fateme hashemi

Various studies indicate that air pollution poses an environmental threat to public health, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD) 1, 2. While the impact of air pollution on an individual scale is relatively low compared to other significant risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, the large number of people affected can result in a substantial increase in the total mortality of the population. Consequently, the effect of air pollution on cardiovascular disease is regarded as a serious issue in public health 3.

The method of Imam Al-Baqir (peace be upon him), like other Imams (peace be upon them), has a fundamental role in shaping role models for Shiites in terms of both speech and behavior. It seems that by analyzing his corroborations in a hadith from Al-Kafi’s Kitāb al-ḥujja according to linguistic theories, new insights can be gained. This article is based on John Searle's theory of speech acts. This theory was first proposed by John Langshaw Austin and then developed by John Searle. Speech act theory is one of the theories that has played a key role in development of discourse analysis, which is a reaction against the more traditional form of linguistics, focusing on sentence structure. In this theory, the produced form of a sentence in a certain context is a part of speech, which if it is included in the concept of production, is called a speech act. From Searle's view, there are only five illocutionary points that speakers can achieve on propositions in an utterance, namely: the assertive, commissive, directive, declaratory and expressive illocutionary points. The study shows that in Imam Sadiq's corroborations, expressive illocutionary points is much more used than other acts. In other words, the very text of the above-mentioned hadith has been used the most: first in declaring the truth and then the Imam’s directive role to attract the audience and announcing the conditions of obeying or disobeying Imams. The adaptation of the situational context of the hadith with various acts used in the text shows the Imam’s power in knowing the audience and his deep understanding of the situational context; because the Imam's speech is actually his reaction to deviation of the Islamic society in the matter of divine authority towards the wrong and profit-seeking policies of the Umayyad government. The method used in this descriptive-analytical study is discourse analysis. The analysis unit is a sentence, and library research tool is used.

After the establishment of the Islamic Republic in Iran, the issue of "public guardianship of the jurisprudent" in the face of lack of guardianship or limited guardianship of the jurisprudent by jurists and thinkers, has always been a place of discussion and debate in scientific and political circles. Among the most important of them are Ayatollah Khoei and Ayatollah Boroujerdi. The present article, with a comparative view and reference to the opinions of the two, using the method of qualitative content analysis, has proved their acceptance of government authority for the jurist. Examination and analysis of different sources and views show that both jurists agree on the need for people to refer to the appointed jurist in the absence of the Infallible (AS), but it seems that in the opinions and views, Ayatollah Borjardi has a more special view and There is a wider range of jurisprudential powers than Ayatollah Khoei, and even the authority to issue a government decree by the ruling jurist in general "new issues", distinct from the primary and secondary rulings, to untie the knot of affairs and the ability to apply the laws of the Shari'a with complexities and It prescribes time and the preservation and observance of the "public interest of Muslims." The more complex and fluid conditions of the time of Ayatollah Boroujerdi, which had intensified the need for the jurists to respond to these new conditions, as well as the beginning and culmination

Love is one of the attributes of life and has levels that play a special role in human education. The present study, which has been written with the aim of recognizing and explaining the educational functions of the Ahl al-Bayt (as), is a qualitative research and has studied the subject by content analysis method and using library resources. The Holy Qur'an pays attention to the issue of love in several verses and in terms of the underlying role of love in the transcendence or decline of man, explicitly forbids some loves and emphasizes some loves. Among the positive loves of the Qur'an is the love of the relatives of the Holy Prophet of Islam, peace be upon him and his family, which can be the bedrock of human transcendence for worshiping the Almighty and achieving ultimate perfection. The result of this research is identifying some educational functions related to the love of Ahl al-Bayt. It was in the individual and social spheres, which are: development of self-awareness, deepening of understanding of Quranic teachings, cultivation and purification of the soul in two forms: active purification and possession purification, love writing and immunization of the lover from psychological, moral and spiritual dangers.

Since in the optimal allocation of water resources, the maximization of income, is the main purpose of modeling, researches in this case is just limited to approaches rooted in linear and structures in mental model or causes the inequitable resources allocation. Also, evaluation of these researches showed that there is low knowledge about long term dynamics behavior in river watershed. In this regard, in this study, evaluation of optimal cropping pattern based on water resources and demand in Tajan watershed by VENSIM in 1962- 2012 in monthly times step was carried out which domestic, industrial, environmental and agricultural demand were taken into account. This optimal cropping pattern could be the basis for water productivity in Tajan watershed. The calibration results showed not only outflow of dams is related to demands, but also dams coefficient is independent from agricultural demands coefficient. Also the results showed that large amount of domestic, industrial and environmental demand in this region is supplied and dams in Tajan watershed is enough for suppling. But there is significant deficit in agricultural part that regarding to low volume of groundwater in this region, changing crop pattern s inevitable. O the other hand, evaluation of optimal crop pattern is showed that orchards with maximum income per cost in the all region, is dedicated the most cultivated land area and after that citrus have second priority.

Persian Gulf region, an important strategic region since past. In this region, traditions and Arabic and Islamic values is an important part of the identity of the Arab people and their governments. This region is also very important because of the availability of fossil fuels. With income from oil and gas sales, economic modern Structure creates in the Arab countries of South Persian Gulf, but their political structure, on the base Constitutions and Legislature, remains in the form of a kingdom of traditional, conservative and hereditary families, that are not democratic. On the other hand, most Arab countries in the south of the Persian Gulf are vulnerable to internal and external factors due to their weaknesses in political structures and power. For this reason, they have tried to enter an integrate in an organization called the Gulf Cooperation Council and create a secure society. Integration is based on the legal framework of countries, So, the question is: What is the role of the Constitutions and legislatures of these countries in integration between them? For answer the question, this research use descriptive-analytical method. The results of research show that integration between countries need to democracy and democratic institutes and the Arab countries of membership of Persian Gulf Cooperation Council, on the base of traditions and Arabic and Islamic values and their Constitutions and Legislature, is not democratic, therefore integration between these countries has been stopped and is not Successful.

Stutter is determined by occuring high incidence or severe disruptions during the progressive speech. Parents often distrees due to the occurrence of stuttering in preschool child. The present research was done to determine the effectiveness of Lidcombe program treatment on reducing of preschool children's stuttering severity and their parent’s anxiety.
The present research was an interventional study and a single-case study with A-B-A design which was done on 5 preschool stuttering children in Shiraz. The subjects were selected from speech therapy clinics based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The intervention was conducted in 15 sessions. The anxiety of parents with Kettle questionnaire and the stuttering severity of children with scale stuttering severity SR (stuttering rate) and stuttered syllables percent (%SS) at the first base line (before the intervention) and the second base line (after the intervention) and during the intervention were calculated and compared.
The findings of the present research were analyzed based on visual analysis and descriptive statistics indexes. The findings showed that the intervention was effective on 5 subjects (PND=75-100%).
According to the results of study, there is a possibility that besides the effect of Lidcombe program treatment on reducing of preschool children's stuttering severity, this intervention can also be effective on reducing of the anxiety of their parents because this program was run by parents and causes a sense of power and confidence in them. Therefore, in choosing the treatment for stuttering in preschool children, the active involvement of parents in the treatment should be noted, especially when parents have anxiety.

Infertility prone people to depression and anxiety.disattention to infertile women 's emotional disorders reduces the possibilityof fertility. Psychological interventions can improve the mental health of infertile women. the effects of stress management education (cognitive- behavioral) on sterile women’s mental health. The present study is a semi-experimental survey done on a witness group. The related statistical groups are consisted of a number of sterile women recourse to Shiraz sterile center in summer 1390. For this reason, 24 sterile women having high stress scores were chosen. The chosen women were divided into two groups. The group stress management education (cognitive- behavioral) was performed during a period of 10 weekly sessions. The mental health questionnaires in two phases of pre and post tests were filled out. Also, data analysis was done according to descriptive statistical method and (covariance analysis), through using SPSS 18. The average mental health score of experiment group in post test phase has increased meaningfully in comparison to the other group as well. The acquired results signify thepossibility of stress management education (cognitive- behavioral) to be employed as a useful intermediary method in dealing with sterile women.

This paper aims at enquiry into the al-Farabi's views on how to obtain thehappiness of individual and society. Taking an analytic- descriptiveapproach to the subject in question, the paper uses primary resources toanalyze al-Farabi's ideas on moral training. Since al-Farabi had command ofboth Greek Philosophy and revealed school of Islam and traditions of theImpeccable Imams (p.b.u.t), his thought can be a very useful guide in currentsituation. Even though al-Farabi has basically spoken of socio-politicalissues, he gives priority to individual and society. He considers man a freebeing, and believes that it is possible for every individual to change (his/her)morals. He considers man as a social being, who cannot achieve happinessunless he or she receives assistance from other members of the society. Hemaintains that the sanity of individual and society are mutually influential,and that a utopia can be achieved through training sane individuals. Peoplesmoral sanity and faith are immune in this utopia. Therefore, he proposessome principles and methods to change evil deeds and create good ones.