flying Turtle in the research quarterly for children and teenagers, with the approach of Chambers, which has received five Flying Turtle awards. The author entrusted parts of the narrative to the narrator to develop in the text and in the form of direct and indirect description of the emotional and value world of the characters, especially describe the protagonist who is a teenage girl. However, in some parts of the novel, he has created Clear-cut gaps that draw the implied reader perception into the text, and he describes and splits the hidden layers of meaning and interprets them at different formal and meaningful levels such as stylistic, descriptivel levels, characterization, communicative and ideological ones. it deals with the emotional ideological concerns of the main character of the story

Fibrous dysplasia is a rare bony disorder with recurrent character distinguished by abnormal fibro-osseous tissue. One or more bones may be involved in this lesion; however, the maxilla is the most commonly affected bone in the maxillofacial region. Here, we present an interesting case of a surgically treated 12-year-old adult female patient with a diagnosis of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia (CFD) in the maxillary bone with an invasive expansion to the orbital bone who was referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial, Mashhad Dental School, Mashhad, Iran, in Apr 2021. The patient was treated under general anesthesia by the surgical recontouring and bone shaving of the tumor. Several factors should be considered in choosing the best treatment such as pathological features of the lesion, patient’s age, and risk of recurrence. However, surgical treatment, in this case, was beneficial to help the patient resuming a normal life. There is no published report describing bone recontouring and shaving management in an invasive case of craniomaxillofacial FD before the age of skeletal maturity due to the psychological effect of the deformity.

Neuritis is one of the causes of neuropathic pains. It is proved that turmeric and curcumin have anti-neuritis effect that may be reduce of neuropathic pain.

In this study, effects of turmeric and curcumin have been evaluated on behavioral response resulted from chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rat.

In this experimental study Wistar male rat (200-250 gr) were used. For create of CCI, Bennet and Xie (1988) method has been used. 2 weeks after neuritis occurrence, turmeric 60 mg/kg and curcumin 30 and 60 mg/kg injection have been begun and continued until 26th day as daily and Intraperitonealy. Animal behavioral responses have been measured by using of mechanical allodynia (Von Frey) test and thermal hyperalgesia test during 14, 17, 20, 23, 26 and 40 days after neuritis occurrence.

Results indicated that creation of CCI increases behavioral responses as significant. Curcumin injection with dosage of 30 mg/Kg leads to decrease of mechanical allodynia from 20th and thermal hyperalgesia from 23th day. This effect has been observed until 40th day. Curcumin injection with dosage of 60 mg/Kg leads to decrease of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in 26th day. Turmeric injection with dosage of 60 mg/kg had no effect on mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia.

Finding shown that curcumin has positive effect on decrease of neuropathic pain that induced by CCI. Previous study suggested that the effect of curcumin is partly attributed to attenuation of lipid peroxidation in the periphery that finally reduced of inflammation.

The 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) is a popular recreational drug and a major source of substance abuse, which ultimately leads to sensations of well-being, elation and euphoria, moderate derealization/ depersonalization, and cognitive disruptions, as well as intense sensory awareness. The mechanisms involved in memory impairment induced by MDMA are not completely understood.
The current study used 40 Sprague-Dawley rats, weighted 200 to 250 g. Experiments were performed in four groups, each containing 10 rats. The first group of rats was used as the control, treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The second group was treated with MDMA. The third group was treated with MDMA and CGS (the adenosine A2A receptor agonist, 2-[p-(2- carboxyethyl) phenethylamino]-5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) (CGS 21680) and the fourth group was treated with MDMA and SCH (the A2A receptor antagonist [7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl-) pyrazolo-[4, 3-e]-1, 2, 4 triazolo [1,5-] pyrimidine]) (SCH 58261). The drugs in all groups were administrated intraperitoneally (i.p.) once a day for 7 days. In 5 rats of each group, following perfusion, samples were taken from hippocampi to investigate apoptosis. Accordingly, the samples were stained using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay kit, and studied by light microscopy. In other rats, fresh tissue was also removed to study the expression of bax and bcl-2 by Western blotting technique.
It was observed that the coadministration of MDMA with CGS reduced bax expression and prevented apoptosis of hippocampal cells. The coadministration of MDMA and SCH increased bax expression, and also increased the frequency of hippocampal cell apoptosis.
The results of the current study showed that administration of CGS with MDMA decreased the common side effects associated with MDMA.

Stem cells are self-renewing and undifferentiated cell types that can be differentiate into functional cells. Stem cells can be classified into two main types based on their source of origin: Embryonic and Adult stem cells. Stem cells also classified based on the range of differentiation potentials into Totipotent, Pluripotent, Multipotent, and Unipotent. Multipotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into all cell types within one particular lineage. There are plentiful advantages and usages for multipotent stem cells. Multipotent Stem cells act as a significant key in procedure of development, tissue repair, and protection. Multipotent Stem cells have been applying in treatment of different disorders such as spinal cord injury, bone fracture, autoimmune diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, hematopoietic defects, and fertility preservation.

Schizophrenia affects 1% of population. Neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion (NVHL) model of schizophrenia designed in 1993 by Lipska and is a widely studied developmental animal model of schizophrenia. NVHL rats mimic many of the symptoms of schizophrenia in detail. We studied this model in molecular level and reelin expression in it. Reelin is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that regulates some processes in CNS development and reduces significantly in schizophrenia. For this study, animals (male pups) take into 3 groups: control, sham and experiment. The lesion made by injection of 0.3 µl. Isotonic Neurotoxin withstereotaxic surgery in age 7 day and body weight 11-15 gr. Social behavioral and stereotypic movement assessed in age 56 day then reelin expression in frontal cortex evaluated by western blotting. Behavioral analysis and histological studies demonstrated the schizophrenia model. Western blotting of reelin protein in frontal cortex and hippocampus show a decrease of reelin (P value: 0.012) in experimental group as compared to control and sham group. So, in the NVHL as a common and more similar model of schizophrenia reelin expression significantly decreases in frontal cortex and hippocampus that means this model in molecular pathways is similar to the disease.

Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside that has a neuromodulatory role in the central nervous system. The amphetamine derivative (±)-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) is a synthetic amphetamine analogue used recreationally to obtain an enhanced affiliated emotional response. MDMA is a potent monoaminergic neurotoxin with the potential of damage to brain neurons. The NF-kB family of proteins are ubiquitously expressed and are inducible transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes involved in disparate processes such as immunity and ingrowth, development and cell-death regulation. In this study we investigated the effects of the A2a adenosine receptor (A2a-R) agonist (CGS) and antagonist (SCH) on NF-kB expression after MDMA administration. Sixty three male Sprague–Dawley rats were injected to MDMA (10 and 2 mg/kg) followed by intraperitoneal CGS (0.03 mg/kg) or SCH (0.03mg/kg) injection. The cerebellum were then removed forcresylviolet staining, western blot and RT- PCR analyses. MDMA significantly elevated NF-kB expression. Our results showed that MDMA increased the number of cerebellar dark neurons. We observed that administration of CGS following MDMA, significantly elevated the NF-kB expression both at mRNA and protein levels. By contrast, administration of the A2a-R antagonist SCH resulted in a decrease in the NF-kB levels. These results indicated that, co-administration of A2a agonist (CGS) can protect against MDMA neurotoxic effects by increasing NF-kB expression levels; suggesting a potential application for protection against the neurotoxic effects observed in MDMA users.

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is one of the most popular drugs of abuse in the world with hallucinogenic properties that has been shown to induce apoptosis in liver cells. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) on liver damage induced by acute administration of MDMA in Wistar rat. Animals were administered with saline or MDMA (7.5 mg/kg, IP) 3 times with 2 hr intervals. PTX (200 mg kg, IP), was administered simultaneously with last injection of MDMA in experimental group. The concomitant administration of pentoxifylline and MDMA decreased liver injury including apoptosis, fibrosis and hepatocytes damages. Our results showed for the first time that PTX treatment diminishes the extent of apoptosis and fibrosis caused by MDMA in rat liver.

Ecstasy, also known as 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), is a psychoactive recreational hallucinogenic substance and a major worldwide recreational drug. There are neurotoxic effects observed in laboratory animals and humans following MDMA use. MDMA causes apoptosis in neurons of the central nervous system (CNS). Withdrawal signs are attenuated by treatment with the adenosine receptor (A2A receptor). This study reports the effects of glutamyl cysteine synthetase (GCS), as an A2A receptor agonist, and succinylcholine (SCH), as an A2A receptor antagonist, on Sprague Dawley rats, both in the presence and absence of MDMA. In this experimental study, we used seven groups of Sprague Dawley rats (200-250 g each). Each group was treated with daily intraperitoneal (IP) injections for a period of one week, as follows: i. MDMA (10 mg/kg); ii. GCS (0.3 mg/kg); iii. SCH (0.3 mg/kg); iv. GCS + SCH (0.3 mg/kg each); v. MDMA (10 mg/kg) + GCS (0.3 mg/kg); vi. MDMA (10 mg/kg) + SCH (0.3 mg/kg); and vi. normal saline (1 cc/kg) as the sham group. Bax (apoptotic protein) and Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic protein) expressions were evaluated by striatum using RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. There was a significant increase in Bax protein expression in the MDMA+SCH group and a significant decrease in Bcl-2 protein expression in the MDMA+SCH group (p<0.05). A2A receptors have a role in the apoptotic effects of MDMA via the Bax and Bcl-2 pathways. An agonist of this receptor (GCS) decreases the cytotoxcity of MDMA, while the antagonist of this receptor (SCH) increases its cytotoxcity.

Religion is centered around man and his happiness which also depends on his health. Breastfeeding Period is a very important period of human life. A baby, who has a suitable feeding in his early life, will obtain full growth and will be a vigorous and vivid person in future. The more one obeys divine orders, the healthier is his body and soul. In this paper, hadiths about breastfeeding have been studied and after comprising with experimental sciences, they are divided into four part based on their indications. The first part deals with this issue as the experimental sciences do e.g. the importance of breastfeeding. The second part is concerned with recommendations about continuation of breastfeeding which, in comparison with medical sciences, are more useful and prosperous. The third part deals with those hadiths which come up with characteristics and importance of nurse. The fourth part is dedicated to breastfeeding duration which is seemingly contrary to what experimental sciences prescribe. The World Health Organization holds that breastfeeding should last for six months while hadiths advise that it should last, at least, up to 21 months. The authors of the present paper try to view the above mentioned issues from different perspectives.