فهرست مطالب farzaneh naghdi

International sanctions as a global and costly wars play almost the same role as bloody wars. In the meantime, America's multi-layered sanctions against Iran, in the form of the game of everything without Iran and maximum pressure against Iran, is a subject worth studying. Based on this, the main question of the current article is what is the mechanism of the American sanctions against Iran? How are they applied and what have been the consequences on the financial and banking system as well as on the economy and society of Iran? In order to answer this question, I have explained the American institutions and procedures by imposing sanctions against Iran, then I’ve w reviewed the history of the escalation of sanctions and finally come to the conclusion that sanctions divert attention from domestic capacities and domestic indicators of Good governance. In addition, sanctions have caused the Iranian society to bear unnecessary costs in terms of other structural variables, and Iran's issues have become more international.

Human is a social being who needs to develop in order to survive and feel secure. In its layers of research, economic development focuses on human relations and management of distribution and production of resources in a country within the concept of political economy. In some countries and regions of the world, throughout the transition to a developed society, importance of social relations and political as well as cultural aspects of society for the production and distribution of wealth has been studied, and concept of political economy developed in the path of growth and development of the country/region which has led to the development of the region at the end. In such societies, policy-making structures as well as the role of individuals and institutions are transparently established in the path of development. In some underdeveloped or developing regions, such as the Middle East, the government manages the sources of wealth and power, but for several reasons, including the absence/inefficiency of public organizations, applicable interaction between the government and people does not take shape. In these societies, political economy will remain in transitional condition due to numerous problems including religious conflicts, multiplicity of ethnic groups, political crises, terror, civil wars, territorial disputes with neighbors, consequences of dependence and colonialism, weak foreign policy, sanctions, etc. In this article, the most serious challenges faced by the Middle East in its path to power projection in the world community will be briefly examined.

Methadone Maintenance Therapy (MMT) is a well-known approach in treatment of Opioid Use Disorders and reduction of harm in these patients. Considering the differences in the pattern of substance use and the instructions for prescribing methadone in our country, this study was performed to evaluate the relationship between methadone dose and positive urinary morphine test in patients receiving MMT.

Clients who were diagnosed as opioid use disorder and has been treated in Razi Hospital in Tabriz were examined. The records of patients receiving MMT were reviewed and their information including demographic information, dose of methadone, number of lapses (based on positive urine morphine tests and the patient's own statements) was evaluated over a 6-month period. Data were analyzed in SPSS 22 and P<0.05 was considered as significant.

The mean age of patients was 44 years (15-79 years), the average dose of methadone was 91 (10-175) mg and the mean age of onset of substance use was 26 years. 367 patients were male and 4 were female. The first substance a person consumed was opium and Shireh (opium juice) in 274 cases, cannabis in 11, Shisheh (Methamphetamine) in 4, Kerak and Crystal (A product of heroin) in 28, methadone in 3, tramadol in 5 and heroin in 46 cases. The urine morphine test was negative in 346 cases during 6 months of study while it was positive at one time in 20 cases and 5 cases had a positive test at two times. There was a significant inverse relationship between methadone dose and positive urinary morphine test (P<0.001).

Given the significant relationship between positive urinary morphine test and methadone dose, appropriate policies need to be developed to prescribe the minimum effective methadone dose in MMT. To control the disorder and prevent recurrence, urinary morphine tests should be performed more carefully and rigorously. Practical Implications. According to the results of our study, some variables that are associated with a higher reduction in relapse of opioid use (such as employment and marital status and level of education) cannot be intervened by therapists of substance use disorders but Planning to prescribe sufficient doses of methadone can be effective in reducing relapse of opined use disorder.

Although the development consists of wide-ranging dimensions of social, political, economic, humanitarian and ecological; economic development has been placed in a higher position in politics and policy making. Considering the international dynamic development in era of new information and technology and most importantly globalization, the role of international interactions and management of such relations have been strongly increased in order to pursue the realization of the goals of economic development. Therefore, the process of localization of indicators of international economic interactions in economic development can play an effective role in realization of goals of economic development in Islamic Republic of Iran. Thus, the main question of this article consists of two key parts. Firstly, what are the indicators of international interactions and economic development? And secondly, how is the effectual process of the indicators of international interactions on economic development?

In order to provide scientific answer to main questions raised above, this article began with searching through library and documentary texts to find facts and data related with indicators of international interaction and economic development as well as investigating most effective economic factors affecting interactions among different countries in the world. To combine library data with experimental data, the article investigated experiences of some successful developing countries and collected information and evidence of their success in terms of economic development. After grouping all secondary data, extracted through library and documentary studies, and drawing a table of frequency, it moved to the second phase of preparing a questionnaire based on more frequently focused data and indicator which was then distributed among the intellectuals of the chosen society of this study.The questionnaire was distributed among 42 intellectuals and researchers active in different areas related to international relations, policy making, economic development, and foreign relations including experts of organization for trade development, ministry of foreign affairs, international chamber of commerce, and university professors. As the result, we could successfully collect the indicators of economic development as well as international interactions known as dependent and independent factors.

As per our studies, indicators of international indicators consist of four main indicators as follows:interactions with regional and international countries; interactions with state-owned regional and international institutions such as International Monetary Fund (IMF), The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), World Trade organization (WTO), World Bank (WB), …; interactions with non-governmental actors such as multinational or transnational companies; establishing regional and international treaties and actively participating such treaties and agreements.Within our studies, we also encountered with popular economic indicators which are mainly affecting the international interactions, grouped as follows:- Economic stability and openness; Trade liberalization; open doors policy; removal of tariffs; extrovert approach to the international trade, stable macro-economic plans, providing a healthy and reliable environment for competition among commercial private actors and investors, reform enforcement in economic infrastructures, prohibition of economic competition among political parties, Attracting foreign investment (directly, i.e. allowing investors ownership when participating in an investment or economic activities and indirectly; such as purchase of securities) which needs infrastructural reforms and improvement of the political and economic basis in order to set stability of the regulatory rules related with the investment in the economy (such as taxes, tariffs and business rules and regulations); the political and economic stability: reduced in the inflation rate, exchange rate instability, violence, crime, bribery and extortion; encouragement of transparency in investment guidelines and information for domestic and foreign investors in order to reduce corruption; reduced in the transfers’ costs and increased in profitability; increased in the number of investment agreements with developed countries; the Government's downsizing and the reduction of the State exclusive property on the industries, development of institutions,Export development; conduct of extrovert- oriented business model; improvement of the information and technical know- how and improvement of the infrastructure of the R&D, information and technological infrastructure, especially in the industrial and agricultural sector; establishment of the relationship between the domestic and international markets and pavement of the way to facilitate the competition conditions in the local and international markets, supporting the private sector to cut the dependency on the single-produce economy and facilitate the way for import/export of a diversity of goods; the increase of mutual or multilateral agreements; the development of free trade zones and the implementation of the free trade’s principles as well as providing the conditions for full employment; applying incentive policies to encourage diversification of exporting goods
And finally, countries’ concern and desire for economic development is to put the country and citizens in below condition:- Improvement of the life quality of the citizens; i.e. life expectancy, job security (the unemployment rate), freedom of expression, Noticeable increase in production, income level and the power purchase parity Poverty reduction Transformation of society in terms of politics, economy and culture. After collection and examination of such criteria (by the chosen society), we moved on to the second phase; i.e. the study of the effectual process of indicators of international interactions on economic development in I.R. of Iran and performed content and statistical analysis of the data using methods of data analysis through conceptual explanatory statistics as well as path analysis and regression (SPSS).

Findings confirmed our hypothesis and showed that economic development is considerably under the influence of parameters of international interactions, among which interactions with the regional and international countries was found as most effective factor and interactions with non-governmental actors, holding regional/international treaties, and interactions with state-owned regional/ international institutions placed in next layers accordingly. Consequently, localization of above indicators is effective on the management of international interactions with players of the international system which is eventually helpful in achievement of the country’s mission of economic development.

Throughout its progressive path towards sustainable development and due to the dynamics of the international system, development has experienced several up and downs in different countries, gradually, to reach the era of modern technologies, at the verge of which global economics, politics and communications have been emerged and economic development placed at the focal center of development. The result of series of studies focused on economic development, its methods and theories in different countries led to the strengthening the belief in the increasing role of international interactions for economic development. Eventually, at present, most countries’ vision or policy of economic development is focused on improving the country’s international interactions considering the effects on economic development. Given the role of international interactions in economic development and in view of the 20-year vision of the country, which places the Islamic Republic at the position of regional power of Southwest Asia in 1404, this study intends to present a political strategy to guide the international interactions of the I.R.I in line with economic development.

In order to provide the I.R.I with a dynamic political strategy for international interactions in line with economic development as the main question of this study, the research method was based on post-positivism applying comparative as well as survey research approach. An in other words, descriptive-analytical method was used based on a combined (quantitative-qualitative) approach and the theoretical framework is based on dynamic policy making and constructive power. Data was collected through documentary and library studies. Then, based on frequency of indicators, a questionnaire was concluded and distributed among sample society, comprised of economic and political elites and theorists. Accordingly, SPSS means of examinations (regression analysis and path analysis) was applied to examine the collected data (primary and secondary) and the proposed model of political strategy for I.R.I. was presented and approved by the sample society.

 The research findings comprised of two parts: descriptive and statistic findings which are presented as follows: 1. Successful economically-developed countries follow a dynamic political strategy in their international interactions in which they pay attention to economic indicators such as FDI as well as foreign policy indicators such as avoiding international sanctions. 2. As per secondary and primary data, nine main indicators of “economic development”, “effective economic indicators in international interactions”, “international interactions”, “dynamic policy- making”,  “dynamic policy- making in international interactions for economic development”, “constructive regional and international interaction”, “understanding the functioning structure of international economy”, “compliance with international standards”,  “national interests” and their sub-indicators (72) were developed and their authenticity as well as applicability in Iranian society were examined and approved through primary data collected from the sample society. 3. Economic and foreign policy indicators such as export development, transparency, etc., are in weak position in I.R.I. 4. Iran needs a comprehensive and dynamic strategy to operationalize the 1404 vision and to increase in its influence in the regional and international system

Having reviewed the I.R.I. strategies within past decades, it’s been concluded that Iran is favoring potential features of regional power. Also approval of 1404 vision shows that Iranian political leaders and elites are concerned about constructive international and regional interactions and role of such interactions in economic development, however, economic as well as foreign policy indicators has been placed in weak position in I.R.I. which means that 1404 vision is a very broad and general policy. In order to its operationalization, the I.R.I. needs a transparent and dynamic strategy for conducting international interactions. A dynamic political strategy which will improve features of constructive regional power of I.R.I and increase in its influence while mitigating the regional tensions and improving economic interactions in the region and international society.

According to the hypothesis of this study, I.R.I strategy for international interaction should follow a dynamic policy-making strategy based on four main indicators of “constructive regional and international interaction”, “understanding the functioning structure of international economy”, “compliance with international standards”, within “national interests” which will eventually improve the position of economic and foreign policy indicators of I.R.I and lead the I.R.I. to build the features of constructive regional powers.

In this study we aimed to examine the relaxant effect of berberine, a compound extracted from a variety of herbs, on rat tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) and its possible mechanism(s). Cumulative concentrations of berberine (20, 65, 200 and 600 μg/mL) were added on pre-contracted TSM by methacholine or KCl in non-incubated or incubated tissues with atropine, chlorpheniramine, propranolol, diltiazem, glibenclamide, indomethacin, L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and papaverine. The relaxant effects of theophylline (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mM) as positive control and saline (1 mL) as negative control were also examined in non-incubated tissues. Berberine showed significant and concentration-dependent relaxant effects in non-incubated tissues contracted by KCl and methacholine (p<0.01 to p<0.001). There was no significant difference in the relaxant effects of berberine between non-incubated and incubated tissues with atropine, propranolol, diltiazem, glibenclamide, and papaverine. The relaxant effects of second concentrations of berberine in incubated tissues with L-NAME, its three lower concentration in incubated tissues with chlorpheniramine and its all concentrations in incubated tissues with indomethacin were significantly lower than non-incubated tissues (p<0.05 to p<0.001). The EC50 values of berberine in incubated tissues with chlorpheniramine was significantly higher than the non-incubated condition (p<0.05). Our findings reveal a relatively potent relaxant effect of berberine that is lower than the effect of theophylline. Proposed mechanisms for the relaxant effect of berberine are histamine (H1) receptor blockade, inhibition of cyclooxygenase pathways and/or nitric oxide formation.

Environmental security is one of the most important aspects of human security, which puts emphasis on sustainability of the developmental policies and that they should adjust with the environment as well as rights of future generations. Since threats to the human security mainly occur within environmental issues, this research- highlighting the relationship between human security and environmental security and pointing out the threatening causes and factors to the human security - has replied to the question that how has the environmental degradation endangered human security in Iran? This study shows adoption of policies like 1- Expansion of urbanization, 2- Population growth, 3- Consumerism and stressing the production increase, disregarding its consequences, and 4- Development of environmentally incompatible technologies have led to further utilization of fossil fuels as well as uncontrollable use of various environmental resources, increased pollution, and extensively damaged the environment which consequently endangered human security due to the severe dependence of human being to the environment.

The end of the cold war has changed world order in terms of the distribution and structure of power in international system. Following the growth of regional powers and international system’s shifting from bipolarity to multipolarity, regional powers, undertaking key tasks in the crisis management, are likely to play an active and determining role in new world order and change world management trends with a view to securing their region as well as their own interests. According to this article, the end of the cold war between the East and West and transition to multipolar structure has carried opportunities for the newly emerging regional powers as regards the enhancement of the their capabilities in the management and establishment of regional order as well as entrance to the global decision-making structures. This article reviews the nature of regional powers, their reasons to support regionalism, and the role of the regional order in re-defining the world order.

The sudden and unpredicted 2011 revolutions in Arab countries have been one of the most important socio-political phenomena in the Middle East. The Egyptian rebellion was at the centre of attention because of its national, regional, and political impacts and consequences. Therefore, understanding the drives behind the uprising will provide remarkable insight into the recent unrest in the Middle East. Raising the question of how has the bad governance prompted the Egyptian revolution? We consider the analysis of collected data corresponding to good governance indicators (voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, governance effectiveness, and regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption) to evaluate the Egyptian government’s performance on the eve of the revolution. Having investigated the indicators of good governance in Egypt, we support the hypothesis that the Egyptian revolution was linked to the absence or weakness of the above indicators. In our view, extensive corruption in the public sector, socioeconomic disparity, lack of transparency in the political system, inefficiency of public institutions, centralisation of power, resources and special authorities in the hands of a group associated with the ruling government, the government’s unresponsive attitude, and ultimately non-fulfilment of good governance principles as well as the increasing gap between the rich and poor led to the instability and vulnerability of the political system, which eventually resulted in the Egyptian revolution in January 2011.